Reliable Measurement Research Articles

Development of the Reasoning Ways Scale: Validity and Reliability Study

The aim of this study was to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool to determine the reasoning ways of university students. The study was carried out in two separate stages consisting of the pilot and main application in the 2020-2021 academic year. In the main application, the analysis was made on the data obtained from 378 university students. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis was performed for the construct validity of the scale; Average Explained Variance [Average Variance Extracted (AVE)], square root of AVE, Composite Reliability [CR], Maximum Shared Variance [Maximum Squared Variance (MSV)], Average Squared Shared Variance [(Average Shared Square Variance (ASV)] and inter-construct correlations were calculated for convergent and divergent validities. The Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency and CR coefficients were calculated to examine the reliability. The Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis results showed that the scale had a seven-factor structure (deductive, inductive, analogical, heuristic, algebraic, historical, and verbal) and consisted of 21 items. Convergent and divergent validity of the scale was proved by examining AVE, square root of AVE, CR, MSV, ASV values, and inter-construct correlation coefficients. Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability coefficients which were calculated for the whole scale and each sub-dimension indicated that the scale was reliable. The results reveal that the Reasoning Ways Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool.

Reliability of ultrasound measurements of muscle thickness and echointensity in older adults with type 2 diabetes

Ultrasound is an emerging tool for muscle-based measurements. However, the analysis of hyperechoic images (high muscle fat infiltration, as in type 2 diabetes [T2D]) can be challenging. ObjectiveTo evaluate the reliability of ultrasound image analysis of muscle thickness and echointensity in older adults with T2D and non-diabetic controls by experienced and novice analysts. We hypothesized that reliability would be high for the experienced analysts, and lower, but acceptable, for a novice analyst. MethodsWe recruited three groups: 1) adults >60 years with T2D; 2) age- and sex-matched normoglycemic controls; and 3) healthy adults 18–35 years. All participants underwent ultrasound imaging of the abdomen and anterior thigh. Ultrasound images were de-identified, randomized, and separately analyzed by two expert analysts (>3 years experience each). A subset of images was also analyzed by a novice analyst with no prior experience. Inter- and intra-rater reliability was assessed using coefficients of variation (CVs), intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), and Bland-Altman analysis. ResultsFor the expert analysts, ICCs were >0.90 and CVs were <10 % for all measurements, regardless of participant group. For the novice analyst, all ICCs were >0.90, except for rectus abdominus thickness measurements in the T2D group (ICC: 0.659 [95%CI: -0.134, 0.911]). CVs were <10 % for all measurements, except for rectus abdominus thickness in the T2D group (CV: 12.7 %). Ultrasound image analysis of muscle thickness and echointensity by experienced analysts was highly reliable. ConclusionNovice and expert analysts produced comparable measurements, except for rectus abdominus thickness in images obtained from older adults with T2D.

Enhancing the accuracy of low-cost thermocouple devices through deep-wavelet neural network calibration

Data collection using thermocouple sensors in low-cost data acquisition is prone to noise interference, which could reduce the data quality. Noise sources such as cold junction compensators, electromagnetic interference, and Johnson noise can significantly affect the reliability and accuracy of conventional measurements. This study aims to improve the quality of thermocouple sensor readings on low-cost data acquisition using calibration method based on deep learning and the denoising process using a wavelet transform. This taken approach successfully increase the accuracy value of 97.67% with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.2. The precision also increases of 262.7% as indicated by the result of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with a value of 105.29 dB. Comparative analysis was carried out against National Instruments® device and it was found that deep-wavelet method had a lower and higher of MAE and SNRdB values of 16.67% and 0.8% respectively. This study shows that the denoising-calibration method with deep-wavelet can improve the accuracy and reliability of data from low-cost thermocouple devices.

