Relevant Place Research Articles

Tone choice and voice quality of dispreferred turns in the English of Finns

Authentic Finnish-English speech data was collected as part of an English conversation class in a Finnish college. Intonation was coded utilizing the framework involving ‘tone’, ‘key’ and ‘termination’. A categorization of voice quality was chosen (e.g., ‘modal voice’, ‘creak’, ‘breathy’, and ‘tense’). The tempo of speech was transcribed with such descriptors as, e.g., ‘fast’ and ‘slow’. The majority of dispreferred turns in the data represented mitigated disagreement, with structural complexity (involving, e.g., wordiness). The p tone was predominant: a low/mid key often accompanied mitigated disagreement. The r and r+ tones were virtually absent in the mitigated dispreferred turns. Instead, the speakers often used a very lax/breathy voice quality and a slow/decelerating tempo, often resulting in creak near a transition relevant place.

Ralstonia solanacearum

<i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i>

Transition Relevance Places and Overlapping in (Spanish-English) Conversational Etiquette

Present-day pragmaticists regard Henk Haverkate's work on conversational etiquette as a momentous insight into politeness studies. In spite of recent endeavours to highlight the socio-pragmatic disparities between Spanish and British politeness models, very little research has been conducted into conversational etiquette. This paper seeks to examine different models of conversational etiquette in Spanish and English in order to offer an introduction to turn-taking theory, conduct an empirical analysis of turn-taking in these languages in formal scenarios, and discuss the results within the framework of politeness studies.

Transition Relevance Places and Overlapping in (Spanish-English) Conversational Etiquette

Transition Relevance Places and Overlapping in (Spanish-English) Conversational Etiquette

Perioperative management of chronic medications not related with surgical procedures

The correct management of chronic medications not related with surgical procedures in the perioperative period has a relevant place because each year millions of patients around the world undergo surgical procedures. For this reason the assistencial team should be aware of the importance of continuate or discontinuate determinate drugs during perioperative period because some of them are considered an important risk factor in the development of complications. The key is to differentiate necessary from unnecessary medication. This is a complex aspect, little studied, which difficult clinical decisions and favours the coexistence of several trends of clinical practice. The purpose of this review is to describe the factors that determinate the continuity or suspension of chronic medications which are not related with surgery in the perioperative period and to provide practice recommendations in lights of available publications.

Indian Ocean Folktales (review)

Indian Ocean Folktales. By Lee Hanng. Chennai (Madras): National Folklore Support Centre, 2002. 146 pp. Lee Haring, compiler of the Malagasy Tale Index (1982), now presents 27 tales from Madagascar, the Comoros, Mauritius, Reunion, and Seychelles. The oral sources range between the 1880s and 1990s. The text names the folk tellers when known, and notes relevant dates, places, languages, and original collectors. It provides chronologies of the Southwest Indian Ocean and of seminal folkloric work there, with maps of the region and of each island nation accompanying the introductory note in each section. Haring himself collected two tales with collaborators, and must have done all the translations from the French. A letter from the India-based publishers asks the review explore the significance of the attempt in bringing out the culture of the Indian diaspora. In the Southwest Indian Ocean, diaspora includes quite distinct Gujarati merchants, Malabar coast slaves, Tamil laborers and laborers from Surat in Gujarat (Haring seems to imply Tamil laborers in Surat, which is unlikely) and, since one tale seems to be from Telegu (91), the Telegu community too, which Haring does not name, as well as North Indian speakers of Hindi and allied languages. However, none of the seven Madagascar tales nor the five from the Comoros has an Indian purview, and this volume very properly represents various coexisting diasporic cultures. The region, with indigenous peoples, has one of the world's most mixed populations through colonization, slavery, indentured labor and trade: French, British, Malagasy (with strong AraboPersian influences), East African, some West African, Indian, and Chinese. Consequently, various Creole languages developed. Each ethnic group attempted to reconstitute a mental universe by integrating older models into the socio-cultural environment. Often ethnic diversity means that sharing of folklore is the only sharing takes between these five groups of islands (2). For instance, the Reunionnais story of Marie Zozeh was collected in Mauritius and has a Mauritian allusion. Mixing allowed borrowing from other traditions, made people aware of their own heritage, and means constant discussion about identity. Haring notes in nationalistic periods, those searching for roots used folklore as a tool for nation-building (e.g., Ireland, Finland, Bangladesh), but narrow nationalistic or communitarian notions of cultural purity and of exclusive ownership of materials, used as badges of identity, are mythical and misguided, for all cultures are mixed cultures (3-4). Nevertheless, quests for identity by the island nations has lead some of them to take folklore collection seriously, notably the Comoros and Seychelles (see 39, 117, 142). Haring's collection could have included more information on local attitudes over time to preservation, borrowing, and ethnic/cultural distinctness; on the proportion of stable tale-types to new and unpredictable pieces created by migration, as in the Comoros; and on the basis for the selection of tales. In a firmly bonded community such as in this region, an old person transmits community values to youth through folklore. However, across generations often the only sharing takes place is the [. . .] tale, and folklore transmission is no longer the passing of pure tradition from one generation to another (4)-if it ever was. Haring stresses folktale hybridity and mutation over languages, ethnicities, space and time; decries myths of unbroken transmission; and celebrates modes of transmission of folk materials such as radio storytelling. Since latter-day islanders consult books for a memory of tradition, Haring sees the digressions and additions of a radio storyteller to folktale-based stories as resembling the practice of village storytellers. …

