Relevant Units Research Articles

Requirements for advanced cyber weapons of the Armed Forces of Ukraine

An analysis of the experience of the relevant units of the Ukrainian Defense Forces in repelling the large-scale armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine shows that gaining an advantage in cyberspace is possible only if Ukraine has its own modern cyber weapons. The task of creating cyber weapons involves the development requirements for them. The relevance of this task is also confirmed by the growing number of cyberattacks on military facilities by the russian federation, as reflected in the reports of the Cyber Incident Response Center of the State Center for Cyber Defense of the State Service for Special Communications and Information Protection of Ukraine in recent years. Thus, the purpose of the article is to study the existing ways of creating modern cyber weapons in the interests of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and to put forward requirements for them. In the article, results are presented of the analysis process regarding cyber weapons use and trends in their development. Classification of cyber weapons by principle is considered. Components of cyber weapons in the Armed Forces of Ukraine are proposed, based on the analysis tactics by hacker groups and information threats directed at Ukraine by the russian federation. The article specifies the objects (targets) that should be hit by the advanced cyber weapons of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, taking into account their purpose and tasks. The main objects of cyber influence include: critical infrastructure of the enemy state; combat control systems, communication and automation systems (networks) of the enemy; systems (platforms) for controlling enemy weapons and military equipment; information and media resources of the enemy; individuals (officials); groups of individuals, segments of the enemy population. The systemic and functional and non-functional requirements for advanced weapons of the Armed Forces of Ukraine are presented. The proposed research results can further serve as a basis for the development of relevant operational and tactical requirements for advanced cyber weapons of the Armed Forces of Ukraine

Development of a clinical practice guideline on pressure ulcers in people with spinal cord injuries inspired by the ADAPTE method.

Guideline adaptation study using the ADAPTE method. The aim of this study was the development and validation of a Danish clinical practice guideline for PU/PI prevention and treatment for people with SCI through adaptation of existing guidelines. The ADAPTE method is a systematic framework used to adapt existing clinical practice guidelines to a new context, such as a different healthcare setting or population. This method ensures that the adapted guidelines are relevant, evidence-based, and practical for the specific context in which they will be implemented. Relevant stakeholders and treatment units within the Danish healthcare system involved in the rehabilitation, treatment, and care of people with SCI. The adaptation yielded 22 topics and 121 recommendations, which underwent external review. Stakeholders gave positive feedback and qualified the recommendations. However, they also highlighted challenges in implementation due to the complexity of PU/PI prevention and treatment and organizational issues within the Danish healthcare system. This study has resulted in the development of a comprehensive Danish clinical practice guideline tailored specifically for the prevention and treatment of PU/PI among people with SCI within the Danish healthcare system. The external review emphasizes the imperative for continuous research aimed at strengthening evidence-based approaches to both prevention and treatment. Furthermore, it highlights the necessity for systematic dissemination strategies to facilitate the integration of the guideline into clinical practice.

Research on the Establishment and Application of a Transportation Safety Supervision Evaluation System Based on Grey Analytic Hierarchy Process

Given the increasing complexity of transportation systems and the critical need for effective safety oversight, this study aims to evaluate and improve the transportation safety supervision (TSS) system in Henan Province, China. Based on questionnaire data from relevant units in Henan Province, China, a three-level index system of the effectiveness of TSS consisting of 4 criterion-level indicators and 25 factory-level indicators is established. By combining the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and grey system theory, a hierarchical grey evaluation model is constructed to evaluate the current situation of TSS in Henan Province. The results show that the evaluation index system and the weights of each index are reliable. The comprehensive evaluation value of the TSS system in Henan Province is 3.08, indicating that the effectiveness of the system is at level 2; thus, the current situation of TSS in Henan Province is good. Based on the calculated evaluation values of the first- and second-level indicators, suggestions are put forward to strengthen the management of the TSS by supervision units at all levels.