Cultural adaption, translation, preliminary reliability and validity of psychological and behavioural measures for adolescents living with HIV in Botswana: A multi-stage approach.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a significant public health issue among young people living in Botswana. There is a need for reliable and valid psychological and behavioural measures of causally important constructs for this population. We developed a new HIV knowledge measure for use with 10-19-year-olds living with HIV and translated and adapted additional tools measuring HIV adjustment, HIV disclosure cognitions and affect, HIV communication beliefs, antiretroviral (ART) adherence, and self-esteem, using a multi-step process. This included (1) item generation for the HIV knowledge questionnaire, (2) translation including back-translation and expert review, (3) cognitive interviewing, (4) reliability testing (5) preliminary validity analysis. The HIV Knowledge Questionnaire for Adolescents living with HIV, the Illness Cognition Questionnaire, the Adolescent HIV Disclosure Cognition and Affect Scale, the HIV Communication Beliefs Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale showed acceptable or good reliability and some evidence of validity for adolescents living with HIV in Botswana.

Airway and Voice Outcomes After Thyroarytenoid Myomectomy for Bilateral Vocal Fold Immobility.

Type 4 posterior glottic stenosis and bilateral vocal fold paralysis are clinically challenging causes of bilateral vocal fold immobility (BVFI) that result in glottic airway obstruction. Established procedures for BVFI typically worsen dysphonia. We hypothesize the use of thyroarytenoid myomectomy (TAM) in the setting of BVFI will improve dyspnea with decreased detriment to voice. Eleven unilateral TAM procedures were performed between April 2021 and June 2023 at a single institution. Pre- and postoperative patient reported outcomes were compared. Representative images of maximal glottic opening were analyzed in ImageJ to calculate ipsilateral bowing index (BI), total BI, maximum glottic surface area (MGSA), and maximum opening angle (MOA). Statistical comparisons were performed with paired t-tests when normality was confirmed with Shapiro-Wilk test and otherwise with Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, with threshold for significance of α = 0.05. Interrater reliability for objective glottal measures was compared with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Dyspnea Index improved from mean (standard error) of 24.1 (3.8) to 9.1 (3.3), p = 0.004. Voice Handicap Index-10 improved from 20.0 (4) to 10.3 (3.8), p = 0.011. Glottal Function Index improved from 9.6 (1.4) to 6.3 (1.3), p = 0.017. There was no significant difference in ipsilateral BI, total BI, MOA, and median MGSA. There was good to excellent ICCs for all comparisons (0.83-0.95). TAM demonstrated significant improvement in symptoms from BVFI while not significantly altering glottal structure. These data suggest TAM improves dyspnea in patients with BVFI without significantly impairing voice. 4 Laryngoscope, 2024.

Reliability of Ultrasound Measurements of the Median Nerve in Asymptomatic Subjects Using a Handheld Device

Reliability of Ultrasound Measurements of the Median Nerve in Asymptomatic Subjects Using a Handheld Device

Enhanced reliability and time efficiency of deep learning-based posterior tibial slope measurement over manual techniques.

Multifaceted factors contribute to inferior outcomes following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery. A particular focus is placed on the posterior tibial slope (PTS). This study introduces the integration of machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) for efficient measurements of tibial slopes on magnetic resonance imaging images as a promising solution. This advancement aims to enhance risk stratification, diagnostic insights, intervention prognosisand surgical planning for ACL injuries. Images and demographic information from 120 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction surgery were used for this study. An AI-driven model was developed to measure the posterior lateral tibial slope using the YOLOv8 algorithm. The accuracy of the lateral tibial slope, medial tibial slopeand tibial longitudinal axis measurements was assessed, and the results reached high levels of reliability. This study employed machine learning and AI techniques to provide objective, consistentand efficient measurements of tibial slopes on MR images. Three distinct models were developed to derive AI-based measurements. The study results revealed a substantial correlation between the measurements obtained from the AI models and those obtained by the orthopaedic surgeon across three parameters: lateral tibial slope, medial tibial slopeand tibial longitudinal axis. Specifically, the Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.673, 0.850and 0.839, respectively. The Spearman rank correlation coefficients were 0.736, 0.861and 0.738, respectively. Additionally, the interclass correlation coefficients were 0.63, 0.84and 0.84, respectively. This study establishes that the deep learning-based method for measuring posterior tibial slopes strongly correlates with the evaluations of expert orthopaedic surgeons. The time efficiency and consistency of this technique suggest its utility in clinical practice, promising to enhance workflow, risk assessmentand the customization of patient treatment plans. Level III, cross-sectional diagnostic study.

Mammographic texture versus conventional Cumulus measure of density in breast cancer risk prediction: a literature review.

