Relevant Reasoning Research Articles

Links between learning goals, learning activities, and learning outcomes in simulation-based clinical skills training: a systematic review of the veterinary literature.

In veterinary education programs it is important to have a balance between providing students with valuable hands-on experience and ensuring the ethical treatment and welfare of the animals involved. In the last years simulation-based veterinary education played an important role helping with the replacement of experimental animals in education and at the same time creating a safe learning environment offering endless options for training in a safe environment. The aim of this systematic review was to discern which type of learning outcomes are used to evaluate specific learning goals of clinical skills training and to grasp the impact of diverse simulator characteristics on the measured learning outcomes in clinical skills training. A systematic search from 1977 until November 2023 has been conducted resulting in 103 included papers. The categories, learning goals, learning activities, and learning outcomes in clinical skills training were used for data extraction of all included studies. This study investigated the interplay between learning goals, learning activities, and learning outcomes. Competence and knowledge were the most frequently described learning outcomes; static and screen-based simulators are the are most frequently used technologies. Static simulators are primarily used to train procedural steps and screen-based simulators are primarily used to train relevant knowledge and clinical reasoning. Notably, none of the reviewed studies made explicit connections between learning goals, learning activities, and learning outcomes. In simulation-based education it is important to provide a structured, constructively aligned process where students gain relevant and effective experience. The results of this study underscore the importance of aligning the learning process in simulation-based clinical skills training, and that alignment in the learning process is not always evident.

The smarty4covid dataset and knowledge base as a framework for interpretable physiological audio data analysis

Harnessing the power of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and m-health towards detecting new bio-markers indicative of the onset and progress of respiratory abnormalities/conditions has greatly attracted the scientific and research interest especially during COVID-19 pandemic. The smarty4covid dataset contains audio signals of cough (4,676), regular breathing (4,665), deep breathing (4,695) and voice (4,291) as recorded by means of mobile devices following a crowd-sourcing approach. Other self reported information is also included (e.g. COVID-19 virus tests), thus providing a comprehensive dataset for the development of COVID-19 risk detection models. The smarty4covid dataset is released in the form of a web-ontology language (OWL) knowledge base enabling data consolidation from other relevant datasets, complex queries and reasoning. It has been utilized towards the development of models able to: (i) extract clinically informative respiratory indicators from regular breathing records, and (ii) identify cough, breath and voice segments in crowd-sourced audio recordings. A new framework utilizing the smarty4covid OWL knowledge base towards generating counterfactual explanations in opaque AI-based COVID-19 risk detection models is proposed and validated.

Metaphors as tools for understanding in science communication among experts and to the public

Abstract Science communication is highly important in present-day society. But mere factual information transfer does not suffice for enhancing public understanding of scientific results, theories, and concepts. In this paper we compare science communication among experts with communication from experts to laypeople, to better understand the role of metaphors in constructing understanding of abstract scientific concepts. As a case study, we analyze specialist and non-specialist scientific articles on epigenetics, the study of heritable changes in gene expression not altering DNA sequence. The results of our analysis show that there is no substantial difference between the two types of articles in frequency of metaphors and in their content. However, the function of the metaphors is different: the figurative aspect of metaphors is employed for public understanding but plays no role in specialist scientific articles. We outline the implications of these results for current philosophical debates on scientific understanding and public understanding of science: (1) metaphors are tools for rendering theoretical concepts intelligible, for both expert and lay audiences; (2) expert and public understanding differ in degree rather than in kind; (3) conveying understanding crucially involves skills: metaphors in this context do not so much add knowledge as enhance relevant conceptual reasoning abilities.

Living the DReaM: The interrelations between statistical, scientific and nature of science uncertainty articulations through citizen science.