Climate actions on the neighbourhood level—Individual, collective, cultural, and socio-structural factors

This paper takes a multi-perspective approach to understand drivers and barriers of climate action on the neighbourhood level. We start with the assumption that climate actions on the level of citizens are most motivating and promising, when conducted jointly within established social systems like neighbourhoods. A survey implemented in neighbourhoods (3 in Austria, 2 in Norway, 2 in Italy, 2 in Finland). The neighbourhoods were partly in rural communities (4) and partly in urban or semi-urban areas (5). In total, 1.084 answers were retained between summer 2022 and summer 2023. The impact of factors from the different perspectives on the self-reported number of implemented climate actions were tested in a stepwise structural-equation-modelling-approach. The analyses show that intentions to act both on the individual and collective level impact climate actions as represented by behaviour in four domains (travel, diet, protest, and general climate action) implemented by citizens in the neighbourhoods, but individual intentions are more important. In addition, local cultural aspects have an impact on climate action, as indicated by the two extremely rural Finnish neighbourhoods being different on many variables. On the socio-structural level, males and households with younger children report less climate action, whereas larger households in general and people with university degree report more. Intentions to act individually are mostly determined by perceived individual efficacy and attitudes, but also selected cultural and socio-structural factors. Collective intentions to act depend on the social capital in the neighbourhood, collective efficacy, and social norms, as well as selected socio-structural and cultural factors. Concluding, this paper emphasises that in order to understand and stimulate climate-related action of citizens, the individual, collective, cultural and socio-structural factors must be taken into account and that the level of neighbourhoods, where everyday action takes place, is a relevant unit of analysis to do so.

The genesis of methods and tools of counterintelligence activities of a national special service: historical experience and prospects

The article provides a historical analysis of the methods and tools of intelligence and counterintelligence activities exploited by the national intelligence service in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, in the period of the Cossacks and the formation of the Ukrainian Cossack-Hetman State. The priority goal is to establish dialectical connection between the effective tools of countering the aggressor of that period and nowadays. The relevance of the article lies in the study of the counterintelligence activities of the national intelligence service of that period, the transformation of the relevant units and their powers from the Cossack period to nowadays, as it was set up in the context of the national liberation war in confrontation with external enemies. The author highlights the historical aspects of counterintelligence activities of the period under study, in particular, the methods and tools that are used in conducting naval campaigns. The article is allocated to the study of the formation and evoluation of counterintelligence activities in historical aspects, the fundamental tactics of warfare of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries during successful naval operations in the context of retrospective changes in national special services, as well as the opportunity to use the Cossacks’ experience in the modernisation and transformation of counterintelligence tools in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war of the twenty-first century. The researchers have introduced a historical parallel between the powerful Cossack «Gull» boats and the «SeaBaby» unmanned surface vehicles and «Mamai» high-speed maritime drones that are used by the Security Service of Ukraine in the Black Sea to repel the aggressor. The aspects of the genesis of counterintelligence methods and tools have been outlined in the study. They depict overt and covert methods and techniques of intelligence and counterintelligence, that have been used in the fight against the enemy in various forms since ancient times and have undergone long changes. It has been mentioned that the results of studying the history of the formation and functioning of national special services are of empirical impact. They can be used to improve and enhance the activities of the Security Service of Ukraine in modern realities, to conduct effective counterintelligence activities and special operations in the context of war with the aggressor and to adjust the national security strategy.

Stress recognition identifying relevant facial action units through explainable artificial intelligence and machine learning

