Relevant Measures Research Articles

Efficient and adaptive secure cross-domain recommendations

In recommendation systems, cross-domain recommendation (CDR) has emerged as an effective method for solving the problem of data sparsity and cold start. However, challenges such as data heterogeneity, data security, and recommendation accuracy are faced by existing CDR methods. An efficient and adaptive secure cross-domain recommendation (EAAS-CDR) model is proposed. First, the Automatic Encoder–Decoder (AutoED) model is proposed to address variations in user–item interaction quantity and item characteristics across various domains. The AutoED model enables adaptive and secure cross-domain recommendations by modeling user preferences across various domains, unifying vector dimensions, and avoiding the release of the rating matrix. An efficient cross-domain privacy protection method is proposed to resist data leakage. To ensure feature invariance for knowledge transfer, the inherent low perturbation characteristics of the Johnson–Lindenstrauss Transform mechanism are leveraged and combined with the output of our encoder. Finally, domain relevance measurement metrics and a domain fusion algorithm are proposed to use the source domain knowledge in the target domain and improve the recommendation accuracy of the model. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach is not only more efficient but also more secure than existing CDR approaches.

A Pilot Study Approach to Assessing the Reliability and Validity of Relevancy and Efficacy Survey Scale

This paper is based on the pilot study that aims to assess the reliability and validity of the attitude measurement scale towards the relevance of mathematical knowledge of real analysis for secondary-level mathematics instruction. Research tool validation and reliability estimation are challenging due to the complexity of its procedure. This study establishes procedural guidance for piloting and tool validation. The survey method was used to conduct the pilot study. Thirty participants filled in the 45 indicators of relevance measurement and 10 mathematical efficacy measurement indicators. The reliability was assessed with Cronbach's Alpha formula while the validity of the questionnaire was examined through item-total correlation with each item by using Pearson's formula. The content validity index was also calculated based on the expert judgment method. The reliability indicator was found to be more than 0.70 and the validity indicator falls in the acceptable range. Therefore, developed scale is valid and reliable to measure the teachers' attitudes on the relevancy of mathematical knowledge of real analysis of school's mathematics instruction based on pilot study results. Furthermore, this study guides the pilot study procedure for survey research and especially benefits those looking to validate their Likert-type survey scale in any research.

The development and validation of the “SENSE” − Sensory and Behavioral Modulation Questionnaire for adults

Sensory modulation is critical for interacting with the physical and social environment. When sensory input from the environment is not properly perceived and modulated, it may elevate arausability, avoidant behavior, impair function and wellbeing. Sensory modulation difficulties (SMD) are mainly reported during childhood and are related to neurodevelopmental conditions such as Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). SMD in adulthood further deteriorate function and emotional status, hence should be screened and treated. Nonetheless, relevant measures of SMD for adults are limited. This study aims to establish the psychometric properties of the “SENSE” - Sensory and Behavioral Modulation Questionnaire for adults. Based on theoretical/clinical knowledge the SENSE measures sensitivity/arousability, habituation and avoidance. After establishing content and face validity, 663 participants aged 18–65 completed a sociodemographic and health questionnaire, the Adult ADHD Scale-5 (ASRS-5), the SENSE and the Highly Sensitive Person Scale (HSPS). Factor analysis approved the determination of SENSE scales. Medium- high internal consistency was found. SENSE discriminated between adults with/without ADHD and correlated with HSPS scores, confirming concurrent validity. ConclusionsSENSE has good psychometric properties and may be feasible for screening sensory-behavioral modulation difficulties in adults. Studies should further examine SENSE applicability to clinical populations.