Mammographic textures show promise as breast cancer risk predictors, distinct from mammographic density. Yet, it lacks comprehensive evidence to determine the stronger risk predictor between textures and density, and the reliability of texture-based measures. We searched PubMed database for research publications, published up to November 2023, which assessed breast cancer risk associations(odds ratios[OR]) with texture-based measures and percent mammographic density(PMD), and their discrimination(area under the receiver operating characteristics curve[AUC]), using same datasets. Of 11 publications, for textures, six found stronger associations(P<0.05) with 11%-508% increases on log scale by study and four found weaker associations(P<0.05) with 14%-100% decreases, compared with PMD. Risk associations remained significant when fitting textures and PMD together. Eleven of 17 publications show greater AUCs for textures than PMD(P<0.05); increases were 0.04-0.25 by study. Discrimination of PMD and these textures jointly was significantly higher than PMD alone (P<0.05). Therefore, different textures could capture distinct breast cancer risk information, partially independent of mammographic density, suggesting their joint role in breast cancer risk prediction. Certain textures could outperform mammographic density for predicting breast cancer risk. However, obtaining reliable texture-based measures necessitates addressing various issues. Collaboration of researchers from diverse fields could be beneficial for advancing this complex field.

Reliability of Measuring Geniohyoid Cross-Sectional Area with B-Mode Ultrasound.

B-mode ultrasound is a safe noninvasive procedure that has been used to characterize aspects of the oropharyngeal swallow. The submental suprahyoid muscles are often investigated with ultrasound because of their contributions to hyolaryngeal elevation. There are several techniques for positioning the ultrasound transducer in the coronal plane, however, there is limited research on how reliability of measurement of the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the geniohyoid differs across transducer placement technique. This study examined three methods of transducer placement in the coronal plane by two examiners to determine the reliability of measurement of CSA of the geniohyoid muscle. Forty healthy adults participated in the study. Each participant's geniohyoid muscles were imaged using B-mode ultrasound under three transducer placement conditions in the coronal plane by two examiners. Geniohyoid CSA was measured from each ultrasound image. A three-way mixed-methods ANOVA was used to determine whether there were significant differences in geniohyoid CSA among transducer position conditions, trials, and examiners. There were significant differences among the transducer placement conditions, indicating that each condition was measuring a different portion of the muscle. There were no significant differences among repeated trials nor between examiners within each method of transducer placement. All three conditions of transducer placement were reliable at measuring geniohyoid CSA across trials and examiners. This study emphasizes the need for consistency of placement, whichever method is selected. It also highlights the need for researchers to provide a precise description of methods for positioning the transducer so that placement is reproducible.

Automated tear film break-up time measurement for dry eye diagnosis using deep learning

In the realm of ophthalmology, precise measurement of tear film break-up time (TBUT) plays a crucial role in diagnosing dry eye disease (DED). This study aims to introduce an automated approach utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) to mitigate subjectivity and enhance the reliability of TBUT measurement. We employed a dataset of 47 slit lamp videos for development, while a test dataset of 20 slit lamp videos was used for evaluating the proposed approach. The multistep approach for TBUT estimation involves the utilization of a Dual-Task Siamese Network for classifying video frames into tear film breakup or non-breakup categories. Subsequently, a postprocessing step incorporates a Gaussian filter to smooth the instant breakup/non-breakup predictions effectively. Applying a threshold to the smoothed predictions identifies the initiation of tear film breakup. Our proposed method demonstrates on the evaluation dataset a precise breakup/non-breakup classification of video frames, achieving an Area Under the Curve of 0.870. At the video level, we observed a strong Pearson correlation coefficient (r) of 0.81 between TBUT assessments conducted using our approach and the ground truth. These findings underscore the potential of AI-based approaches in quantifying TBUT, presenting a promising avenue for advancing diagnostic methodologies in ophthalmology.