Background and objective: Facial cues and expressions constitute a component of bodily responses that provide useful information about one’s stress levels. According to the Facial Action Coding System, they can be modelled consistently in terms of fundamental facial muscle movements, called facial Action Units (AUs). This article investigates automatic acute stress recognition based on AUs using conventional Machine and Deep Learning techniques. Methods: We created a new experimental dataset containing 58 participants performing 4 experimental phases and 11 stress and non-stress tasks in which the proposed system performs automatic facial AUs recognition. A computational feature selection method was employed to select a robust relevant AU combinations subset, which integrated with conventional Machine Learning and Deep Learning methods using the Layer-Wise Relevance Propagation algorithm to assess and model the implication of AUs under acute stress conditions. Ordinal modelling was used following the pairwise transformation to establish a common reference based on the personalized values of each participant. Results: The results indicate that, under acute stress conditions, participants’ faces presented significantly more AUs and with greater intensity compared to neutral conditions. The most relevant combination of AUs to each stress type was computationally identified, ranked and selected. The mean yielded classification accuracy of stress condition versus neutral achieved across all experimental tasks was greater than 93%. Conclusions: There are specific combinations of AUs that are relevant to the stress conditions of each experimental phase leading in each case to better neutral and stress separability.

Mapping the diagnostic odyssey of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG): insights from the community

BackgroundCongenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a group of rare metabolic diseases with heterogeneous presentations, leading to substantial diagnostic challenges, which are poorly understood. Therefore, this study aims to elucidate this diagnostic journey by examining families’ and professionals’ experiences.Results and discussionA questionnaire was designed for CDG families and professionals, garnering 160 and 35 responses, respectively. Analysis revealed the lack of seizures as a distinctive feature between PMM2-CDG (11.2%) with Other CDG (57.7%) at symptom onset. Hypotonia and developmental disability were prevalent symptoms across all studied CDG. Feeding problems were identified as an early onset symptom in PMM2-CDG (Cramer’s V (V) = 0.30, False Discovery Rate (FDR) = 3.8 × 10− 9), and hypotonia in all studied CDG (V = 0.34, FDR = 7.0 × 10− 3). The average time to diagnosis has decreased in recent years (now ~ 3.9 years), due to advancements namely the increased use of whole genome and exome sequencing. However, misdiagnoses remain prevalent (PMM2-CDG – 44.9%, non-PMM2-CDG – 64.8%). To address these challenges, we propose adapting medical training to increase awareness of CDG and other rare diseases, ongoing education for physicians, the development of educational resources for relevant medical units, and empowerment of families through patient organizations and support networks.ConclusionThis study emphasizes the crucial role of community-centered research, and the insights families can offer to enhance CDG management. By pinpointing existing gaps and needs, our findings can inform targeted interventions and support systems to improve the lives of those impacted by CDG.

Barriers to the application of simulation technologies in the education of health care students

Abstract Simulation technologies (ST) in health and medical education are undergoing rapid development due to the undoubted advantages of the methods and forms of simulation used - high quality, significant efficiency, economy, reliability and safety for the patient. At the same time, the application of ST is still underrepresented in the education of health care students. The main aim of this study was to identify the barriers and perspectives for the application of ST in the education of health professional students in Bulgaria from the perspective of the respondents’ expertise. A qualitative study of the expert (n = 17) opinion of those directly involved in the introduction, application, and evaluation of the use of ST in the education of healthcare students was conducted in 2023 in Varna. The questionnaire regarding the barriers and perspectives in the use of ST in the education of undergraduate and postgraduate students in health specialties students was used. The main barriers to the widespread use of ST in the training of students were identified as follows: the lack of adapted curricula that combine traditional practical sessions with patients and those on simulators; the lack of a sufficient number of trained and motivated trainers; the reluctance of trainers to introduce or more widely use ST; lack of or insufficient space to locate a simulation centre or equipment in relevant core units; the high cost of purchasing and maintaining ST and limited financial resources, as well as the large number of students in the groups. According to one of the experts, ‘there are no barriers to the use of ST, but real patient contact and a personalized approach to the patient is impossible to replicate through technology,’ highlighting the importance in combining traditional training with real patients and modern with the use of technology. Ethical issues in training healthcare professionals with simulators appear to be a new aspect of medical education with the application of ST. Key messages • In the effort for widespread implementation of ST in the training of health professions students, it is important to achieve a balance with traditional training experienced with real patients. • Identifying and overcoming barriers is an important prerequisite for the rapid and widespread application of ST in the training of health care students.

