Reliable Connection Research Articles

Reliability of connectivity for the assessment of hearing perception in cochlear implant recipients

Objective The cochlear implant (CI) is the gold standard treatment for profound hearing loss with insufficient hearing aid benefit. Using regular words and sentences as verbal stimuli showed a ceiling effect in patients with optimal perceptual abilities. The objectives of the study were: (1) to evaluate the reliability of auditory perception through connectivity, comparing it to the regular audiometry in soundbooth and (2) to analyse the use of logatomes to better assess the perceptual abilities of high-performing patients. Design and study sample Cross sectional analytic study Study sample A total of 32 CI patients with high auditory performances underwent pure-tone and speech audiometry in two methods: (1) in an audiometric booth and (2) via direct streaming to the processor using a connectivity system. Correlation and concordance analyses were performed. Results Pure-tone audiometry showed a low correlation between the two methods. Speech audiometry revealed a high correlation at 30 dB HL but a low concordance between the two instruments. The evaluation through connectivity showed better results in pure-tone and speech audiometry than those of regular audiometry in soundbooth. The use of logatomes was useful for discriminating patients with better performances. Conclusions Connectivity might be considered a useful additional method to assess the performance of CI recipients.

Investigating Facilities and Supporting Tools for Blended Learning in Project Management Training: A Case Study in Bahrain

This study explores and offers practical, actionable recommendations for Blended Learning (BL) facilities and supporting tools for project management training programs in Bahrain. The proposed strategy is categorized into two main areas: technology and environment. Technological tools include Learning Management Systems (LMS), such as the OPEN (Online Project EducatioN) Platform, Knowledge Management Systems (KMS), AI-driven tools, laptops, smartphones, and reliable internet connectivity. In addition, they are complemented by the second part of a healthy and conducive classroom environment. The study also emphasizes the critical role of the Bahrain Quality Authority (BQA) Framework in maintaining and improving the quality and effectiveness of BL initiatives. By drawing on prior research published by the author, this paper outlines the final strategies to enhance BL training outcomes, and hence providing a valuable model for Bahrain training organizations.

Future-Proof Networks: NFV’S Role In 5g and Beyond

Riding the wave of the multifaceted rapid change in communication technologies and universal deployment of 5G, Network Functions Virtualization, or NFV, has emerged as a disruptive framework for adaptable, scalable, and cost-efficient networks. This can be because NFV decouples network functions from specialized hardware, affording the flexibility that addresses growing demands in ultra-reliable low-latency communications, enhanced mobile broadband, and massive machine-type communications. These capabilities are essential for meeting 5G’s requirements and preparing for the more complex challenges anticipated with 6G. As 6G transition begins, the role of NFV has to be reassessed in order to meet the increased challenges for ultra-low latency, massive connectivity, and unprecedented network reliability. This paper considers the ability of NFV to evolve with new networking standards by unpacking its potentials, limitations, and opportunities for improvement. This research determines factors critical to the scalability, flexibility, and efficiency of NFV in various network scenarios through simulations, case studies, and performance metric analyses. In doing this, it raises the need for advancing NFV architecture to stay relevant. Rather than only looking at current applications, this work addresses new future needs and maybe even answers issues for future stringent network standards that do not compromise on profitability. Such insights will be useful for developing future-proof infrastructures, positioning NFV as a cornerstone in nextgeneration networks such as 6G and beyond.

Shape Synergy of Ag@Cu Chip Packaging Nano‐Paste and Its Sintering Reliability

Electrochemical migration of Ag can result in failure of power chips, thus affecting the application of nano‐Ag paste as packaging material. In this study, a novel sintered material is developed using shape‐synergistic Ag‐coated Cu (Ag@Cu) particles, aiming at establishing a highly reliable connection between the chips and the substrates. The sintering behavior of Ag@Cu particles is examined, elucidating the role of skeleton‐wetting synergism in enhancing the strength of the sintered layer from a structural perspective. Two distinct shapes of Ag@Cu particles serve as a skeleton support, providing electrical conductivity, and nano‐Ag particles enhance wettability. Ag as a coating layer can slow down the oxidation of Cu, despite that oxidation still occurs in the sintered layer during the high‐temperature tests, initially weakening the strength of the sintered layer, but eventually stabilization is achieved. The presence of Cu effectively inhibits electrochemical migration of Ag. The reliability of the sintered layer is enhanced by the novel shape of Ag@Cu particles and the interaction between Ag and Cu, thereby ensuring the stability of the power chips.