Chemical characterization of cement samples by radio-analytical methods namely external (in air) PIGE, INAA and ED-XRF for assessing their quality and method validation of radioanalytical techniques

This paper demonstrates novel application of neutron and proton based nuclear analytical techniques for the rapid evaluation of cement quality in terms of compressive strength using Ca to Si ratios. Preliminary phase characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction patterns. External PIGE method was optimized and applied for direct analysis of “as received” samples in thin mylar foils with reduced turn-around time of analysis. Moreover, Pneumatic Carrier Facility at Dhruva reactor of BARC was utilized for NAA for rapid and short irradiation of samples followed by analysis. Quality control of both NAA and PIGE methods were done using several geological Certified / Standard Reference Materials (CRMs and SRMs). EDXRF was employed as alternative analytical technique for comparative evaluation. Statistical evaluation was performed in terms of t-test and F-tests to understand the reliability of measurement and acceptable variance of the results. Eight cementitious samples were analyzed and their compressive strengths were evaluated using NAA and PIGE.

Childhood Listening and Associated Cognitive Difficulties Persist Into Adolescence.

Listening difficulty (LiD) refers to the challenges individuals face when trying to hear and comprehend speech and other sounds. LiD can arise from various sources, such as hearing sensitivity, language comprehension, cognitive function, or auditory processing. Although some children with LiD have hearing loss, many have clinically normal audiometric thresholds. To determine the impact of hearing and cognitive factors on LiD in children with a clinically normal audiogram, we conducted a longitudinal study. The Evaluation of Children's Listening & Processing Skills (ECLiPS), a validated and standardized caregiver evaluation tool, was used to group participants as either LiD or typically developing (TD). Our previous study aimed to characterize LiD in 6- to 13-year-old children during the project's baseline, cross-sectional phase. We found that children with LiD needed a higher signal-to-noise ratio during speech-in-speech tests and scored lower on all assessed components of the NIH Cognition Toolbox than TD children. The primary goal of this study was to examine if the differences between LiD and TD groups are temporary or enduring throughout childhood. This longitudinal study had three data collection waves for children with LiD and TD aged 6 to 13 years at Wave 1, followed by assessments at 2-year (Wave 2) and 4-year (Wave 3) intervals. Primary analysis focused on data from Waves 1 and 2. Secondary analysis encompassed all three waves despite high attrition at Wave 3. Caregivers completed the ECLiPS, while participants completed the Listening in Spatialized Noise-Sentences (LiSN-S) test and the NIH-Toolbox Cognition Battery during each wave. The analysis consisted of (1) examining longitudinal differences between TD and LiD groups in demographics, listening, auditory, and cognitive function; (2) identifying functional domains contributing to LiD; and (3) test-retest reliability of measures across waves. Mixed-effect models were employed to analyze longitudinal data. The study enrolled 169 participants, with 147, 100, and 31 children completing the required testing during Waves 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The mean ages at these waves were 9.5, 12.0, and 14.0 years. On average, children with LiD consistently underperformed TD children in auditory and cognitive tasks across all waves. Maternal education, auditory, and cognitive abilities independently predicted caregiver-reported listening skills. Significant correlations between Waves 1 and 2 confirmed high, long-term reliability. Secondary analysis of Wave 3 was consistent with the primary analyses of Waves 1 and 2, reinforcing the enduring nature of listening difficulties. Children with LiD and clinically normal audiograms experience persistent auditory, listening, and cognitive challenges through at least adolescence. The degree of LiD can be independently predicted by maternal education, cognitive processing, and spatial listening skills. This study underscores the importance of early detection and intervention for childhood LiD and highlights the role of socioeconomic factors as contributors to these challenges.

Normal spinopelvic parameters and correlation analysis in 217 asymptomatic children.

Understanding spinal sagittal balance is crucial for assessing and treating spinal deformities in pediatric populations. The aim of the present observational study is to examine the parameters of sagittal alignment of the regional spine and spinopelvic region in asymptomatic pediatric populations and the characteristics of these parameters with age and sex. We enrolled 217 participants, consisting of 112 males (51.6%) and 105 females (48.4%), aged between 4 and 15years, with an average age of 12.19years. Pelvic incidence, pelvic tilt, sacral slope, lumbar lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, T1 slope, C7 slope, cervical sagittal vertical axis, and C2-7 Cobb angle were measured. Three spine surgeons conducted radiographic measurements utilizing the PACS software. The measurement reliability was assessed through ICCs. Our results show significant age-related changes in pelvic tilt and cervical sagittal vertical axis, with notable gender differences in pelvic tilt, lumbar lordosis, and thoracic kyphosis. Girls have larger PT, boys have larger cSVA. PI, PT, and cSVA also differ among different age groups. Correlation analysis shows that a series of relationships that align with adult population patterns between pelvic incidence, pelvic tilt, sacral slope, lumbar lordosis, and thoracic kyphosis. Significant variations in PT and cSVA across diverse age cohorts highlights notable disparities in the distribution of PT and cSVA values within the pediatric population. Gender-based differences in PT, LL, and TK and correlation in spinopelvic parameter could enhances our understanding of compensatory mechanisms.