Soil-Based Emissions and Context-Specific Climate Change Planning to Support the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) on Climate Action: A Case Study of Georgia (USA)

Soil-based emissions from land conversions are often overlooked in climate planning. The objectives of this study were to use quantitative data on soil-based greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for the state of Georgia (GA) (USA) to examine context-specific (temporal, biophysical, economic, and social) climate planning and legal options to deal with these emissions. Currently, 30% of the land in GA has experienced anthropogenic land degradation (LD) primarily due to agriculture (64%). All seven soil orders were subject to various degrees of anthropogenic LD. Increases in overall LD between 2001 and 2021 indicate a lack of land degradation neutrality (LDN) in GA. Besides agricultural LD, there was also LD caused by increased development through urbanization, with 15,197.1 km2 developed, causing midpoint losses of 1.2 × 1011 kg of total soil carbon (TSC) with a corresponding midpoint social cost from carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (SC-CO2) of USD $20.4B (where B = billion = 109, $ = U.S. dollars (USD)). Most developments occurred in the Metro Atlanta and Coastal Economic Development Regions, which indicates reverse climate change adaptation (RCCA). Soil consumption from developments is an important issue because it limits future soil or forest carbon (C) sequestration potential in these areas. Soil-based emissions should be included in GA’s carbon footprint. Understanding the geospatial and temporal context of land conversion decisions, as well as the social and economic costs, could be used to create incentives for land management that limit soil-based GHG emissions in a local context with implications for relevant United Nations (UN) initiatives.

Research on Underwater Constant High-Voltage DC Switching Technology for MCSEM.

The marine controlled source electromagnetic (MCSEM) transmitter can transmit high currents near the seabed to detect the electrical structure of the seafloor. The use of three-phase alternating current (AC) transmission can lead to three-phase imbalance, which results in an excessive current in one phase's power line and affects the safety of the tow cable. This paper proposes an MCSEM underwater constant high-voltage direct-current (DC) switching scheme that replaces AC transmission with DC transmission. This scheme can fundamentally avoid three-phase imbalance and the AC loss caused by inductance. After establishing a simulation model to analyze the effect of the scheme, the relevant hardware units were designed. The hardware unit mainly consists of three parts: a DC switching inverter unit, a filter unit, and a step-down rectification unit. The DC inverter unit controls six insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules with sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) signals to convert DC to three-phase AC power; the filter unit filters out extra harmonic components; and the step-down rectification unit converts high-voltage three-phase AC to low-voltage DC. The scheme ultimately achieved an adjustable DC output of 48.3-73.4 V under a constant DC input voltage of 3000 V and effectively reduced the current on the cable. This scheme has the potential to replace the previous AC transmission, reducing the risk of tow cable burnout and enhancing the safety of MCSEM operations.

A Study on Designing Cyber Training and Cyber Range to Effectively Respond to Cyber Threats

As cyberattacks become increasingly sophisticated with advancements in information and communication technology, the impact of cyberspace threats is growing in both civilian and defense sectors. The utilization of cyber capabilities in operations is on the rise, prompting major nations to continuously enhance their cyber capabilities. This study aims to establish a systematic approach to cyber operations training and propose a framework for the development of cyber training. A hybrid cyber training system is designed as a plan for temporal and spatial integration to simultaneously combine simulation-based training with real-world target training. To develop this concept, a literature review was conducted, expert consultations were held, and data were collected and analyzed through visits to relevant organizations and units. Additionally, the fundamental components of cyber training were examined from environmental, scenario-based, and operational perspectives, leading to the presentation of a development direction for effective cyber training. This study is anticipated to enhance response capabilities to evolving cyber threats and attacks, improve cyber operational proficiency, and secure cyber power to achieve dominance in cyberspace.

