Internal Consistency Reliability Research Articles

The Portuguese version of the social activities checklist

ABSTRACT Introduction Social participation of people with aphasia (PWA) is a growing concern in healthcare. The impacts of aphasia in social participation are well known, but in Portugal, the number of assessment instruments that evaluate these difficulties is scarce. Objectives To translate and adapt the Social Activities Checklist (SOCACT) to European Portuguese (SOCACT-EP), analyse its validity (content and concurrent) and reliability (internal consistency and testretest) in a group of PWA and a group of neurologically healthy people (NHP). Methodology Cognitive debriefing of the translation process and content validation of SOCACT-EP were conducted by an expert panel of 5 PWA, both individually and in a focus group; SOCACT-EP was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively (Content Validity Index – CVI). The concurrent validity and reliability study involved a group of 15 PWA and 30 NHP. Results The SOCACT- EP version was considered by PWA as easy to understand and fill-in, and with an adequate length. Most questions obtained a maximum value of CVI. For PWA, Cronbach’s α in the Social Activities section was 0.660, and for NHP, it was 0.773. The test-retest results revealed good reliability. For the concurrent validity, significant correlations were found between SOCACT-EP and the Communication Disability Profile participation items. Some social activities differed significantly between the groups. No differences could be found for the “formal” dimension. Conclusions SOCACT-EP content is of great importance to PWA, and its psychometric characteristics are very similar to those of the original version in English. Revisions and adaptations are still needed to ensure that the instrument accurately assesses social participation of individuals with varying degrees of aphasia.

Adaptation and Psychometric Features of the Korean Medical Academicians Stress Questionnaire for Iranian Medical Academicians

Background: Stress is a major factor affecting the mental health and academic performance of medical academicians, which necessitates the use of valid and reliable tools to measure it within their specific cultural and educational contexts. Given the unique circumstances of Iranian medical academicians, it is essential to adapt and validate the Korean Medical Academicians Stress Questionnaire (KMSSQ) to ensure it accurately captures the stressors they experience. Objectives: This study aimed to adapt and validate the KMSSQ for use among Iranian medical academicians, ensuring its cultural relevance and accuracy in reflecting the unique stressors they face. Methods: This study, focused on psychometric evaluation, included 900 medical academicians selected using stratified sampling from universities in Tehran. Participants completed both the KMSSQ and the occupational stress inventory (OSI). Face validity, content validity, concurrent validity, structural validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability were evaluated using SPSS (version 21) and LISREL (version 8.8). The cut-off point of the questionnaire was determined using the ROC curve. Results: The KMSSQ demonstrated high face, content, and concurrent validity (r = 0.91). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) identified six factors that explained 60.41% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported a six-dimensional construct. The questionnaire exhibited high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.93) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.91). The cut-off point was set at 120, with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 85.23%. Conclusions: The KMSSQ is a valid and reliable tool for assessing stress among Iranian medical academicians. It can be used for educational planning and psychological interventions, offering a culturally adapted measure that addresses the unique challenges faced by this group.

Translation and validation of the Chinese version of the Attitudes Related to Trauma-Informed Care (ARTIC-C) scale in nursing inters: a psychometric analysis

BackgroundNursing interns, the future nurses, often find it challenging to interact with trauma survivors due to their lack of experience and training. Assessing their attitudes and knowledge in trauma-informed care can improve their clinical performance.ObjectiveTo culturally adapt and assess the reliability and validity of the Attitudes Related to Trauma-Informed Care Scale in Chinese nursing interns.DesignQuantitative cross-sectional design.MethodsThe translation of Attitudes Related to the Trauma-Informed Care (ARTIC) Scale followed guidelines for the cross-cultural adaptation process. A survey was conducted with 490 nursing interns from two colleges in China in February and May 2024, and seven experts evaluated the content equivalence of each item. Reliability and validity were assessed using item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency reliability, and test–retest reliability.ResultsThe Chinese version of the ARTIC-C retained 35 items and demonstrated high content validity. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a 6-factor structure, explaining 61.887% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the 6-factor model adequately represented the scale structure: chi-square/degree of freedom (CMIN/DF) = 1.544, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.045, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.969, incremental fit index (IFI) = 0.969, Tucker Lewis index (TLI) = 0.966, and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.046. The scale had a Cronbach's alpha of 0.916 and test–retest reliability of 0.876.ConclusionsThe Chinese version of the ARTIC-C scale has demonstrated strong reliability and validity, making it an effective tool for measuring Chinese nursing interns' attitudes and knowledge regarding trauma-informed care.