Ambiguity attitudes for real-world sources: field evidence from a large sample of investors

AbstractEmpirical studies of ambiguity aversion mostly use artificial events such as Ellsberg urns to control for unknown probability beliefs. The present study measures ambiguity attitudes using real-world events in a large sample of investors. We elicit ambiguity aversion and perceived ambiguity for a familiar company stock, a local stock index, a foreign stock index, and Bitcoin. Measurement reliability is higher than for artificial sources in previous studies. Ambiguity aversion is highly correlated for different assets, while perceived ambiguity varies more between assets. Further, we show that ambiguity attitudes are related to actual investment choices.

Interrater reliability of the modified prone instability test for lumbar segmental instability in individuals with mechanical low back pain

ABSTRACT Objective The purpose of this study was to establish the interrater reliability of measures obtained with a novel Modified Prone Instability Test (mPIT), which, like the original Prone Instability Test (PIT), is proposed to identify lumbar segmental instability. The mPIT has clinical feasibility advantages to the PIT, but its psychometric properties are yet to be determined. Design Repeated measures (test-retest) design, methods study Methods The mPIT was administered by two blinded testers, an orthopedic physical therapy resident with < 1 year experience and board-certified orthopedic specialist physical therapist with >25 years’ experience. Procedures were administered at an outpatient physical therapy clinic of a tertiary Medical Center. Participants included 50 adults (≥18 years old) with mechanical low back pain and no radicular (below the knee) symptoms (mean age 50.7 years, 66% female, 76% reported previous episodes of low back pain). Interrater reliability was measured via Fleiss’ kappa coefficient. Results Assessments of the mPIT had moderate interrater agreement (κ = .579 [95% CI = .302 to .856], p < .001.) Conclusion Measures obtained using the mPIT demonstrated moderate interrater reliability between a new graduate and an experienced clinician, which aligns with several studies examining interrater reliability of the original PIT. Further study examining comparative validation of the mPIT with other lumbar instability measures is warranted.

Inter-Evaluator Reliability of Sagittal and Rotational Spinal Measurements from 3D Ultrasound Imaging of Healthy Females in Standing with Varying Arm Positions

ABSTRACT Spinal alignment can be assessed without radiation using three-dimensional ultrasound imaging (3DUS). Reliable measurements could inform the ideal arm position for scoliosis radiographs. This study determined the inter-evaluator reliability of axial vertebral rotation (AVR) measurements and sagittal curve angles in healthy females from 3DUS spinal images in standing with two common radiograph arm positions: Chin and abduction (Abd). Three novice evaluators (R1, R2, and R3) measured images once. The Bland–Altman bias and limits of agreement (LOA) were calculated. T5-T12 kyphosis measurements met our bias and LOA error threshold only for R1 vs R2 in the Chin position [−0.53° (−10.7,9.7)]. The distance between the bias and the LOA also met our acceptable threshold of 5° for all mean AVRTwist, and all but one AVRTwist measurements (R1-R2_Chin = 5.9°). Three lordosis measurements did not meet our acceptable threshold (R1-R2_Chin, R1-R3_Chin, and R2-R3_Abd). The inter-evaluator reliability of novice evaluators was adequate and did not differ significantly between positions.

An Equity-Focused Assessment of Evidence-Based Parenting Intervention Research.