Optimal ordering strategy for deteriorating items with maximum lifetime using trade credit financing under imprecise environments

In many business scenarios, a retailer is permitted specific credit period to pay back for the products bought earlier. This facility enables retailers to continue their business operations even when they are unable to raise funds or secure a business loan. To boost the market's demand, promotional effort is a very effective business strategy to the retailer for maximizing the profit. On the other hand, a sudden and significant rise in customer demand for an inventory leads to shortages. Moreover, inventory relevant unit cost coefficients become imprecise due to insufficient data, human error etc. Nowadays, neutrosophic set quantifies the impreciseness more realistically. Considering these facts, an imprecise EOQ model for deteriorating items with maximum lifetime is formulated under trade credit facility. In addition, this article allows shortages, which are linearly time-dependent partially back-logged. Here, the unit cost coefficients are expressed as single-valued trapezoidal neutrosophic numbers. Furthermore, particular models are derived under different environments - intuitionistic, fuzzy, and crisp. Step-by-step solution procedures are suggested for all models to obtain optimal solutions. Models are numerically illustrated with real-life data, and some sensitivity analyses are performed. Managerial insights demonstrate that depletion time always depends on demand. Again, the present study suggests to reduce demand by halting the promotional activities during the shortage period and choose products with a larger lifetime.

Versorgungsqualität und -sicherheit nach Implantation eines Linksherzunterstützungssystems: eine qualitative Studie zur Patient*innenperspektive auf relevante Versorgungsaspekte

IntroductionImplantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) requires extensive aftercare. It is largely unclear how aftercare should be designed from the patients’ perspective. Implications can be developed based on an examination of the healthcare context. Its main components are mapped on five tiers in the Human Factors of Home Health Care Model by Henriksen, Joseph, and Zayas-Caban (2009). Using this model, the present study explores the patient perspective on the context of healthcare after an LVAD implantation. MethodsWe employed a qualitative cross-sectional study, in which LVAD patients participated in semi-structured interviews. The transcribed interviews were analyzed using content analysis. First, relevant meaning units were identified and deductively categorized into the model. Then, categories of care-related aspects were developed inductively within each of the model tiers. ResultsWe interviewed 18 patients aged 33 to 78 years who had been living with the LVAD between a few weeks and more than 10 years. Twenty-eight categories related to care aspects were developed within the model tiers: 3 categories on patient characteristics (e.g., self-management skills), 3 on caregiver characteristics (e.g., professionalism), 11 healthcare-related tasks and requirements (e.g., wound management), 8 on factors of the physical environment (e.g., controllability), medical devices and technologies (e.g., carrying systems for external components), and cultural, social and community environment (e.g., interaction with peers), as well as 3 on external environmental factors (e.g., healthcare infrastructure). DiscussionThe present study represents the first investigation focusing on aspects of the healthcare context influencing healthcare quality and safety from the perspective of LVAD patients in Germany. LVAD aftercare covers a broad and complex range of tasks. For this, patients, caregivers and healthcare professionals need specific knowledge, which is lacking in various respects. In the first place, this is compensated by the patients’ own initiative and the personal care provided by the VAD outpatient clinics. ConclusionThree key recommendations to optimize aftercare from the patient perspective are derived: Patients would benefit from a more flexible and decentralized aftercare concept, to which telemedicine could contribute. LVAD-specific expertise among general healthcare providers is perceived as insufficient by patients and could be strengthened through training and counseling services. The broad scope of tasks and the high level of responsibilities in LVAD aftercare pose challenges for patients and their families, which could be addressed through continuous information and training programs.

Discordance between taxonomy and population genomic data: An avian example relevant to the United States Endangered Species Act.

Population genomics can reveal cryptic biological diversity that may impact fitness while simultaneously serving to delineate relevant conservation units. Here, we leverage the power of whole-genome resequencing for conservation by studying 433 individual lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus; LEPC, a federally endangered species of conservation concern in the United States) and greater prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus cupido; GRPC, a legally huntable species throughout much of its range). The genomic diversity of two formally recognized distinct population segments (DPSs) of LEPCs is similar, but they are genetically distinct. Neither DPS is depleted of its genomic diversity, neither is especially inbred, and temporal diversity is relatively stable in both conservation units. Interspecific differentiation between the two species was only slightly higher than that observed between LEPC DPSs, due largely to bidirectional introgression. The high resolution provided by our dataset identified a genomic continuum between the two species such that individuals sampled from the hybrid zone were imperfectly assigned to their presumptive species when considering only their physical characteristics. The admixture between the two species is reflected in the spectrum of individual ancestry coefficients, which has legal implications for the "take" of individuals under the Endangered Species Act. Overall, our data highlight the recurring dissonance between static policies and dynamic species boundaries that are increasingly obvious in the population genomic era.

