Reliability Of Energy Systems Research Articles

Proactive Demand Participation of Smart Buildings in Smart Grid

Buildings account for nearly 40 percent of the total energy consumption in the United States. As a critical step toward smart cities, it is essential to intelligently manage and coordinate the building operations to improve the efficiency and reliability of overall energy system. With the advent of smart meters and two-way communication systems, various energy consumptions from smart buildings can now be coordinated across the smart grid together with other energy loads and power plants. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive framework to integrate the operations of smart buildings into the energy scheduling of bulk power system through proactive building demand participation . This new scheme enables buildings to proactively express and communicate their energy consumption preferences to smart grid operators rather than passively receive and react to market signals and instructions such as time varying electricity prices. The proposed scheme is implemented in a simulation environment. The experiment results show that the proactive demand response scheme can achieve up to 10 percent system generation cost reduction and 20 percent building operation cost reduction compared with passive demand response scheme. The results also demonstrate that the system cost savings increase significantly with more flexible load installed and higher percentage of proactive customers participation level in the power network.

Повышение надежности электроэнергетических систем на основе нейронных технологий

Повышение надежности электроэнергетических систем на основе нейронных технологий

Joint optimization of energy efficiency and system reliability for precedence constrained tasks in heterogeneous systems

Voltage scaling is a fundamental technique in the energy efficient computing field. Recent studies tackling this topic show degraded system reliability as frequency scales. To address this conflict, the subject of reliability aware power management (RAPM) has been extensively explored and is still under investigation. Heterogeneous Computing Systems (HCS) provide high performance potential which attracts researchers to consider these systems. Unfortunately, the existing scheduling algorithms for precedence constrained tasks with shared deadline in HCS do not adequately consider reliability conservation. In this study, we design joint optimization schemes of energy efficiency and system reliability for directed acyclic graph (DAG) by adopting the shared recovery technique, which can achieve high system reliability and noticeable energy preservation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to address the problem in HCS. The extensive comparative evaluation studies for both randomly generated and some real-world applications graphs show that our scheduling algorithms are compelling in terms of enhancement of both system reliability and energy saving.

Modeling the reliability of multi-carrier energy systems considering dynamic behavior of thermal loads

Technological advances in the field of energy conversion have led to the development of multi-carrier energy systems (MCESs). The ability of MCESs to manage different forms of energy can improve the efficiency and reliability of power systems. This paper attempts to address the dynamic behavior of loads in reliability evaluation of MCESs. A Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo approach is employed to model the dynamic behavior of thermal loads. The proposed model also investigates the mutual dependence between different forms of energy and its influence on availability of supply. Numerical simulations of an energy hub are provided to demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach.

OS15-3 Durability and Reliability of Anode-supported Micro Solid Oxide Fuel Cells(Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems 1,OS15 Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems,APPLICATIONS)

OS15-3 Durability and Reliability of Anode-supported Micro Solid Oxide Fuel Cells(Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems 1,OS15 Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems,APPLICATIONS)

OS15-2 Determination of Fracture Properties in Ion Conducting Ceramics under Simulated Operating Conditions for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells(Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems 1,OS15 Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems,APPLICATIONS)

OS15-2 Determination of Fracture Properties in Ion Conducting Ceramics under Simulated Operating Conditions for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells(Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems 1,OS15 Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems,APPLICATIONS)

OS15-7 Strain Effect on Power Generating Efficiency under Uniaxial Load of a Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Module(Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems 2,OS15 Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems,APPLICATIONS)

OS15-7 Strain Effect on Power Generating Efficiency under Uniaxial Load of a Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Module(Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems 2,OS15 Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems,APPLICATIONS)

OS15-1 Anomalous Mechanical Behaviour of Lanthanum Strontium Cobalt Iron Oxides(Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems 1,OS15 Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems,APPLICATIONS)

OS15-1 Anomalous Mechanical Behaviour of Lanthanum Strontium Cobalt Iron Oxides(Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems 1,OS15 Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems,APPLICATIONS)

OS15-4 Structural Deformation of Layered Perovskite Oxides Induced by the Interstitial Oxygen Formation(Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems 1,OS15 Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems,APPLICATIONS)

OS15-4 Structural Deformation of Layered Perovskite Oxides Induced by the Interstitial Oxygen Formation(Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems 1,OS15 Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems,APPLICATIONS)

OS15-5 Acoustic Emission Study of Tin Oxide Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries(Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems 2,OS15 Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems,APPLICATIONS)

OS15-5 Acoustic Emission Study of Tin Oxide Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries(Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems 2,OS15 Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems,APPLICATIONS)

OS15-6 Experimental Evaluation of Electrochemical Properties of Mechanically Stressed Li Ion Batteries Cathodes(Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems 2,OS15 Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems,APPLICATIONS)

OS15-6 Experimental Evaluation of Electrochemical Properties of Mechanically Stressed Li Ion Batteries Cathodes(Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems 2,OS15 Durability and reliability of next-generation energy systems,APPLICATIONS)

Cost, reliability, and sensitivity of a stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system—A case study on a lecture building with low load factor