Evidence-based parenting interventions (EBPI) support children and families to promote resilience, address emotional and behavioral concerns, and prevent or address issues related to child maltreatment. Critiques of EBPIs include concerns about their relevance and effectiveness for diverse populations when they are implemented at population scale. Research methods that center racial equity and include community-based participatory approaches have the potential to address some of these concerns. The purpose of the present review was to document the extent to which methods associated with promoting racial equity in research have been used in studies that contribute to the evidence base for programs that meet evidentiary standards for a clearinghouse that was developed to support the Family First Prevention Services Act in the United States. We developed a coding system largely based on the Culturally Responsive Evaluation model. A sample of 47 papers that are part of the evidence base for ten in-home parent skill-based programs were reviewed and coded. Only three of 28 possible codes were observed to occur in over half of the studies (including race/ethnicity demographic characteristics, conducting measure reliability for the study sample, and including information on socioeconomic status). Although the overall presence of equity-informed methods was low, a positive trend was observed over time. This review highlights ways in which rigorous research can incorporate racial equity into the planning, design, execution, and interpretation and dissemination of programs of study. We posit that doing so improves the external validity of studies while maintaining high-quality research that can contribute to an evidence base.

Understanding reliability of the observer-reported communication ability measure within Angelman syndrome through the lens of generalizability theory

AimsCaregivers rate improved communication ability as one of the most desired outcomes for successful interventions for individuals with Angelman syndrome (AS). When measuring communication ability in clinical trials, the reliability of such measures is critical for detecting significant changes over time. This study examined the reliability of the Observed-Reported Communication Ability (ORCA) measure completed by caregivers of individuals with AS.MethodsThe ORCA measure was completed by 249 caregivers with 170 caregivers completing the ORCA measure again after 5–12 days. Generalizability theory was used to examine the following sources of measurement error in ORCA scores: concepts, subdomains, assessment points, and the interactions among those facets and the object of measurement: communication ability. Three generalizability studies were conducted to understand the reliability of the ORCA measure for different measurement designs. Decision studies were carried out to demonstrate the optimization of measurement procedures of the ORCA measure.ResultsG and Phi coefficients of the original measurement design exceeded the 0.80 threshold considered sufficiently reliable to make relative and absolute decisions about the communication ability of individuals with AS based on their caregivers’ observed scores. The optimization procedures indicated that increasing the number of communication concepts and/or assessment points leads to more reliable estimates of communication.ConclusionThe ORCA measure was able to reliably distinguish different levels of communication ability among individuals with AS. Multiple assessment points and or more concepts would provide more precise estimates of an individual’s communication ability but at the cost of survey fatigue.

Statistical assessment of reliability of anthropometric measurements in the multi-site South African National Dietary Intake Survey 2022.

Anthropometric data quality in large multicentre nutrition surveys is seldom adequately assessed. In preparation for the South African National Dietary Intake Survey (NDIS-2022), this study assessed site leads' and fieldworkers' intra- and inter-rater reliability for measuring weight, length/height, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), waist circumference (WC) and calf circumference (CC). Standardised training materials and measurement protocols were developed, and new anthropometric equipment was procured. Following two training rounds (12 site lead teams, 46 fieldworker teams), measurement reliability was assessed for both groups, using repeated measurements of volunteers similar to the survey target population. Reliability was statistically assessed using the technical error of measurement (TEM), relative TEM (%TEM), intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of reliability (R). Agreement was visualised with Bland-Altman analysis. By %TEM, the best reliability was achieved for weight (%TEM = 0.260-0.923) and length/height (%TEM = 0.434-0.855), and the poorest for MUAC by fieldworkers (%TEM = 2.592-3.199) and WC (%TEM = 2.353-2.945). Whole-sample ICC and R were excellent ( > 0.90) for all parameters except site leads' CC inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.896, R = 0.889) and fieldworkers' inter-rater reliability for MUAC in children under two (ICC = 0.851, R = 0.881). Bland-Altman analysis revealed no significant bias except in fieldworkers' intra-rater reliability of length/height measurement in adolescents/adults ( + 0.220 (0.042, 0.400) cm). Reliability was higher for site leads vs. fieldworkers, for intra-rater vs. inter-rater assessment, and for weight and length/height vs. circumference measurements. NDIS-2022 site leads and fieldworkers displayed acceptable reliability in performing anthropometric measurements, highlighting the importance of intensive training and standardised measurement protocols. Ongoing reliability assessment during data collection is recommended.

Inter- and intraobserver reliability of the first metatarsal sagittal alignment measurements

Inter- and intraobserver reliability of the first metatarsal sagittal alignment measurements