Headache Disability Questionnaire: cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Turkish version

BackgroundThe Headache Disability Questionnaire (HDQ) evaluates pain intensity, daily activities, work/school disruptions, and the impact on recreational activities. It was aimed to translate the HDQ into Turkish and evaluate its reliability and validity.MethodsThis study included 130 participants, consisting of 105 females and 25 males. The original HDQ was translated into Turkish language using Beaton guidelines. Reliability was assessed using internal consistency and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. Exploratory (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were conducted to evaluate the structural validity. For convergent validity, the Turkish version of the HDQ, along with the Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6) and Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS), was administered to individuals with headaches. The HDQ was retested one week later to assess its reliability.ResultsThe Turkish version of the HDQ demonstrated good reliability, with ICC and Cronbach’s α values of 0.842 and 0.914, respectively. Standard error measurement (SEM) and Minimal Detectable Change (MDC) values were 5.89 and 16.33 units. Bland-Altman plots confirmed a high level of agreement between initial and retest scores EFA revealed a two-factor structure, clustering items into Factor 1 (items 1, 2, 5, 7, and 9) and Factor 2 (items 3, 4, 6, and 8), which was subsequently confirmed by CFA. Convergent validity was confirmed through good correlations with HIT-6, and MIDAS. No ceiling or floor effects were observed.ConclusionsThe study demonstrates that the Turkish version of the HDQ is a valid and reliable instrument for evaluating the effect of headaches on daily living, exhibiting strong internal consistency and test-retest reliability, making it suitable for both clinical practice and research purposes.Trial registrationTrial registration date is January 30, 2021 (NCT04736654).Clinical trials registration numberNCT04736654.

Development and validation of a broadly applicable instrument to measure patients' health promotion and empowerment process in chronic disease.

This study aimed to develop and validate a generic, non-disease-specific, self-assessment measure that recognizes patients' health capacities and their empowering process of health promotion in chronic illness by using Bodyknowledging as the theoretical frame. Item generation and expert content validity analysis were the first steps in instrument development. Potential items were then validated in focus group interviews with six patients diagnosed with various chronic diseases. The research team reviewed the resulting items and undertook item reduction. A sample of adults (n = 357) with chronic disease surveyed the instrument items. Exploratory factor analysis with Oblimin rotation was conducted. A 3-factor solution was identified: nine items on the regaining health and wellness subscale, seven items on the uncertainty and bereavement subscale, and eight items on the loss of control and distancing subscale. Cronbach alpha for the scale was .92. The final 24-item instrument is non-disease-specific and broadly applicable for use in health promotion within the context of chronic disease. The instrument demonstrates high internal consistency reliability with initial face and construct validity. The new instrument has the potential for measuring patients' empowering process of health promotion in chronic disease and the outcomes of person-centered interventions and may guide clinicians in tailoring individual support.

Assessing quality of life in Moroccan patients with brain cancer: validation of the Moroccan version of the EORTC QLQ-BN20 questionnaire

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to translate the QLQ-BN20 into Moroccan Arabic and assess the psychometric properties of this translated version in Moroccan patients diagnosed with brain cancer. This study enrolled patients with brain tumours. Following translation, the Moroccan version of the QLQ-BN20 was administered to patients. Patient data such as age, gender, primary cancer site, Karnofsky Performance Score, and Mini-Mental State Examination were collected. Internal consistency reliability of multi-item scales were evaluated using Cronbach’s α coefficient. A total of 116 patients were recruited into the study. The mean age of the patients was 52.4 ± 13.5. In the present study, the results revealed that most of the dimensions had no floor effect and no ceiling effect. For the entire QLQ-BN20 scale, the reliability was 0.79. The Moroccan Arabic version of EORTC QLQ-BN20 has good psychometric properties. It is therefore a reliable instrument to measure the quality of life of cancer patients.

Translation and validation of sleep questionnaires in Jordanian and Qatari athletes.