Responsible citizenship and sound decision-making in today's information age necessitate an appreciation of the role of uncertainty in the process of generating data-based scientific knowledge. The latter calls for coordinating between different types of uncertainties, related to three types of relevant reasoning: statistical, scientific, and nature of science uncertainties. This article examines separately the uncertainties that young students articulate as they engage in activities designed to concurrently foster all three types of reasoning, and also explores how these different types can interrelate. The context of Citizen Science is particularly suited for this goal, providing a unique pedagogical opportunity for learning scientific content by engaging learners in authentic scientific practices, including data analysis. Based on literature from the three fields of statistics, science and nature of science education, we offer an integrative framework, Deterministic Relativistic and Middle ground (DReaM), which consists of nine sub-categories of uncertainty articulations. We utilize it to analyze an instrumental case study of a pair of middle school students' (ages 13 and 14) participation in a pilot study of an interdisciplinary extended learning sequence, as part of the Radon Citizen Science Project. The results of an interpretative microgenetic analysis identified all nine DReaM uncertainty articulations sub-categories. These are illustrated in the Findings section with key scenes from the pair's participation. The discussion depicts how these sub-categories manifested in this particular case study and suggests interrelations between them in a more extended depiction of the DReaM framework. We conclude with the pedagogical implications of the extended framework.

Thermal and solutal energy transport analysis in entropy generation of hybrid nanofluid flow over a vertically rotating cylinder

An investigation of an axisymmetric mixed convective boundary layer flow of silver-titanium dioxide/water (Ag−TiO2/H2O) hybrid nanofluid towards vertically and rotating stretching cylinder with entropy generation is conducted. The Cattaneo-Christov theory and joule heating effect are used to analyze the features of thermal energy. Moreover, the magnetic impact and convective boundary conditions on the vertical surface also considered in the current investigation. The developing equations for momentum, energy and entropy generation are modelled and by the usage of similarity variables to transform into the system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The solutions of nonlinear ODEs are obtained numerically with the assistance of BVP4C MATLAB built-in scheme. The graphical consequences and relevant physical reasoning regarding the velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are discussed. It is noteworthy that strong estimation of buoyancy ratio and mixed convection parameter enhances axial velocity, but the swirl velocity is diminished. The fluid temperature and concentration both are diminished due to thermal and solutal stratification effects. It is also seen that thermal Biot and Eckert numbers enhance the temperature distribution. Further, the Reynold number improves entropy generation.

An embedding and interactions learning approach for ID feature in deep recommender system

The embedding of features plays a critical role in the neural network-based recommendation model. The ID feature, which is discrete and high-dimensional sparse, contains the significant information for relevance reasoning in recommender system. However, most models use the same embedding method to address the encoding of all features. This results in inaccurate expression of ID features, as well as reduces the generalization ability of the model. Based on the assumption that learning higher-order information from the mixture of ID and other features by crossover and extraction operations provides limited benefits, or negative results, we propose an ID feature learning model (IFLM) to embed the ID tags independently and learn their interactions efficiently. IFLM separates the ID tags from the complete inputs as its exclusive input, then outputs the vectors with general data structure, thus, making it easily parallel to other deep recommendation models. Besides, IFLM generates the second-order cross feature from pairwise IDs and captures higher-order feature through the specific hidden layer, which is more efficient in learning the knowledge of ID features. We used our approach on three typical deep recommendation models. The experimental results showed that the optimized model produced better results than the corresponding baseline, in terms of prediction accuracy and convergence time.

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Candidacy Decisions: An Argument for a Process-Based Longitudinal Approach.

Are all children extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) candidates? Navigating ECMO decisions represents an enormous challenge in pediatric critical care. ECMO cannulation should not be a default option as it will not confer benefit for "all" critically ill children; however, "all" children deserve well-considered decisions surrounding their ECMO candidacy. The complexity of the decision demands a systematic, "well-reasoned" and "dynamic" approach. Due to clinical urgency, this standard cannot always be met prior to initiation of ECMO. We challenge the paradigm of "candidacy" as a singular decision that must be defined prior to ECMO initiation. Rather, the determination as to whether ECMO is in the patient's best interest is applicable regardless of cannulation status. The priority should be on collaborative, interdisciplinary decision-making processes aligned with principles of transparency, relevant reasoning, accountability, review, and appeal. To ensure a robust process, it should not be temporally constrained by cannulation status. We advocate that this approach will decrease both the risk of not initiating ECMO in a patient who will benefit and the risk of prolonged, nonbeneficial support. We conclude that to ensure fair decisions are made in a patient's best interest, organizations should develop procedurally fair processes for ECMO decision-making that are not tied to a particular time point and are revisited along the management trajectory.