Spectrum and Power Efficient Anti-jamming Approach for Cognitive Radio Networks Based on Reinforcement Learning

Background: Spectrum scarcity, spectrum efficiency, power constraints, and jamming attacks are core challenges that face wireless networks. While cognitive radio networks (CRNs) enable the sharing of licensed bands when they are unoccupied, the spectrum should be used efficiently by the secondary user (SU) to ensure a high data rate transmission. In addition, the mobility of the SUs makes power consumption a matter of concern in wireless networks. Because of the open environment, the jamming attack can easily deteriorate the performance and disrupt the connections. Objectives: We aim to enhance the performance of CRN and establish more reliable connections for the SU in the presence of smart jammer by ensuring efficient spectrum utilization and extending the network lifetime. Methods: To achieve our objectives, we propose an anti-jamming approach that adopts frequency hopping. Our approach assumes that SUs observe spectrum availability and channel gain. Then, SU learns the jammer behaviour and goes for the appropriate policy in terms of the number of data and control channels that optimize jointly spectrum efficiency and power consumption. Within, the interaction between the SU and the jammer is modelled as a zero-sum stochastic game, and we employ reinforcement learning (RL) to address this game. Results: SUs learn the optimal policy that maximizes the spectrum efficiency and minimizes the power consumption in the presence of a smart jammer. Simulation results show that the low channel gain leads the SU to select a high number of data channels. However, when the channel gain is high, the SU increases the number of control channels to guarantee a more reliable connection. Taking into account the spectrum efficiency, SUs save their energy by decreasing the number of used channels. The proposed strategy achieves better performance in comparison with myopic learning and the random strategy. Conclusion: Under a jamming attack, considering the gain of utilized channels, SUs select the appropriate number of control and data channels to ensure a reliable, efficient, and long-term connection.

Fault-tolerant topology construction and down-link rate maximization in air-ground integrated networks

Due to the advantages in flexible deployment, fast communication recovery and high quality of service (QoS), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been widely used in wireless communications and networking. However, existing works have not sufficiently solved the problem of reliable and survivable connectivity of UAV networks. In this paper, we investigate the deployment of multiple UAVs, cooperating with a ground mobile station (GMS), to provide wireless coverage for ground users. Under the constraints of satisfying different QoS of users and the resource limitation of UAVs, our aim is to minimize the number of deployed UAVs and maximize the sum down-link rate of all users. In order to ensure the survivability of the deployed UAV networks, we also constraint that each UAV has at least two disjoint paths to GMS to form a fault-tolerant topology. Unfortunately, the formulate problem is intractable and cannot be solved directly. To solve this problem, we decouple the original problem into two subproblems: (1) minimized fault-tolerant topology construction concerning user demands; (2) maximized down-link rate with access policy optimization. Then, we propose a heuristic link-cost minimization method and a potential-game-based user rate maximization method to solve the two subproblems, respectively. The effectiveness of the solution is validated through simulations. Meanwhile, ours also outperforms some baselines in minimized UAVs, down-link transmission rate as well as running time.

A novel silicon carbide plate-fin heat exchanger and its thermal and hydraulic performance for SOFC cathode air preheater application

This paper focuses on a novel silicon carbide (SiC) plate-fin heat exchanger (PFHE) for the cathode air preheater application of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs). An innovative assembly method and a reliable connection structure with the system's metal pipelines were proposed, and then a prototype of the SiC PFHE with offset strip fins was developed. Additionally, a performance testing apparatus for the SOFC cathode air preheater was built. Based on this testing setup, experimental studies and application validation on the heat transfer and flow characteristics of the SiC PFHE were conducted. Finally, the application prospect of SiC PFHE in SOFC systems was further evaluated and compared with metallic plate heat exchangers. The results indicate that the assembly structure and test procedure of the SiC PFHE not only realize the reliable high temperature sealing, but also effectively reduce the thermal stress of SiC ceramic material. Essential parameters such as overall heat transfer coefficient, Colburn factor, and friction factor reveal consistent trends with existing literature under various operating conditions at average Reynolds number in the range from 84 to 361. The SiC PFHE has significant advantages in upper operating temperature limit and high temperature structural integrity and reliability.