Transition Relevance Places and Overlapping in (Spanish-English) Conversational Etiquette

Present-day pragmaticists regard Henk Haverkate's work on conversational etiquette as a momentous insight into politeness studies. In spite of recent endeavours to highlight the socio-pragmatic disparities between Spanish and British politeness models, very little research has been conducted into conversational etiquette. This paper seeks to examine different models of conversational etiquette in Spanish and English in order to offer an introduction to turn-taking theory, conduct an empirical analysis of turn-taking in these languages in formal scenarios, and discuss the results within the framework of politeness studies.

&lt;i&gt;Ocaña, Nambroca, Recas&lt;/i&gt; y otros nombres de lugar ¿repoblación vascófona en Toledo?

The analysis of some place-names in the province of Toledo, such as Ocaña, Nambroca Recas, allows us to postulate with some certainty the existence of a Basque-speaking group among the Christian repopulation of this territory. The placenames studied here manifiest in different ways that such a fact can be demonstrated through toponymy, and all these names inevitably lead us to the same historical conclusion: they are the consequence of Basque-speaking repopulation that had already been demonstrated in other neighbouring territories but had not been pointed out in such a relevant place as Toledo. The lack of written documents is once more compensated for by the valuable testimony offered by place-names.

Pharmacological treatment of headache using traditional Persian medicine

Naturally occurring substances derived from plants currently have, and will continue to have, a relevant place in drug discovery. The medieval Persian physicians have provided long lists of plants that they used to treat cephalalgia. Some of these substances are employed in clinical practice today; however, still more of these naturally occurring substances could be of use in modern medicine.

Local speech melody as a limiting factor in the turn-taking system in Dutch

The research reported in this paper concentrates on the contribution of local melodic factors such as pitch accents and boundary tones to the (non)projection of possible turn transition places in a corpus of Dutch task-oriented dialogues. The conclusions drawn are in line with results reported for German and English: syntax seems to be the main projecting factor in the turn-taking mechanism (the developing grammatical structure is used to project upcoming Transition Relevance Places), while local melodic factors play a supporting as well as a constraining role in the process. Melody supports the grammatical structure by signaling incompleteness at positions where a pause does not coincide with a syntactic completion point and by using (low or high) boundary tones where they do coincide. In addition, specific melodic configurations may be used to bridge a syntactic completion point and continue with a further turn.

The Region in the Boot: Mobilising Lone Subjects and Multiple Objects

Company regions are forms of space busy with the sorting and distributing of objects from one location to another. We argue here, in sympathy with actor-network theory and nonrepresentational theory, that space is formulated by and formulative of its objects in mutually elaborating occasions and chains of action. The handling of objects that produces regions requires not simply that they are put in a place, but that they are put in a relevant place. Finding the relevant where is bound to the relevant when in the sense that the uses of objects are bound to sequential considerations of the kind: what happens next? Regions are cultural, social, political, and sometimes theoretical entities for economists, geographers, and other professional social scientists, but they are also topics of concern to regional managers of business companies, who are unavoidably and pervasively involved in the practical activities of spatial organisation. In this paper we are pursuing the situated replication of sociospatial technologies, or, in other words, how the same thing is done over and over again by local employees, with both the materials that they have at hand and the contingent circumstances in which they locate themselves. In pursuing our analysis we follow one particular mobile worker as she goes about her daily work of managing her region. What we attempt to excavate from our ethnographic material is the order that is endogenous to those activities. It is an everyday order that does not turn on spectacular technologies but turns, rather, on mundane ones such as stacking cardboard boxes, arranging items in the boot of a car, and driving around a city.