Ensuring metrological traceability of reference materials of gas mixtures composition

The modern concept of metrological assurance for gas analytical measuring instruments with the use of reference materials of gas mixtures composition in cylinders under pressure is presented. The reference materials of gas mixtures composition of approved type in cylinders under pressure, which are the most often means of mole fraction and mass concentration units transfer in gas analytical measurements, are considered. The certified value in these reference materials is the content of the target component (or components) in the gas medium (analytical matrix). All the produced reference materials of gas mixtures composition, which are used for ensuring the uniformity of measurements are traceable to the State primary standard of units of mole fraction, mass fraction and mass concentration of components in gas and gas condensate media GET 154-2019, which characteristics are confirmed on the international level by the results of about 90 international comparisons. The paper presents a methodology for ensuring metrological traceability of reference materials of gas mixtures composition using GET 154-2019, taking into account the constantly increasing park of gas analytical instruments and the emergence of new measuring tasks in various fields of industry and environmental control. Currently, a park of secondary and working standards has been created at enterprises producing reference materials of gas mixtures composition, and their traceability to GET 154-2019 has been implemented according to the state verification scheme. The paper presents the results of international comparisons with participation of GET 154-2019, confirming the comparability of the obtained and reference value of the target component content in reference gas mixtures at the international level. The variety and large number of relevant gas analytical measurement tasks in various industries and the social sphere determines the need to choose priority areas for improving the existing reference base, including the structure of the GET 154 Standard and the nomenclature of reference gas mixtures. The strategic program of the Gas Analysis working group of the Consultative Committee of the Amount of Substance of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures developed for the period up to 2030 has been analysed and a review of the long-term tasks of gas analytical measurements is given. The currently existing GET 154-2019 Standard of the latest generation provides reproduction, storage and transfer of the components’ mole fraction units in gas and gas condensate media in the range from 1.5·10 –8 to 99.99999 %, and mass concentration units in the range from 1.0·10–6 to 2.0·105 mg/m3, what is confirmed by the results of participation in international comparisons and published CMC positions in the International database of calibration and measurement capabilities (about 400 CMCs positions).

Defining the Shape of the Mylohyoid Muscle: A Morphometric Imaging Study.

Implantable hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HNS) therapy is an evolving therapeutic alternative for patients with refractory obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The muscular anatomy of this region has implications for surgical access through this zone as well as positioning and anchoring of hardware in this area. The purpose of this study was to radiologically describe the topography of the mylohyoid muscle and adjacent structures across a wide age spectrum. We retrospectively evaluated computed tomography scans of the neck in 102 patients who were imaged for reasons unrelated to the floor of mouth or submental space. Patients with prior surgery or pathology in the area of interest were excluded. Fourteen relevant muscle measurements were made on a midline sagittal image and a coronal image positioned at the midpoint between the hyoid bone and the mandible. We included 49 men and 53 women with an average age of 44 years (range 19-70). The average mylohyoid length was 42 mm; the average distance between the anterior digastric bellies was 17 mm. The average angle of the central mylohyoid was 174° in the sagittal plane and 164° in the coronal plane. Several measurements were significantly correlated with patient age, including the angle measurements and the distance between the digastric muscles. Aberrant digastric anatomy was common. The mylohyoid muscle has multiple radiologically distinct segments with predictable curvatures. An understanding of submental muscular anatomy, along with its variability between patients, may be beneficial to the development of bilateral implantable neurostimulation technology for the treatment of refractory OSA. N/A Laryngoscope, 134:2970-2975, 2024.

Comparative Analysis of the Disinfection Efficiency of Steel and Polymer Surfaces with Aqueous Solutions of Ozone and Sodium Hypochlorite

Disinfection of surfaces with various functional purposes is a relevant measure for the inactivation of microorganisms and viruses. This procedure is used almost universally, from water treatment facilities to medical institutions and public spaces. Some of the most common disinfectants the World Health Organization recommends are chlorine-containing compounds. Sodium and calcium hypochlorites are only used for disinfection of the internal surfaces of water treatment facilities. However, it is known that ozone is a more powerful oxidizing agent. This study compares the effectiveness of inactivating yeast-like fungi Candida albicans, Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis, and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli with aqueous ozone and sodium hypochlorite solutions. This study used ozone solutions in water with a concentration of 0.5–1.5 mg/L and sodium hypochlorite solutions with an active chlorine concentration of 50–150 mg/L. Steel and polymeric plates were used as substrates. Comparison of the CT (concentration by time) criterion at the ratio of LD50 in NaClO to ozonated water shows that the smallest difference, around 100 times, was observed in the inactivation of Candida albicans. The maximum difference is up to 230 times in the inactivation of Bacillus subtilis.