To translate two prominent sleep questionnaires, the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire 10 (FOSQ-10) and the Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI), into Arabic. The translations adhered to the established international criteria and underwent subsequent validation among 130 Arabic-speaking athletes from Jordan and Qatar. The validation process involved comparison against existing Arabic sleep questionnaires to ensure linguistic and cultural appropriateness. Of the 130 participants, 70 completed the test-retest for FOSQ and 58 the test-retest for the SHI. The internal consistency reliability was excellent for the Arabic FOSQ-10 (0.824) and the Arabic SHI (0.892). The assessment of test-retest reliability of the total score for both measures showed that the Arabic FOSQ-10 had moderate reliability (ICC = 0.468, 95% CI = 0.263-0.633), whereas the Arabic SHI had excellent reliability (ICC = 0.952, 95% CI = 0.921-0.972). Both newly developed Arabic sleep measures had significant associations with almost all other established Arabic sleep questionnaires, indicating good validity. Exploratory factor analysis identified 5 factors for FOSQ and 3 factors for SHI, with significant loadings indicating distinct domains related to sleepiness, tiredness, discomfort, behavior, and sleep patterns. Confirmator factor analysuis confirmed these factors for both FOSQ and SHI, though the RMSEA values (0.132 for FOSQ and 0.171 for SHI). the Arabic FOSQ-10 and the Arabic SHI were established and showed satisfactory reliability and validity in athletes. Further studies are needed to validate those measures in Arabic clinical populations.

Analyzing first-semester chemistry students’ transactive talk and problem-solving activities in an intervention study through a quantitative coding manual

IntroductionDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, digital video conferencing formats temporarily became the new norm at universities. Due to social distancing, these environments were often the only way for students to work together. In the present study, we investigated how first-semester chemistry students dealt with new, challenging content, i.e., quantum theories of chemical bonding such as molecular orbital (MO) theory, in such an unfamiliar collaboration environment. Studies in the field of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) suggest that small groups working on complex tasks are particularly effective when students actively build on the ideas and reasoning of their peers, i.e., when they engage in transactive talk and when they structure their work on a metacognitive level by following typical problem-solving patterns.MethodsTo operationalize these constructs, we developed a coding manual through quantitative content analysis, that we used to analyze a total of N = 77 students working together in 21 small groups on two consecutive tasks: the creation of glossaries and the construction of concept maps on MO theory. Our manual showed very good characteristics in terms of internal consistency and inter-coder reliability. Based on the data obtained, it was possible to not only describe the student’s transactive communication and problem-solving activities, but to correlate it with other variables such as knowledge development in MO theory, which allowed us to compare the two different collaborative phases as well as different treatment groups.Results and discussionStudents showed a higher proportion of transactivity and problem-solving activities when constructing the concept maps than when creating glossaries. In terms of knowledge gains, a multiple linear regression analysis revealed that students in groups that derived consequences from their collaborative work showed greater improvements than students who did not, although the students’ prior knowledge remained the most influential factor. As for the different treatments, our data did not reveal any noticeable difference when students from a small group worked with either complementary or identical material before collaboration, neither in terms of transactive talk nor problem-solving patterns. All in all, we were able to develop and test a powerful tool to quantify transactive communication and problem-solving activities in a collaborative context.

Validation of the Laryngeal Cognitive-affective Tool in a Taiwanese Population.

The laryngeal cognitive-affective tool (LCAT) was recently validated in the US to assess laryngeal-specific hypervigilance and anxiety. The aim of this study was to examine LCAT validity in the Taiwanese population. This prospective single-center study enrolled adults from Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital with laryngeal symptoms for >6 months. One hundred four patients included: mean age 49.5 years (SD 13.3), 69% female, mean BMI 25.3kg/m2 (5.8), and mean LCAT 25.9 (15.2). The LCAT had excellent internal consistency (α=0.969) and split-half reliability (Guttman=0.925). The LCAT is newly validated in the Taiwanese population and assesses laryngeal-specific cognitive-affective processes in patients with chronic laryngeal symptoms.