L'inventivité militante, le sida et les nouveaux traitements : histoire d'un centre d'accueil de personnes touchées par le VIH

Résumé. L'article dresse la genèse d'un important centre d'accueil de personnes touchées par le VIH que gère l'association AIDES à Paris. Pensé avant l'introduction des trithérapies, Arc-en-Ciel a dû s'adapter au nouveau contexte thérapeutique et social du sida. À cet égard, l'objet de l'article porte sur le travail que les militants ont dû déployer pour rendre ce lieu d'accueil à la fois pertinent et légitime. C'est pourquoi l'étude des controverses qui ont jalonné l'invention du centre s'est avérée déterminante, concernant tour à tour le réalisme économique du projet, sa capacité à accueillir la diversité des malades et leurs proches, et son orientation stratégique du point de vue de l'histoire politique de l'association.

Oxidative stress and Graves' ophthalmopathy: in vitro studies and therapeutic implications.

Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) is a disorder of autoimmune origin caused by a complex interplay of endogenous and environmental factors. After recognition of one or more antigens shared by thyroid and orbit, activated T lymphocytes infiltrating the orbit trigger a cascade of events leading to production of cytokines, growth factors and oxygen reactive species. Proliferation of adipocytes and fibroblasts then follows, with an increased synthesis of glycosaminoglycans (GAG), which attract water and cause edema of orbital structures and venous congestion. Proliferation of orbital fibroblasts and adipocytes, both in the retroocular tissue and in the perimysium of extraocular muscles, are among the most important events leading to the increased volume of orbital structures (fibroadipose tissue and extraocular muscles). The contribution of oxygen reactive species to the changes occurring in the orbit is underscored by in vitro studies. Superoxide radical stimulates orbital fibroblasts to proliferate and to produce GAG. Furthermore, hydrogen peroxide induces expression of HLA-DR and heat shock protein-72, involved in antigen recognition and T-lymphocyte recruitment. Cigarette smoking, which is probably the most important environmental factor associated with GO occurrence and maintenance, might also act, among other mechanisms, by enhancing generation of oxygen reactive species and reducing antioxidant production. Substances such as nicotinamide, allopurinol and pentoxifylline reduce superoxide- or hydrogen peroxide-induced proliferation of fibroblasts, GAG production and HLA-DR or HSP-72 expression by GO orbital fibroblasts, possibly through scavenging oxygen free radicals. Two small, non-randomized and/or uncontrolled studies investigated the effects of nicotinamide, allopurinol or pentoxifylline on GO. Favorable results were reported, but data are not fully convincing and the true effectiveness of these agents needs to be verified in randomized, controlled trials enrolling a larger number of patients. It currently seems unlikely that they may find a relevant place in the limited armamentarium available for the management of severe GO.

La noción de trabajo en la construcción de la identidad: indígenas y criollos en el Pilcomayo salteño

Due to the claim to own the land made by indigenous communities from Chaco –mostly Wichi- bordering the Salta 's Pilcomayo , this analysis was aimed to consider the factors that have intervened in the construction of the indigenous identity, especially in opposition to the criollos occupying the same area. The latter, distributed according to a pattern of scattered settlements, engage in cattle grazing, while indigenous people develop subsistence activities, both the traditional ones, such as fishing in the river, hunting, gathering wild fruits and limited farming and those not so traditional, such as craftmanship to be sold, or temporary workforce. Such differences in the use of the forest have provoked conflicts for the land between the parties. Those disagreements have contributed to the construction of the indigenous identity, and the different views on the concept of labor held by both groups have a relevant place in such construction.

Comparative digital holography

We described a method for direct holographic comparison of the shape or the deformation of two objects when it is not necessary that both samples be located at the same place. In contrast to the well-known incoherent techniques based on inverse fringe projection, this new approach uses a coherent mask that is imaged onto a sample object that has a microstructure different from that of the master object. The coherent mask is created by digital holography to permit instant access to complete optical information on the master object at any wanted place. Transmission of the digital master holograms to the relevant places can be made with a broadband digital telecommunication network such as the Internet.