Herbal Cigarette Sales Information System Case Study at Stockis Sin Sriwijaya

There is still space for improvement in the application and usage of technology and information in the sales business, as indicated by the significant percentage of clients who continue to make manual purchases. An example would be the present Sriwijaya Herbal Sin Cigarettes retailer. The Sin Cigarette Herbal Sriwijaya stockist shop employs a traditional sales system where consumers physically visit the shop to make purchases. This research aims to enhance consumer convenience by developing a sales information system for herbal cigarettes, enabling online access to sales. This study employs a descriptive research methodology and a waterfall system development approach. This approach involves sequential steps, including needs analysis, design, code production, testing, and support. Data collection from the users was followed by the design and development stage of the program, employing the PHP programming language for implementation. Subsequently, an evaluation was conducted on the functioning system. The outcome is a sales information system that is anticipated to possess the capability to process data into high-quality information efficiently, seamlessly integrate various components, and serve as a repository for data storage. With the existence of this sales information system for herbal cigarettes, the processing of sales data has been computerized automatically, enabling automated report generation. This study introduces an internet-based sales information system for the Sriwijaya Herbal Cigarette Stockist Shop. It replaces traditional sales procedures, expands market reach, streamlines report generation, provides comprehensive buyer information, and maximizes profitability. The innovation employs the waterfall system development methodology and the PHP programming language to enhance retail operations' effectiveness and efficiency. An inherent constraint of this study is the need for the online-based sales information system to address all challenges the Sriwijaya Herbal Cigarette Stockist Shop faces, including technological infrastructure and user proficiency issues. Reliable internet connectivity is crucial for the system's effectiveness, which may require improvements in certain regions. Additionally, employees and customers may require additional training to use the new systems proficiently, which should be considered in terms of time and resources for this research.

Research Progress of Zero-Busbar Technology Based on Heterojunction Photovoltaic Modules

In order to reduce manufacturing costs, the design of silicon-based solar modules is changing from a super-multi-busbar design to a zero-busbar (0BB) design. In this study, two different 0BB technologies based on heterojunction with intrinsic thin-layer solar cells—conventional soldering, and Integrated Film Covering (IFC)—were investigated. IFC-based 0BB technology was found to have a lower contact resistance, which well matches the theoretical calculations and module power testing results. To further measure module reliability, a series of tests on solders and silver pastes were carried out. The results show that Sn43Pb43Bi14 solder is more suitable for soldering-based 0BB technology, whereas Sn32Pb42Bi26 solder is more suitable for IFC-based technology. Additionally, silver paste, which is used for solder ribbon contact areas (SRCAs), is suitable for soldering-based 0BB technology. When Ag@Cu paste is used in SRCAs with IFC-based 0BB technology, a reliable connection can also be achieved. After optimization, modules using both techniques were subjected to and passed lifetime tests, including the thermal cycling, humidity freeze, and hot-spot tests required in IEC standards, as well as more rigorous tests such as thermal–dynamic and thermal–static mechanical loading. The results show that the two technologies have great potential for future mass production.

A wideband circularly polarized four port microstrip MIMO antenna with high gain and enhanced isolation for 5G millimeter frequency applications

Abstract In this article, a MIMO antenna system featuring wide bandwidth, high gain, and circular polarization for 5G communication networks is presented. The proposed antenna enables high data rates, enhanced signal reliability, and improved performance in dynamic and challenging 5G environments. Wide bandwidth ensures compatibility with various 5G frequency bands, while circular polarization allows for better signal propagation and reception, particularly in non-line-of-sight scenarios. In that regard, the present endeavor exhibits an enhanced bandwidth 4-port circularly polarized MIMO antenna to encounter polarization mismatch along with high data rates. The presented MIMO antenna comprises four identical patches strategically positioned in orthogonal orientations in such a way as to provide the circular polarization direction. Meanwhile, the bandwidth is extended by inserting straightforward defected ground structure (DGS) and L slots. The MIMO antenna anticipated in this work offers an impedance bandwidth covering from 24 GHz to 28.5 GHz and an axial ratio bandwidth of 62% within the overall band. It demonstrates excellent performance with a high peak gain of approximately 14.84 dB. Additionally, it exhibits strong isolation of more than 20dB among the closely packed antennas, ensuring reliable communication and minimizing interference. The combination of these features in a MIMO antenna system is crucial for meeting the demanding requirements of 5G communication, including increased data capacity, low latency, and reliable connectivity. The simulated and measured outcomes exhibit robust concurrence, signifying a high level of accuracy. Consequently, the suggested MIMO antenna appears well-suited for encompassing the 5G bands designated for deployment in the USA (27.50–28.35 GHz) and Europe (24.25 - 27.5 GHz).