Managing software as intellectual property: protection and commercialization

The article sets forth and analyzes the milestones of management of software as intellectual property. Software is assessed as an asset of the company's intellectual property (IP) portfolio. Protection options for a software program are specified, and each option is considered in terms of the company's market strategy and further commercialization. Commercialization stage is placed under close scrutiny with relevant examples and reasoning. The role of a trademark in commercialization process is evaluated.

Designing and Implementing a Novel Virtual Rounds Curriculum for Medical Students' Internal Medicine Clerkship During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

IntroductionDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, third-year medical students were temporarily unable to participate in onsite clinical activities. We identified the curricular components of an internal medicine (IM) clerkship that would be compromised if students learned solely from online didactics, case studies, and simulations (i.e., prerounding, oral presentations, diagnostic reasoning, and medical management discussions). Using these guiding principles, we created a virtual rounds (VR) curriculum to provide IM clerkship students with clinical exposure during a virtual learning period.MethodsHeld three times a week for 2 weeks, VR consisted of three curricular components. First, clerkship students prerounded on an assigned hospitalized patient by remotely accessing the electronic health record and calling into hospital rounds. Second, each student prepared an oral presentation on their assigned patient. Third, using videoconferencing, students delivered these oral presentations to telemedicine VR small groups consisting of three to four students and three tele-instructors. Tele-instructors then provided feedback on oral presentations and taught clinical concepts. We assessed the effectiveness of VR by anonymously surveying students and tele-instructors.ResultsTwenty-nine students and 34 volunteer tele-instructors participated in VR over four blocks. A majority of students felt VR improved their prerounding abilities (86%), oral presentation abilities (93%), and clinical reasoning skills (62%). All students found small group to be useful.DiscussionVR allowed students to practice rounding skills in a supportive team-based setting. The lessons learned from its implementation could facilitate education during future pandemics and could also supplement in-person clerkship education.

Analysis of Pragmatic Ambivalence from the Perspective of Relevance Theory

Pragmatic ambivalence refers to a linguistic phenomenon in which the communicator uses vague or ambiguous words to convey the illocutionary force to the other party in a specific context. It is an indispensable communicative strategy for successful communication in daily communication activities. Relevance theory can explain pragmatic ambivalence from three aspects: intentional relevance, contextual relevance and relevance reasoning. Therefore, relevance theory has strong explanatory power and applicability for pragmatic ambivalence as a communicative strategy. Using relevance theory to study pragmatic ambivalence is conducive to people’s further understanding of pragmatic ambivalence as a linguistic phenomenon, and has a very positive significance for the research and development of ambivalence in pragmatics.

PUMAA: A Platform for Accessible Microbiome Analysis in the Undergraduate Classroom.

Improvements in high-throughput sequencing makes targeted amplicon analysis an ideal method for the study of human and environmental microbiomes by undergraduates. Multiple bioinformatics programs are available to process and interpret raw microbial diversity datasets, and the choice of programs to use in curricula is largely determined by student learning goals. Many of the most commonly used microbiome bioinformatics platforms offer end-to-end data processing and data analysis using a command line interface (CLI), but the downside for novice microbiome researchers is the steep learning curve often required. Alternatively, some sequencing providers include processing of raw data and taxonomy assignments as part of their pipelines. This, when coupled with available web-based or graphical user interface (GUI) analysis and visualization tools, eliminates the need for students or instructors to have extensive CLI experience. However, lack of universal data formats can make integration of these tools challenging. For example, tools for upstream and downstream analyses frequently use multiple different data formats which then require writing custom scripts or hours of manual work to make the files compatible. Here, we describe a microbial ecology bioinformatics curriculum that focuses on data analysis, visualization, and statistical reasoning by taking advantage of existing web-based and GUI tools. We created the Program for Unifying Microbiome Analysis Applications (PUMAA), which solves the problem of inconsistent files by formatting the output files from several raw data processing programs to seamlessly transition to a suite of GUI programs for analysis and visualization of microbiome taxonomic and inferred functional profiles. Additionally, we created a series of tutorials to accompany each of the microbiome analysis curricular modules. From pre- and post-course surveys, students in this curriculum self-reported conceptual and confidence gains in bioinformatics and data analysis skills. Students also demonstrated gains in biologically relevant statistical reasoning based on rubric-guided evaluations of open-ended survey questions and the Statistical Reasoning in Biology Concept Inventory. The PUMAA program and associated analysis tutorials enable students and researchers with no computational experience to effectively analyze real microbiome datasets to investigate real-world research questions.