Single source renewable energy systems exhibit strong short term and seasonal variations in their outputs for which hybrid systems are the need of the hour. Taking consideration of the location, user requirements, cost, reliability, etc., the hybrid systems are designed. The objective of the present study is to evaluate cost and reliability of a standalone hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) to be utilized for a lecture building of a technical institute with low load factor. Different combinations of HRES involving horizontal axis wind turbine, solar photo voltaic (PV), proton exchange membrane fuel cell with electrolyzer, and battery bank have been studied. Four such systems have been modeled using hybrid optimization model for electric renewable HOMER software, and these are techno-economically evaluated for the existing low load factor conditions of the building. Futuristic growth of load demand is also incorporated to analyze the results. It has been found that the combination of wind turbines, solar PV system, and battery bank gives the most cost effective hybrid system for both the load scenarios. And PV, fuel cell, wind turbine, and battery bank type HRES have the better reliability in terms of lower unmet load.

Building resilient power grids from integrated risk governance perspective: A lesson learned from china's 2008 Ice-Snow Storm disaster

In the past three decades, the electric energy industry made great contribution to support rapid social and economic development in China, and meanwhile has been grown at the highest rate in the human history owing to the economic reform. In its new national development plan, more investment has been put into installation of both electricity generating capacity and transmitting capacity in order to meet fast growing demand of electric energy. However, energy resources, both fossil fuel and renewable types, and energy consumption and load centers in China are not evenly distributed in both spatial and temporal dimensions. Moreover, dominated by coal as its primary energy source, the whole eastern China is now entering an environmental crisis in which pollutants emitted by coal power plants contribute a large part. To balance the regional differences in energy sources and energy consumption while meeting the steadily increasing demands for electric energy for the whole country, in addition to increase electric generating capacity, building large-scale, long-distance ultra high voltage power grids is the top priority for next five years. China is a country prone to almost all kinds of natural disasters due to its vast, complex geographical and climatic conditions. In recent years, frequent natural disasters, especially extreme weather and climate events, have threatened the safety, reliability and stability of electric energy system in China. Unfortunately, with fast growth rate but lacking of risk assessing and prevention mechanism, many infrastructure constructions, including national power grids, are facing integrated and complex economic, social, institutional and ecological risks. In this paper, based on a case analysis of the Great Ice Storm in southern China in January 2008, risks of building a resilient power grid to deal with increasing threats from extreme weathers are discussed. The paper recommends that a systematic approach based on the social-ecological system framework should be applied to assess the risk factors associated with the power grid, and the tools to deal with complex dynamic systems need to be applied to deal with constant changes in the whole social-ecological system.

A critical evaluation of deterministic methods in size optimisation of reliable and cost effective standalone hybrid renewable energy systems

Reliability of a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) strongly depends on various uncertainties affecting the amount of power produced by the system. In the design of systems subject to uncertainties, both deterministic and nondeterministic design approaches can be adopted. In a deterministic design approach, the designer considers the presence of uncertainties and incorporates them indirectly into the design by applying safety factors. It is assumed that, by employing suitable safety factors and considering worst-case-scenarios, reliable systems can be designed. In fact, the multi-objective optimisation problem with two objectives of reliability and cost is reduced to a single-objective optimisation problem with the objective of cost only. In this paper the competence of deterministic design methods in size optimisation of reliable standalone wind–PV–battery, wind–PV–diesel and wind–PV–battery–diesel configurations is examined. For each configuration, first, using different values of safety factors, the optimal size of the system components which minimises the system cost is found deterministically. Then, for each case, using a Monte Carlo simulation, the effect of safety factors on the reliability and the cost are investigated. In performing reliability analysis, several reliability measures, namely, unmet load, blackout durations (total, maximum and average) and mean time between failures are considered. It is shown that the traditional methods of considering the effect of uncertainties in deterministic designs such as design for an autonomy period and employing safety factors have either little or unpredictable impact on the actual reliability of the designed wind–PV–battery configuration. In the case of wind–PV–diesel and wind–PV–battery–diesel configurations it is shown that, while using a high-enough margin of safety in sizing diesel generator leads to reliable systems, the optimum value for this margin of safety leading to a cost-effective system cannot be quantified without employing probabilistic methods of analysis. It is also shown that deterministic cost analysis yields inaccurate results for all of the investigated configurations.