Psychometric Properties and Cultural Adaptation of the Persian Version of the Family Functioning Questionnaire in Rehabilitation (FFQR) in Parents of Children with Disabilities

Background: Children with special needs require extensive medical and rehabilitative interventions, which pose significant challenges for their families. The Family Functioning Questionnaire in Rehabilitation (FFQR) assesses family performance in this context. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the reliability, validity, and cultural adaptation of the Persian version of the FFQR among Iranian parents of children with special needs. Methods: This methodological study rigorously evaluated face and content validity, criterion validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity. Participants included 250 parents of children aged 3 to 18 with special needs, recruited from rehabilitation facilities in Tehran province. Results: The translation process, along with assessments of face and content validity, led to adjustments in questionnaire items. The Persian version of the FFQR demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.946) and high test-retest reliability (correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.94). However, criterion validity with the Child Adjustment and Parent Efficacy Scale-developmental disability was not established. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original factor structure of the FFQR, affirming its cross-cultural applicability. Model fit indices indicated reasonable fit, although the chi-square test suggested an imperfect fit (χ² = 2409.03, df = 1074, P < 0.001). Conclusions: The Persian FFQR proved to be a reliable and culturally relevant tool for assessing family functioning in the rehabilitation of Iranian children with special needs. These findings highlight the importance of employing culturally sensitive measurement tools in research and clinical applications.

The Italian version of the Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients (PASS): transcultural translation and validation.

The Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients (PASS) is commonly used by health professionals in Italy in several different translations. This study aimed to provide a validated version in Italian. The main focus is on the evaluator, to guarantee a uniform application and interpretation of the statements and scoring for each item in the Italian context. A standardized protocol was used for the translation and cross-cultural adaptation. A pilot study conducted using the first draft of the scale led to a revised version, PASS-IT. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. The correlation with the Trunk Control Test (TCT) was examined for concurrent validity. In addition, the relationship with the Barthel Index (BI) and the Functional Ambulation Categories (FAC) was tested. Patients with recent stroke were tested for intra-rater (N = 49) and inter-rater agreement (N = 30). Cronbach's alpha, item-to-total correlation, corrected inter-item correlation, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and measurement error were used to evaluate internal consistency and intra-/inter-rater reliability. The PCA showed a two-dimensional structure, with high reliability in both subsections ("non-weight-bearing" α = 0.865; "weight-bearing" α = 0.949). A strong correlation (ρ > 0.80) was found with the TCT, the BI, and the FAC. The PASS-IT showed high internal consistency, intra-rater (ICC = 0.942) and inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.940). The PASS-IT is a recommended scale, suitable for clinical practice and research in the acute and subacute stage. The introduction of operating instructions resulted in the uniform application. A different order of the items allows faster administration, reducing changes of posture.

Standardized List Evaluating Apnea (SLEAP): A Comprehensive Survey to Define the Quality of Life in OSA.

To develop and validate a patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) to evaluate the quality of life (QoL) among patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). A prospective cohort study. Tertiary referral center. We developed a 15-item English questionnaire that was administered to 176 adults with OSA and 22 adult controls without symptoms of OSA in a tertiary sleep surgery clinic between June 2021 and December 2021. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability were measured using the Cronbach's α and the intraclass correlation coefficient, respectively. The 2-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum (Mann-Whitney) test was applied to compare the 2 groups. Convergent validity of the test scores of the questionnaire was compared to previously validated outcome measures and objective sleep study outcomes using the Spearman correlation coefficient. Of the 198 respondents (176 cases and 22 controls); 71% were men and 29% were women. The internal consistency was excellent with the α of .92 (lower 95% confidence limit of 0.90). All the test-retest correlations were positive, significant, and strong ranging from 0.50 to 0.90. The differences between cases and controls were statistically significant for all the items and for the total score. The total score of the questionnaire with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and objective OSA measures was moderate to strong. The new tool provides a validated PROM to evaluate the QoL among OSA patients specifically, with excellent internal consistency, reasonable test-retest reliability, discriminant validity, and construct validity. Level 4.

Psychometric properties of Farsi version of Demoralization Scale-II (DS-II) in Iranian cancer patients.