The study of the blast resistance performance of underground cavern support structures under the effect of explosive ground loads

The use of support structures with good explosion resistance to support and reinforce underground projects has become a focus of concern for relevant units in order to ensure the safety of underground projects in explosive ground loads. The blast resistance of underground caverns and the influence of support parameters on blast resistance have been studied when lining and pre-stressing anchors are supported individually under dynamic and static coupling. Straight-walled arched caverns are chosen for this study because of their strong blast resistance. The influence of excavation unloading on the support structure was analyzed under the condition of a burial depth of 500 m. The study investigated the blast resistance of caves supported solely by singular concrete lining support and singular pre-stressed anchor bolt support. The research findings indicate that pre-stressed anchor bolts significantly limit the deformation capacity of surrounding rock while lining is more effective in restricting the vibration response of surrounding rock. The pre-stressed anchor bolts ensure operation within the strength range throughout the entire process with no alteration in load-bearing capacity. Increasing the thickness of the lining can reduce the vibration response of the cavern. Meanwhile, enhancing the pre-stressed anchor bolts within a certain range notably restricts the deformation response of the cavern. Therefore, the pre-stressed anchor bolts should be employed as the supporting structure to bear the excavation and unloading loads of the cavern.

Simultaneous PIV/LIF Measurements Of Velocity And Oxygen In An Advecting Air-Water Channel Flow

We investigate oxygen transfer across an air-water interface using an integrated Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) system. This setup allows for the simultaneous measurement of velocity and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration fields, alongside the visualization of the air-water interface. The imaging process begins with zero DO concentration and continues until oxygen saturation in the water is achieved. Calibration of the oxygen LIF intensity field is performed using these images, benchmarked against measurements from an optical oxygen point probe, to ensure accurate conversion to a physically relevant unit. The air channel generates an air flow with a center-line mean velocity of 8.84 m/s, corresponding to a Taylor Reynolds number of 100. This high-velocity air flow results in the formation of wavy structures on the water interface creating situations similar to those found in nature (such as rivers and oceans). The wavy structures create reflections from the air-water interface; these reflections are mitigated during post-processing using a Wavelet-Fast Fourier Transform (W-FFT) method to remove high intensity noise. Additionally, the wind shear generated by the air flow induces high turbulence intensity and vortices near the air-water interface, significantly enhancing the dissolution of oxygen into the water. This turbulence and the associated vortical structures play a crucial role in the mixing process and the overall oxygen transfer efficiency. The study presents instantaneous dissolved oxygen structures overlapped with velocity structures in a flow with deformable interface, providing some insights into the oxygen transfer and mixing processes.

The structures control the evolution of molasse basins and alteration zones occurrences in the northwestern sector of the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt

Integration between the analyses of both fieldwork and remote sensing dataset were employed to assess the structural evolution of molasse basins and explore gold mineral deposits in the El Qash area, Central Eastern Desert of Egypt. Sandstone, mudstones, wacke, and pebbly conglomerates make up most of the sediments in the molasse basins. The younger basins (595–575 Ma) are small, less weathered, and mostly Dokhan detritus-filled basins compared to the larger older basins (> 625–605 Ma), which have more weathered sources mainly of arc metavolcanics. The molasse basins appear to have originated in a north–south regional extensional setting, characterized by a prolonged period of left-lateral transtension combined with the formation of NNE-trending synformal folds during an ENE–WSW compression phase. Notably, en-echelon arrays of normal faults, oriented perpendicular to the boundary of the strike-slip shear zone, are a recurring feature in basins formed through transtension. Furthermore, oblique NE-SW compression played a role in generating SW-dipping thrust faults and regional folding with NW–SE orientation, along with the reactivation of transtensional normal faults in a reverse manner. Multispectral satellite imagery data and radar data are used to map the relevant lithological units, structures, and hydrothermal alteration zones. This study concludes that the regions where gold deposits may be explored in connection with prospecting alteration minerals include the area around the ophiolitic assemblages, and the granitic intrusions, in addition to the felsite and the molasse sediments contacts.