Assessing the Performance of Primary School Information Management Systems (PReM) in Data Provision: A Focus on Two Selected Public Primary Schools at Temeke Municipal Council, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

The study aimed to assess the performance of Primary School Information Management Systems (PReM) in data provision at Dar es Salaam city. Specifically, the study aimed to determine the school-based requirements to deploy PReM for students - data collection, examine the impacts of PReM utilization, and explore stakeholders feeling on the use of PReM in education aspects from Mtoni Kijichi and Bwawani Primary School at Temeke Municipality, This study was guided by Information Systems Theory and Data Quality Theory. The study adopted a cross-sectional design collecting quantitative data through surveys and questionnaires. Interview and documentary review were utilized to collect the qualitative data. The study adopted non-probability and purposive sampling techniques for selecting 399 respondents (School pupils, parents, academic teachers, Ward Executive Officers, and Examination Administration and Certification Directorate staff) from the total population within the study area. Descriptive statistics (frequency), thematic and multiple linear regression models were used for analysis. Research findings from specific objective one portray that hardware with high capability has been purchased, stakeholder involvement before launching any information management system is important, and the implementation of the system must comply with regulations and pilot conducting before full implementation. Moreover, on the impacts of PReM utilization towards accuracy data provision, multiple linear regression results divulge that the independent variables (reduced workload, time savings, improved monitoring, data-driven interventions, enhanced learning outcomes, data accuracy as well as security and privacy) lead the positive relationship with PReM performance. Furthermore, respondents had positive feelings concerning the use of PReM in education aspects. The study conclude that availability of adequate hardware (Computers, tablets, and servers), reliable internet connectivity, robust network infrastructure, and compatibility with existing school management systems are the main school-based requirements for PReM deployment in student data collection. The study recommended that National Examinations Council of Tanzania (NECTA) in collaboration with MoEST had to ensure improved PReM infrastructure and training programs for smooth integration and better school management and performance.

Maximizing energy efficiency and system throughput using a self-adaptive penalty function with a whale optimization algorithm in social-aware device-to-device communications

Device-to-device (D2D) communication is an emerging approach for 5 G networks. It allows for high capacity, low latency, and increased bandwidth. These features have prompted several research studies to focus on meeting customers’ expectations. This research concentrates on obtaining optimal resource and power allocation, better quality of service, and reliable connectivity between D2D clients through a whale optimization algorithm (WOA). The WOA possesses greater stability, faster integration speeds, a powerful global search ability, and greater accuracy than traditional methods. The WOA utilizes an unconstrained objective function obtained through a self-adaptive penalty function. This unconstrained objective function yields optimal solutions for the resource as well as power allocation, higher throughputs, and energy and spectral efficiencies in D2D communications. For D2D communications, the energy efficiency of the WOA is 47.12 % higher than a genetic algorithm (GA) and 70.33 % higher than particle swarm optimization (PSO), and it yields high spectral efficiency and system throughput. Obviously, the WOA in this proposal is more efficient than a GA or PSO and shows the advantages of combining physical and social parameters for improved wireless network performance.

Adoption and Use of Electronic Human Resources Management Systems for Service Delivery in Tanzania: A Case to Tanzania Airports Authority

This articles explores the adoption and utilization of Electronic Human Resources Management Systems (e-HRMS) for service delivery at the Tanzania Airports Authority (TAA). General objective was to assess the adoption and use of electronic human resource management systems for HR service delivery at Tanzania Airports Authority. The specific objectives of the study were to examine the practice of eHRMS adopted to support service delivery in the Tanzania Airports Authority, to examine the effort made by the government to enhance the usage and adoption eHRMS in service delivery at Tanzania Airports Authority and to identify the challenges in using e-HRMS in service delivery in Tanzania. The study utilized the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to understand user acceptance behaviour and the Diffusion of Innovations Theory to explore how e-HRMS spreads within the organization. Research adopted an explanatory research design and population of study was 60 staff. Data was collected through questionnaires from a purposively selected sample of 52 staff with qualitative data from interviews conducted with HR and IT officers. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive analysis, while thematic analysis was applied to qualitative data. Findings reveal that TAA has implemented various e-HRMS practices, including digital storage of employee data, automated payroll systems, and streamlined recruitment and onboarding processes. Government support has been instrumental in these efforts through policy implementation, financial support and infrastructure development. However, several challenges hinder the full potential of e-HRMS at TAA, such as limited access to technology, unreliable power supply, skills gaps, resistance to change, and cost considerations. The study concludes that e-HRMS has significantly improved HR service delivery at TAA. Nonetheless, continuous efforts are necessary to address existing challenges. Enhancing technological infrastructure, providing comprehensive training, and implementing effective change management strategies are crucial for optimizing the benefits of e-HRMS. The articles recommends that TAA invest in reliable internet connectivity and IT hardware, provide ongoing training for employees, and develop robust change management plans.