Relevance, validity, and evidential reasoning in clinical practice

Relevance, validity, and evidential reasoning in clinical practice

Clinical rationale training and nursing internship

In the fieldwork setting, students often find it difficult to make connections between the care provided and the reasons for it. A committed and pedagogical tutoring program should make them aware of the knowledge they need to acquire to develop relevant clinical reasoning for an appropriate diagnostic approach and therapeutic project.

Rescuing the Good Samaritan in Embryo Adoption and Beyond

Embryo adoption, when oriented to the rescue of a dignified human person, is a merciful and morally licit response to an evil consequence of in vitro fertilization and the freezing of embryos. Those who object to embryo adoption not only misconstrue the relevant moral reasoning but exhibit confusion among the object, intention, and circumstances and between two very different potential objects. Because the mercy and charity effected through embryo adoption are at the very heart of moral action, juridical arguments that undermine people’s confidence in these priorities have far-reaching, harmful implications.

Pragmatic Rigor: Principles and Criteria for Conducting and Evaluating Practitioner Scholarship

Practitioner scholarship is a promising avenue for addressing the gap between academic research and practice. To advance the objective of publishing the findings of practitioner scholarship, we develop the concept of pragmatic rigor, which is intended to complement but not replace scientific rigor. We propose four principles of pragmatic rigor: relevance, actionability, comprehensibility, and ethical reasoning. For each principle, we develop associated criteria for conducting and evaluating practical research. Pragmatic principles are relevant to the research process, from choice of topic to final evaluation by journal reviewers. We believe that applying these principles can advance the practical value of studies and help to bridge the gap between scholars and practitioners.

Critical Insights into the Tax Regime Applicable to a Transfer of a Business by an “Italian Permanent Establishment” in Exchange for Shares of the Transferee

In this note, the authors provide some critical insights on Ruling No. 63/E of 9 August 2018, which clarifies the Italian tax treatment of a transfer by a foreign tax resident transferor of an Italian business in exchange for shares of an Italian tax resident transferee. They also set out the relevant legal reasoning and logic based on which full tax neutrality should also be granted when the transferee is non-resident.

Khust yak stolytsia Karpatskoi Ukrainy u vidobrazhenni zakhidnoukrainskoi presy 1938—1939 rr.

The West Ukrainian press publications spanning 1938―1939s about the Khust town (the capital of the Carpatho-Ukraine) reflecting its symbol as a struggle for unity have been analyzed. The questions of the Khust nominative origin have been studied, as well as the popular sentiments of the people and a socio-political atmosphere of that time, have been characterized. The publications in the mentioned topics of the leading Ukrainian scientists, public figures, specifically, V. Birchak, M. Braschaik, B. Buri-Voskresenskyi, M. Vozniak, V. Zheltvai, A. Zhyvotko, V. Komarysnkyi, V. Koroliv-Staryi, I. Nevytska, A. Patrus-Karpatskyi, V. Pachovskyi, O. Pritsak and others, have been introduced in the scientific circulation. It has been argued that the Khust town will remain a symbol of the struggle of the most western branch of the Ukrainian people for its independence and freedom in 1919 and 1939s forever, in the annals of the Ukrainian history. The first vivid manifestation of this struggle was a general rally of the Transcarpathian Ukrainians (with participating 420 delegates) on Jan. 21 1919 in Khust. They elected the Central People’s Council and adopted a unanimous decision about joining Transcarpathia to Ukraine. Next time Khust became a symbol of the Ukrainian unity when the Carpatho-Ukrainian government officially recognized the town as a new capital of the young state on 10 November 1938, and the first Soim (the parliament) declared the independence of the Carpatho-Ukraine on 16 March 1939. Aspirations to unity and independence of the Transcarpathian Ukrainians, in M. Braschaik’s statement, were natural. The latter’s relevant reasoning is that the people’s integrity comprises its language and common origins, i.e., its blood, mentality, temperament, culture, folk traditions and customs. In the analyzed publications, the image of Khust town has been vividly reflected. It was a symbol of the struggle of the Transcarpathian Ukrainians for their unity, their blood affinity with the Ukrainian people. At the same time, this article presents a comprehensive history of foundation and derivation of the Khust town’s name, its external and internal changes, sentiments of the residents, as well as the then sociopolitical atmosphere of the time of the proclamation of the Carpatho-Ukraine’s independence (1939). Keywords: Khust, capital, Carpatho-Ukraine, publications, unity, state independence.