The effect of nomophobia levels on nursing students' depression, anxiety and stress levels.

Nomophobia becoming widespread can have negative effects on the psychology of nursing students, who are the nurses of the future. Yet, the psychological well-being of the nursing group dealing with human health is essential for psychologically supporting the individuals they care for and reducing the potential for errors in nursing care. Therefore, it is necessary to determine nomophobia in nursing students and examine its relationship with psychological states. This research was conducted to determine the effect of nomophobia levels on depression, anxiety and stress levels of nursing students. The descriptive and correlational research was completed with 544 nursing students. Data were collected using the Data Collection Form, Nomophobia Scale, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and analysed using descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk, Spearman, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The students' mean age was 21.10 ± 1.32. Their mean nomophobia score was 102.51 ± 27.06. 65.6% had depression, 66.2% had anxiety, and 35.8% had stress at different levels. A relationship was found between the students' nomophobia mean scores and their depression, anxiety and stress subscale scores (p < 0.001). The students' nomophobia levels were high. As students' nomophobia levels increased, their depression, anxiety and stress levels increased. Our recommendation is to inform nurses about nomophobia, support conscious phone use, and direct students affected by nomophobia to relevant units. Our recommendation is to inform nursing students about nomophobia, direct students affected by nomophobia to relevant units, and support their participation in activities that will raise awareness among students.

On the Trade-off between Redundancy and Cohesiveness in Extractive Summarization

Extractive summaries are usually presented as lists of sentences with no expected cohesion between them and with plenty of redundant information if not accounted for. In this paper, we investigate the trade-offs incurred when aiming to control for inter-sentential cohesion and redundancy in extracted summaries, and their impact on their informativeness. As case study, we focus on the summarization of long, highly redundant documents and consider two optimization scenarios, reward-guided and with no supervision. In the reward-guided scenario, we compare systems that control for redundancy and cohesiveness during sentence scoring. In the unsupervised scenario, we introduce two systems that aim to control all three properties --informativeness, redundancy, and cohesiveness-- in a principled way. Both systems implement a psycholinguistic theory that simulates how humans keep track of relevant content units and how cohesiveness and non-redundancy constraints are applied in short-term memory during reading. Extensive automatic and human evaluations reveal that systems optimizing for --among other properties-- cohesiveness are capable of better organizing content in summaries compared to systems that optimize only for redundancy, while maintaining comparable informativeness. We find that the proposed unsupervised systems manage to extract highly cohesive summaries across varying levels of document redundancy, although sacrificing informativeness in the process. Finally, we lay evidence as to how simulated cognitive processes impact the trade-off between the analysed summary properties.

Is anchoring at 'dead' a theoretical requirement for health state valuation?

Values that accompany generic health measures are typically anchored at 1=full health and 0=dead. Some health states may then be considered 'worse than dead' (WTD) and assigned negative values, which causes fundamental measurement problems. In this paper, we challenge the assumption that anchoring values at 'dead=0' is necessary for quality-adjusted life year (QALY) estimation. We summarise the role of 'dead' in health state valuation and consider three critical questions: (i) whether the measurement properties of health state values require 'dead'; (ii) whether 'dead' needs to be valued relative to health states; and (iii) whether values for states WTD are meaningful or useful. We conclude that anchoring 0 at dead is not a requirement of health status measurement or cost-effectiveness analysis. This results from reframing QALYs as the relevant unit of measurement and reframing values as being derived from QALYs rather than the reverse.