Comparing Energy and Cost Optimization in Distributed Energy Systems Management

Distributed generation, despite not being a new concept, is assuming a leading role in the field of energy conversion, as it should contribute to the enhancement of efficiency, flexibility, and reliability of national energy systems. However, it also noted that the effective performances of small and flexible power plants is critically influenced by their actual control strategy. Moreover, it is not trivial to identify a univocal parameter to evaluate the plant performance. For instance, cost evaluation clearly responds to an industrial view of the energy supply problem, while energy consumption or polluting emissions comply with a socio economic approach. In this scenario, the optimization of the plant management is a valuable instrument to gain insight on their behavior as the control strategy is varied, as well as to promote the distributed generation development, by maximizing the plants performances. In this paper, we further develop a graph based optimization methodology to optimize the set-point of an internal combustion engine based plant used to satisfy a hospital energy load, under different seasonal load conditions (winter, summer, and transitional seasons) and energy prices. Specifically, in order to dissect the effects of the objective function selection, two different optimization criteria are considered, namely economical optimization and primary energy consumption minimization. In particular, we focus on the features of the prime mover (i.e., the internal combustion engine) control strategy and on its drivers, as a function of the prescribed objective function. Results demonstrate that in the actual Italian energy market, cost minimization does not match primary energy consumption minimization, because the latter is only influenced by energy demand time series, and equipments performance, while the former is fundamentally driven by the electricity prices time series.

A Review on Power Quality Enhanced Converter of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Wind Generator

The extraction of wind energy has been essential to fulfill the load demand which is not supplied by conventional sources at the end of 2012. In India, total capacity of wind power is very high, approximately 102,788 MW, in comparison to installed capacity. This paper reviews different permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) operated in wind energy systems. A complete survey has been made towards the new contributions for harmonic compensation and new efficient topologies in the last five years to improve the efficiency, reliability and cost of the wind energy system. Different power electronic converters, which are connected between generator and the load/ grid, have been investigated on based on harmonic compensation, efficient working, and high power rating conversion. The wind generation system is still a challenge to extract smooth power from wind. To improve the power quality of the system such as islanding problem and power variation, different renewable storage systems are discussed and compared. Finally, discussion about the different controller is presented to fulfill the load or grid requirement.

Optimal Hybridization of Renewable Energy Systems to Improve Energy Efficiency

Energy is the prime mover of the economic growth and developmental process. To enhance the energy security of India, use of renewable energy is the utmost important. Electrical energy is the richest form of energy which is having an important role in Industrial growth. Depleting fossil fuel resources which form about more than 60 % of Indian energy generation cannot prime the growth process that is sustainable. They need to be gradually replaced by renewable sources of energy, which are perennial in nature. The increasing gap between power supply and demand is alarming the power industry to work hard in reducing the gap. In order to achieve the sustainable energy growth with the increased population and energy demand and to provide more energy to the rural populations, the non-conventional and renewable energy sources need to be installed and used [1]. The energy resource like solar radiation & wind data are measured, the energy availability, reliability of energy systems and economics of the systems are carried out by using a HOMER and MATLAB Simulink software. This paper discusses about the improving of energy efficiency by hybridization of different forms of renewable energy sources with respect to energy availability, reliability, cost, ease of operation and maintenance, etc, with detailed discussion.

Reliability of Divided Small Electric Energy System

Reliability is one of the most important factors of electrical energy system. This paper presents analysis of reliability of electrical energy system and divided small electrical energy system. To meet stated requirements of reliability is needed to increase energy supply reliability by increasing equipment reliability, distributing energy generation and creating smaller electric energy systems during fault period. The small electrical energy system creation impact to energy supply reliability has been investigated for defined divided electrical energy system during occurrence of a fault. The main reliability parameters of electrical equipment have been identified and calculated. Reliability of different small electrical energy system regimes has calculated and compared. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eee.19.10.2727

A sequential Monte Carlo model of the combined GB gas and electricity network

A Monte Carlo model of the combined GB gas and electricity network was developed to determine the reliability of the energy infrastructure. The model integrates the gas and electricity network into a single sequential Monte Carlo simulation. The model minimises the combined costs of the gas and electricity network, these include gas supplies, gas storage operation and electricity generation. The Monte Carlo model calculates reliability indices such as loss of load probability and expected energy unserved for the combined gas and electricity network. The intention of this tool is to facilitate reliability analysis of integrated energy systems. Applications of this tool are demonstrated through a case study that quantifies the impact on the reliability of the GB gas and electricity network given uncertainties such as wind variability, gas supply availability and outages to energy infrastructure assets. Analysis is performed over a typical midwinter week on a hypothesised GB gas and electricity network in 2020 that meets European renewable energy targets. The efficacy of doubling GB gas storage capacity on the reliability of the energy system is assessed. The results highlight the value of greater gas storage facilities in enhancing the reliability of the GB energy system given various energy uncertainties.

Optimization power consumption model of reliability-aware GPU clusters

Power controlling on reliability-aware GPU clusters with dynamically variable voltage and speed is investigated as combinatorial optimization problem, namely the problem of minimizing task execution time with energy consumption constraint and the problem of minimizing energy consumption with system reliability constraint. The two problems have applied in general multiprocessor computing and real-time multiprocessing systems where energy consumption and system reliability both are important. These problems which emphasize the trade-off among performance, power and reliability have not been well studied before. In this research, a novel power control model is built based on Model Prediction Control theory. Maximum Entropy Method is used to determine partial ordering relation of control variable and to identify the quality of solutions. Our controller can cap the redundant energy consumption by dynamically transforming energy states of the nodes in GPU cluster. We compare our controller with the control scheme, which does not consider the system reliability. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed controller is more reliable and valuable.