Extending the horizon in cardiovascular risk prediction: A synergy of conventional predictors and spirometry data

Aim. To assess a correlation between conventional cardiovascular risk factors and unprovoked pulmonary volumes and flows.Material and methods. The subjects (n = 153, median age 43 [32; 51] years) were divided into two groups depending on age. Questionnaires, anthropometry, biochemical blood analysis, spirometry without bronchodilation test, calculation of the lower limit of normal (LLN – low limit of normal) were carried out. Using the Mann – Whitney U-test, the two groups were compared quantitatively. When analyzing four-field conjugacy tables, a comparison was performed using the Pearson criterion χ2. The direction and closeness of the correlation were estimated using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. A predictive model was developed using the linear regression method. The differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.Results. In group I (median age 29 [26; 33] years), reliable connections were established between the volume of forced expiratory volume in one second and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP); modified Tiffno index (m-TI) and total cholesterol, lowdensity lipoproteins, glucose. When analyzing the LLN data, reliable associations between m-IT and glucose (p = 0.004), hsCRP (p = 0.011) were obtained. In persons over 40 years of age with a smoking index of more than 10 packs/year, a relationship was found between a decrease in LLN m-TI and LLN of forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of forced vital capacity and an increase in creatinine (p < 0.001) and lipoprotein (a) (p = 0.03), respectively. Conclusion. There are differences in the relationship between the function of external respiration and laboratory indicators of cardiovascular risk in people before and after 40 years of age, which makes it possible to individualize the prediction of chronic non-communicable diseases.

Development model of a high-performance multiple input multiple output microstrip antenna based on a planar series array with 8×2 elements for 5G communication systems

MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) makes a major contribution to 5G communication systems by increasing network capacity and spectrum efficiency. In 5G, MIMO enables the use of multiple antennas at base stations and user devices, allowing simultaneous sending and receiving of data over multiple paths. This significantly increases data throughput and connection reliability, especially in environments with high user density. In addition, MIMO technology supports the implementation of beamforming, which focuses signals on a specific direction, reduces interference, and improves signal coverage and quality, making it one of the keys to achieving faster and more responsive 5G performance. Therefore, antennas with wide bandwidth, high gain and MIMO performance are crucial for supporting 5G communication systems. This paper proposes a high-performance MIMO microstrip antenna based on a series planar array with 8×2 elements operating at a resonant frequency of 3.5 GHz for 5G communication systems. A spiral stub and a feed inset are proposed to control the reflection coefficient and bandwidth of the antenna while the series planar array is proposed to increase the gain. To support the MIMO communication system, the proposed antenna is separated into two different ports with a certain distance. From the measurement results, the proposed antenna has high performance indicated by a wide bandwidth of 680 MHz (3–3.68 GHz) and a high gain of 17.8 dB at a resonant frequency of 3.5 GHz. In addition, the proposed antenna has high mutual coupling and diversity indicated by ECC and DG of 0.001 and 9.99 dB, respectively. This work provides a solution to design a high-performance microstrip antenna and can be implemented as a receiving antenna for 5G communication systems

The impact of COVID-19 on sign language assessment

This study investigated through an online survey how sign language practitioners changed their sign language assessment practices during the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey consisted of five sections and 29 questions overall. It was provided in written English and German as well as in International Sign and was administered online between October 2021 and December 2022. Twenty sign language testing professionals from a wide variety of countries participated in the survey. The results indicate a sharp increase of online testing during the pandemic, a decrease in the testing of sign language interaction and reception, a decline in the variety of testing purposes with a stronger focus on assessment for learning, and a shift to the use of more online tools such as video conferencing. Additionally, the results show that the home set-up of test takers, including reliable internet connection and access to appropriate hardware, are essential for online sign language testing. Sign language testing professionals reported different measures that were introduced to minimize cheating, such as live video monitoring during sign language exams or the implementation of proctoring software. The paper finishes with recommendations for future sign language assessment.