Separating the Biased Perceptions from Lack of Knowledge on Entrepreneurship Through a Diagnostic Instrument: LEDI

Students of entrepreneurship either have ‘biased perceptions’ and/or they lack knowledge. The literature states that biased perceptions can have lasting effect even after the training (von Graevenitz, et.al, 2010). Lack of knowledge hinders the decision making of nascent entrepreneurs when they rely on personal opinions or past experiences as heuristics derived from small samples or non-random samples. Currently entrepreneurship education is not designed to address the impact of biased perceptions and lack of knowledge. There is a need to separate biased perceptions from ‘lack of knowledge’ so that entrepreneurship training could be implemented on a more tailored manner. It is the goal of this paper to devise such an instrument in the lean start up context which is a widely used model of entrepreneurship training. The proposed instrument is tested on a convenience-based sample composed of 212 people. Employment of a three-tiered instrument in this context is a first of its kind. Knowledge or lack of knowledge is checked in the first tier, relevant reasoning is assessed in the second and certainty is evaluated in the third tier.

Pragmatic Rigor: Principles and Criteria for Conducting and Evaluating Executive Scholarship

Executive scholarship is a novel and promising avenue for addressing the gap between academic research and practice. To advance the objective of publishing the findings of executive scholarship, we propose the concept of pragmatic rigor. Pragmatic rigor consists of principles and criteria for conducting and evaluating research with respect to its practical value. Pragmatic rigor includes criteria for evaluation, so that research may be judged on pragmatic merits, in addition to scientific criteria. We propose four principles of pragmatic rigor, along with associated criteria for evaluation: relevance, actionability, comprehensibility, and ethical reasoning. The principles suggest a range of variation for pragmatic rigor rather than a critical threshold. The criteria may be incorporated into journal review processes to ensure that studies considered for publication meet standards for both scientific and pragmatic rigor.

Popular Sovereignty and the Nationhood Power

The principle that the constitution derives its ultimate authority from the sovereignty of the people and the nationhood power were both developed by the High Court in the context of Australia's emergence as an independent nation. Although this shared provenance suggests the possibility of a more significant connection between the two doctrines, such a connection has not been developed in Australian constitutional jurisprudence. The heavily criticised judgment of French J in the Tampa decision appears to allude to such a connection, but the relevant reasoning is ambiguous and either left undeveloped or implicitly rejected in subsequent High Court cases. This paper critically examines the relationship between popular sovereignty and the nationhood power on two levels. In the first instance, the paper investigates whether it is even coherent to seek to provide a normative ground for the nationhood power in popular sovereignty. The paper then considers whether such a justification is consistent with Australian constitutional doctrine. Unsurprisingly, the weight of constitutional principle and doctrine supports the general subjection of the executive to prior legislative authorisation, rather than a robust non-statutory executive power grounded in popular sovereignty. While this conclusion is predictable in an Australian context, a detailed examination of the relationship between the weaker conception of popular sovereignty operative in the reasoning of High Court and the nationhood power nonetheless reveals some important underlying assumptions of current doctrinal orthodoxy.