Demoralization, a prevalent form of psychological distress, significantly impacts patient care, particularly in terminally ill individuals, notably those diagnosed with cancer. This study aimed to assess psychometric properties of Farsi version of Demoralization Scale-II (DS-II) in Iranian cancer patients. This study was descriptive-analytical cross-sectional research. The statistical population was cancer patients who sought treatment at Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran throughout the 2021-2022. In the initial phase of the study, a preliminary sample comprising 200 patients was carefully selected through convenience sampling. After applying these criteria, 160 patients satisfactorily completed the questionnaires, forming the final study sample. They completed series of questionnaires that included sociodemographic information, DS-II, Scale of Happiness of the Memorial University of Newfoundland, and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). The evaluation included exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), assessments of convergent validity, and internal consistency reliability. The CFA revealed a 2-factor model consistent with the original structure. The specific fit indices, including the Comparative Fit Index, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation, and Goodness-of-Fit Index, were 0.99, 0.051, and 0.86, respectively. Significant correlation coefficients (p < 0.05) were found between the DS-II and the Beck Depression and MUNSH Happiness scales. The internal consistency of the DS-II, as measured by Cronbach's alpha, yielded values of 0.91 for the meaning and purpose factor, 0.89 for the coping ability factor, and 0.92 for the total score. The Farsi version of DS-II has demonstrated reliability and validity in evaluating demoralization among cancer patients in Iran. This tool can offer valuable insights into the psychological problems of terminally ill patients. Further research opportunities may include conducting longitudinal studies to track demoralization over time and exploring the impact of demoralization on the overall well-being and care of terminally ill patients in Iranian society.

Validation and repeatability assessment of the Chinese version of the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), 5-item dry eye (DEQ-5), and contact lens dry eye questionnaire-8 (CLDEQ-8) questionnaires.

This prospective study aimed to validate the translated Chinese versions of the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), 5-Item Dry Eye (DEQ-5), and Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire-8 (CLDEQ-8) questionnaires and test their repeatability. From August 2022 to July 2023, online (qualtrics.com) English and Chinese versions of OSDI, DEQ-5, and CLDEQ-8 questionnaires were distributed to residents of Hong Kong, mainland China, Taiwan, and Singapore≥18years old who could understand both written Chinese and English. Subjects who were regular contact lens wearers (wear contact lenses>5 days/week and>8h/day) were invited to complete the English and Chinese versions of the CLDEQ-8 questionnaire. Those who were not regular contact lens wearers were requested to complete the English and Chinese OSDI and DEQ-5 questionnaires. Subjects who completed the questionnaires were invited to participate for the second time three days later. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient were used to test the internal consistency test-retest reliability of the translated questionnaires, respectively. A total of 141 subjects completed the OSDI and DEQ-5 (50 (35%) completed the second attempt) and 96 completed the CLDEQ-8 questionnaires (52 (54%) completed the second time). All Chinese versions of the questionnaires showed adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient≥0.872) and high reliability. There were no significant differences between the two attempts for Chinese OSDI and DEQ-5, but a statistically (not clinically) significant difference for the Chinese CLDEQ-8. This indicates that the Chinese version is clinically comparable to the English version. The Chinese versions of OSDI, DEQ-5, and CLDEQ-8 questionnaires showed adequate internal consistency and high reliability. Despite not being identical in measured scores, the translated Chinese questionnaires could effectively provide information about dry eye conditions and be used as alternative tools for assessing and diagnosing dry eye in clinical practice.

The validity and reliability of the Hungarian version of smartphone addiction scale – Short version (SAS-SV-HU) among university students

The Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version (SAS-SV) is a widely used tool for examining smartphone addiction, but its Hungarian validation has not been available yet. The purpose of this research is the adaptation of the SAS-SV in Hungarian among university students. A total of 456 university students aged between 18 and 31 years (Mage = 21.9, 74.6% female) participated in this cross-sectional study. We performed a test-retest evaluation with a convenience sample of 50 university students to examine the reliability of the questionnaire. The participants completed the questionnaire twice, 3 weeks apart. The online survey comprised four sections: (a) sociodemographic, (b) mobile phone usage habits, (c) the SAS-SV adapted into Hungarian (SAS-SV-HU), and (d) The Brief Smartphone Addiction Scale (BSAS). The reliability of the SAS-SV-HU was evaluated by internal consistency reliability and test-retest reliability, and the validity of the SAS-SV-HU was evaluated by structural, convergent, and discriminant validity. The internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which showed a good level of internal consistency (α = 0.79). The test–retest reliability of the SAS-SV-HU questionnaire was excellent (ICC = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.922–0.975, p < 0.001). The modified model was showed acceptable fit indices, where the CMIN/df 2.546; χ2 78.912, p < 0.001, RMSEA 0.058 (90% CI 0.042–0.074) TLI 0.931, CFI 0.952, SRMR 0.046. The SAS-SV-HU scale significantly correlated with the BSAS score (p < 0.001, rs = 0.666) and the mean time spend on smartphones (p < 0.001, rs = 0.233). The results showed that the SAS-SV-HU is a reliable and valid tool for assessing the smartphone addiction of Hungarian university students.

Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome Score.

Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) is a common leg injury in military personnel and athletes and is especially related to running and jumping. A patient-reported outcome measure, the MTSS score, was developed to determine the severity of MTSS. To translate, culturally adapt, and validate the MTSS score for the Turkish language. Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Established guidelines were used for translation and adaptation. The Turkish version of the MTSS (MTSS-Tr) score was completed twice with a 1-week interval between assessments. In the first assessment, patients also completed the Turkish version of the 36-Item Short-Form Survey (SF-36-Tr) and a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain. Test-retest reliability and internal consistency of the MTSS-Tr were measured with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach α coefficient, respectively. The construct validity was demonstrated with the Spearman correlation coefficient (r S). A total of 48 participants were included in the study. The test-retest reliability was good and internal consistency was good (ICC, 0.9; Cronbach α, 0.884). The MTSS-Tr score was highly negatively correlated with the physical component score of the SF-36-Tr (r S = -0.716; P < .001). There was a moderate correlation between the MTSS-Tr score and the VAS pain score (r S = 0.465; P = .001). The translated MTSS-Tr score has good internal consistency and good reliability and validity. Therefore, the MTSS-Tr score is useful to evaluate symptoms in patients with MTSS. NCT05400668 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).

Reliability, validity and developmental sensitivity of the Language Use Inventory (LUI) in the Spanish context

IntroductionThe Language Use Inventory (LUI) is a standardized parent-report questionnaire to assess pragmatic language development in children 18 to 47 months of age. The aim of this study is to describe the translation of the Language Use Inventory (LUI) from English to Spanish and to report findings on the Spanish version's reliability, validity and developmental sensitivity. MethodsThe original English version of the LUI was translated into Spanish. Parents of 236 typically developing children completed the inventory. A sub-sample of 107 participants completed the LUI-Spanish, again within 2 weeks, to assess test-retest reliability. ResultsResults showed that the LUI-Spanish demonstrates robust psychometric properties, exhibiting strong internal consistency and test-retest reliability, as well as good developmental sensitivity. Children's scores showed a decrease with age in the subscales that assess communication with gestures. In contrast, subscales that assess communication with sentences obtained significant higher scores with participants' age. No significant differences were found in terms of gender. ConclusionsFindings indicate that the LUI-Spanish is a suitable tool for assessing the pragmatic skills of toddlers and preschool-aged children.

A pilot translation and adaptation of the Diabetes Obstacle Questionnaire (DOQ) to measure obstacles and challenges in diabetes management for people with diabetes in Indonesia

Introduction: Identifying the issues faced by Indonesians living with diabetes is crucial to address them appropriately. However, a standardized tool cannot measure the obstacles encountered in managing illness. Therefore, there is a need for widely accepted assessment tools to investigate these problems. This article explains the findings of the pilot translation and adaptation of the Diabetes Obstacle Questionnaire (DOQ) for people with diabetes in Indonesia. Methods: The English version of the DOQ was cross-culturally adapted and translated into Bahasa, Indonesia. The completion of the questionnaire required approximately 30 min for each of the 61 respondents, all of whom were Indonesians diagnosed with diabetes. Factor analysis, product moment, and Cronbach’s alpha were used in STATA SE 13.1 for data analysis. Results: The original 78 items underwent a systematic process of translation and adaptation to align with the Indonesian context. Twenty-one items were eliminated, leaving 57 valid question items following a judgement of expert and statistical analysis. The reliability coefficient of the Indonesian version of the DOQ was acceptable, with a value of 0.96 for all items. The coefficient varied between 0.82 and 0.99 for different scales, indicating high internal consistency reliability. Conclusions: The Indonesian version of the 57-item DOQ is an acceptable instrument that can be used to identify obstacles faced by people with diabetes in Indonesia. This can facilitate researchers in investigating the problems faced by those living with diabetes in managing their condition.