The Implementation of Basic Education Data System at Muhammadiyah 9 Elementary School, Palembang

This research aims to examine the implementation of the DAPODIK program at Muhammadiyah 9 Elementary School in Palembang, including its supporting and inhibiting factors. It utilizes a qualitative descriptive approach with informants comprising the School Principal, Administrative Staff, and Operators. Data collection techniques include observation, interviews, and documentation, while data analysis involves data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Data validity was ensured through technique and source triangulation. Findings indicate that the implementation of the DAPODIK program at SD Muhammadiyah 9 Palembang is fairly effective, focusing on directives, coordination, communication, and motivation. Factors supporting this include adequate facilities, competent human resources, and reliable internet connectivity. Conversely, challenges include data synchronization limitations and server downtime during DAPODIK updates. In conclusion, the DAPODIK program at SD Muhammadiyah 9 Palembang is generally effective, facilitated by effective guidance, motivation, and efficient coordination and communication.

Designing a Compact Portable Electro-Cardio Device Enhanced by Machine Learning for Early Detection of Myocardial Infraction

Cardiovascular diseases remain one of the leading causes of death globally, underscoring the need for accessible, efficient, and accurate methods of heart health monitoring. Traditional heart monitoring tools, often confined to clinical settings, limit the ability to perform continuous, real-time assessments of heart function. This challenge has driven the demand for innovative, portable solutions that enable early detection and proactive management of heart conditions. The Heart Box project aims to revolutionize cardiac health monitoring through a portable, AI-integrated system that provides real-time analysis of electrocardiogram signals. Leveraging precision healthcare technology, this device enables early detection of heart conditions by continuous monitoring. Our ground breaking project encountered two primary challenges: establishing reliable hardware connections for data capture and sourcing appropriate datasets to train our Convolutional Neural Network model. Overcoming the intricacies of hardware integration demanded meticulous troubleshooting and innovative solutions to ensure seamless data acquisition. Additionally, identifying and curating high-quality datasets posed a significant hurdle, requiring exhaustive research and data pre-processing efforts. Despite these challenges, our perseverance and dedication led to the successful development of a robust Convolutional Neural Network model, revolutionizing cardiac assessment by leveraging cutting-edge technology and data-driven insights.

Navigating Challenges in Remote Speaking Tasks: Unveiling Technical and Non-Technical Problems Faced by Students

In today’s digitally driven era marked by widespread remote communication, individuals grapple with diverse challenges when undertaking speaking tasks from a distance. Despite extensive research on communication dynamics in virtual contexts, the specific hurdles associated with remote speaking tasks remain understudied. This research addresses this gap by qualitatively exploring the complexities of such challenges and proposing practical strategies for effective communication in virtual environments. Employing a qualitative research approach, a survey with open-ended questions was administered to 19 students in the English Education program, and NVivo 12 was used for analysis. The findings highlight technical and non-technical challenges in remote speaking tasks, emphasizing the critical role of digital proficiency and a stable technical infrastructure. The study underscores the need to address personal and social aspects, suggesting solutions that encompass a precise and adaptive approach, including ensuring a reliable Internet connection, strategic use of digital resources, enhancement of technical skills, and a holistic strategy to tackle both technical and non-technical challenges. This research implies that educators should prioritize developing students’ digital proficiency and adopt a comprehensive approach that tackles both technical and psychological challenges, aiming to boost confidence and interpersonal skills in virtual learning environments.

Challenges and Opportunities of Implementing Education Technology in Rural and Underserved Areas of Tanzania, Assessing the Sustainability and Educational Impact of Such Initiatives

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the challenges and opportunities of implementing education technology in rural and underserved areas of Tanzania, assessing the sustainability and educational impact of such initiatives. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The implementation of education technology in rural and underserved areas of Tanzania presents both challenges and opportunities. Key challenges include limited access to reliable electricity and internet connectivity, a lack of digital literacy among teachers and students, and insufficient infrastructure and resources to support tech-based learning. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Diffusion of innovation theory, unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) & socio-constructivist learning theory may be used to anchor future studies on the challenges and opportunities of implementing education technology in rural and underserved areas of Tanzania, assessing the sustainability and educational impact of such initiatives. Teachers should receive ongoing, hands-on training to integrate digital tools into their pedagogy, which would enhance both teaching effectiveness and student engagement. Policies should incentivize telecommunication companies to offer affordable data packages for educational purposes and extend mobile learning platforms to areas with limited connectivity.