The ‘Holy Land’, Zionism, and the Challenge to the Church

The ‘Holy Land’ is of particular interest to Christians everywhere, an interest intensified whenever they read their Bibles. There God intervened in human history through his dealings with the Israelites, and in the person of Jesus Christ. Jesus was crucified and raised in, and ascended from Jerusalem, and it was there also that the Holy Spirit descended on the Church.There has been, of course, an unbroken Christian community in the land from the beginning, and it was those residing there who were the architects of a Christian ‘Holy Land’. But Christians outside also have their interests. Well before Constantine, Palestine was a place of pilgrimage. In the middle of the second century, Melito of Sardis went to establish accurately the books of the Old Testament’, and to examine the relevant places. Others went ‘for the sake of the holy places’, and ‘to trace the footsteps of Jesus’, and pray. Some stayed, living piously near the sites. Nevertheless, however important, the Holy Land never attracted more than a handful of (affluent) pilgrims from abroad, and the practice of pilgrimage was virtually moribund by the end of the eighteenth century. As we shall see, Western interests from then went beyond the religious.

Elucidative program tutorials

In this paper we present a tool for creating elucidative program tutorials. An elucidative program tutorial explains a program through textual explanations that address relevant places in a program...

Mortality in a Chinese Rubber Factory: A Prospective Cohort Study

Mortality in a Chinese Rubber Factory: A Prospective Cohort Study: Li Ke, et al. Preventive Branch, Shantou University Medical College—To determine the specific causes of mortality in the rubber industry with emphasis on the associations between cancer sites, ischemic heart, and cerebrovascular disorders and work places, A cohort of 1598 rubber workers (934 men, 664 women) were followed up for mortality from 1 January 1973 to 31 December 1997. Work histories of cohort members at the relevant work place were coded and computed by the factory personnel concerned and the record incorporated all job changes with relevant years. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), controlling for age and calendar year and stratified by work area (employment in respective work areas for at least one year) were calculated from the reference rate. Significant increases in mortality were found for lung cancer among male workers in the curing department (16 deaths, 6.7 expected, SMR 2.39), liver cancer among male workers in the rubber overshoes department (2 deaths, 0.2 expected, SMR 10.00), cerebrovascular disorders among male workers in the rubber overshoes department (4 deaths, 1.0 expected, SMR 4.00), and cerebrovascular disorders among female workers in the mixing and milling department (7 deaths, 2.0 expected, SMR 3.50). Mortality from the remaining cancers was not substantially increased in any of the work departments. Mortality from several diseases was associated with specific work departments. Some of these associations have been reported previously and they may be causally related to occupational exposure in this industry, for example, lung cancer and the curing department. The study also found new risks, such as a possible increase in cerebrovascular disorders.

Asparagus in tropical Australia — the first fifteen years

Location, climate, soil, crop establishment, cultural practice, and harvest information are given from 13 commercial plantings and 11 replicated trials of asparagus grown in tropical Australia since 1985. Both commercial plantings and trials have had a short life and low yields compared with plantings in subtropical and temperate parts of Australia. The unsuccessful outcomes to date are primarily because of the lack of experience in growing a perennial temperate vegetable crop in a tropical climate with high humidity during the wet season. After carefully considering poor results to date (attributed particularly to unsuitable soil type, insufficient disease control in the wet season, and inadequate carbohydrate reserves at harvest time) and reviewing current practices in relevant places elsewhere (especially the use of drought-induced dormancy), the chances of boosting average yields and having a prosperous industry in tropical Australia are considered good.

中華人民共和国のゴム工場における死亡状況 : 前向きコホート研究

Mortality in a Chinese Rubber Factory: A Prospective Cohort Study: Li KE, et al. Preventive Branch, Shantou University Medical College—To determine the specific causes of mortality in the rubber industry with emphasis on the associations between cancer sites, ischemic heart, and cerebrovascular disorders and work places, A cohort of 1598 rubber workers (934 men, 664 women) were followed up for mortality from 1 January 1973 to 31 December 1997. Work histories of cohort members at the relevant work place were coded and computed by the factory personnel concerned and the record incorporated all job changes with relevant years. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), controlling for age and calendar year and stratified by work area (employment in respective work areas for at least one year) were calculated from the reference rate. Significant increases in mortality were found for lung cancer among male workers in the curing department (16 deaths, 6.7 expected, SMR 2.39), liver cancer among male workers in the rubber overshoes department (2 deaths, 0.2 expected, SMR 10.00), cerebrovascular disorders among male workers in the rubber overshoes department (4 deaths, 1.0 expected, SMR 4.00), and cerebrovascular disorders among female workers in the mixing and milling department (7 deaths, 2.0 expected, SMR 3.50). Mortality from the remaining cancers was not substantially increased in any of the work departments. Mortality from several diseases was associated with specific work departments. Some of these associations have been reported previously and they may be causally related to occupational exposure in this industry, for example, lung cancer and the curing department. The study also found new risks, such as a possible increase in cerebrovascular disorders. (J Occup Health 2002; 44: 76–82)