Measurement Properties of the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis-Based Study.

Emergence delirium is a well-known and common problem in children recovering from anesthesia. The five-item Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale is one of the most commonly used instruments for assessing this condition, but the scale has been questioned regarding its latent structure, i.e., whether its items cover just one underlying construct. It has been suggested that the scale's first three items might identify emergence delirium better than the last two. The aim of this study was to evaluate the measurement properties of the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale with a focus on its latent structure and cutoff scores, using appropriate statistical methods for ordinal data. A total of 350 children under 7 years of age, undergoing adenoidectomy, with or without additional tonsillotomy or minor procedures like paracentesis, tongue-tie release, or cerumen removal, were enrolled in the study. At the recovery unit, emergence delirium and pain were registered. The confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that the two-factor model, including emergence delirium-specific behaviors (first three items) and emergence delirium-nonspecific behaviors (last two items), established an excellent model fit according to the χ2 goodness-of-fit statistics, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation, Comparative Fit Index, Tucker-Lewis Index, and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual. The ordinal alpha of 0.98 and the ordinal omega of 0.96 supported the internal consistency reliability of the emergence delirium-specific behaviors. The convergent validity was supported due to a strong correlation between emergence delirium-nonspecific behaviors and the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability scale. The receiver-operating characteristic curve analyses resulted in two tentative cutoff scores for emergence delirium-specific behaviors¸ ≥ 6 and ≥ 8. The Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale's first three items are a more valid and reliable measure of emergence delirium than its original five items.

Body compassion in the context of cancer: A novel exploration among colorectal cancer survivors.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) significantly impacts patients' physical well-being, often leading to distress and diminished quality of life (QOL). Body compassion (i.e., viewing one's body with kindness, mindfulness, and common humanity) could be relevant to psychosocial adjustment to cancer but has yet to be explored within the cancer context. This study aimed to introduce a novel measure of body compassion and examine its associations with demographic, medical, and psychosocial variables among CRC patients. Fifty-four patients with CRC completed a one-time survey assessing demographics, body compassion [Body Compassion Scale (BCS)], distress (HADS), loneliness (ULS-8), resilience (CD-RISC-10), and QOL (FACT-C). Descriptive and internal consistency reliability statistics characterized the BCS. Relationships with demographic, medical, and psychosocial variables were examined using correlations, t-tests, and hierarchical linear regressions. The BCS showed excellent internal consistency reliability (α = .94) (M = 82.1, SD = 19.0). Patients with metastatic CRC (vs. non-metastatic; BCS total MDiff = 12.2, CI95% [0.4, 24.0]; defusion MDiff = 5.0, CI95% [-0.4, 10.3]; common humanity MDiff = 5.7, CI95% [-0.5, 12.0]) and those in treatment (vs. not; BCS total MDiff = 14.1, CI95% [0.5, 27.6]; defusion MDiff = 6.2, CI95% [0.1, 12.3]) reported lower body compassion. Higher total body compassion was associated with lower distress (B = -0.235, CI95% [-0.32, -0.15]) and loneliness (B = -0.104, CI95% [-0.18, -0.03]), and higher resilience (B = 0.215, CI95% [0.12, 0.31]) and quality of life (B = 0.811, CI95% [0.50, 1.12]). Among the BCS subscales, defusion demonstrated the most robust associations with medical (time since diagnosis, current ostomy, current treatment, metastatic disease) and psychosocial variables [distress (β = -.334), loneliness (β = -.444), resilience (β = .585)]; acceptance showed strong associations with distress (β = -.310) and quality of life (β = .384). Body compassion appears relevant to psychosocial adjustment to CRC treatment and survivorship and may be particularly germane for patients with high disease burden. Further research on body compassion in cancer is warranted, such as longitudinal and multi-method designs across cancer populations.