Influence of the Gain–Bandwidth of the Front-End Amplifier on the Performance of a QEPAS Sensor

The quartz tuning fork used as an acoustic sensor in quartz-enhanced photo-acoustic spectroscopy gas detection systems is usually read out by means of a transimpedance preamplifier based on a low-noise operational amplifier closed in a feedback loop. The gain–bandwidth product of the operational amplifier used in the circuit is a key parameter which must be properly chosen to guarantee that the circuit works as expected. Here, we demonstrate that if the value of this parameter is not sufficiently large, the response of the preamplifier exhibits a peak at a frequency which does not coincide with the series resonant frequency of the quartz tuning fork. If this peak frequency is selected for modulating the laser bias current and is also used as the reference frequency of the lock-in amplifier, a penalty results in terms of signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the QEPAS sensor. This worsens the performance of the gas sensing system in terms of ultimate detection limits. We show that this happens when the front-end preamplifier of the quartz tuning fork is based on some amplifier models that are typically used for such application, both when the integration time of the lock-in amplifier filter is long, to boost noise rejection, and when it is short, in order to comply with a relevant measurement rate.

Psychopathic callousness and perspective taking in pain processing: an ERP study.

Psychopathy is a multifaceted personality disorder characterized by distinct affective/interpersonal traits, including callousness-unemotionality/meanness, which are often considered the hallmarks of empathic deficits. It has been posited that the processing of others' pain could play an important role in empathy capabilities. This study aimed to investigate the influence of perspective taking on electrocortical responses during pain processing in relation to psychopathic callousness. The late positive potential (LPP) -a well-established electrophysiological indicator of sustained attention to motivationally significant stimuli- was measured while 100 female undergraduates viewed images depicting bodily injuries while adopting an imagine-self or an imagine-other perspective. Callousness factor scores -computed as regression-based component scores from EFA on three relevant self-report measures of this dimension- predicted reduced LPP amplitudes to pain pictures under the imagine-other (but not imagine-self) perspective, even after controlling for other LPP conditions. This result suggests that high-callous individuals exhibit diminished brain responsiveness to others' distress, potentially contributing to the empathic deficits observed in psychopathy. This finding highlights the usefulness of the LPP and perspective taking in studies on pain processing to refine our understanding of the low empathy characteristics of psychopathy in biobehavioral terms.

Application of time series analysis to classify therapeutic breathing patterns

ObjectiveCompare various methods for measuring time series similarity in order to classify referenced therapeutic breathing patterns (BP) used in respiratory disorder rehabilitation. MethodsThis experimental study involved the collection of respiratory signals during specified breathing exercises conducted with healthy volunteers. The study employed a screening phase using a k-NN classifier and eight distance measurement methods, including Minkowski Distance, Dynamic Time Warping-DTW (including FastDTW and constrained-cDTW variations), Longest Common Subsequence-LCSS, Edit Distance on Real Sequences-EDR, Time Warp Edit Distance-TWEED, and Minimum Jump Costs-MJC. Two distinct approaches were employed for classifying therapeutic BP based on time series similarity: (1) using the k-Shape algorithm for clustering, and 2) integrating methods to represent therapeutic BP and classify test curves using the most relevant measurement methods obtained from the first approach. ResultsAmong the two tested approaches, the combination of the cDTW algorithm and Minkowski distance (p = 2), using the 1-NN classifier, achieved the highest scores in this study, closely matching the metrics obtained from visual inspection conducted by human evaluators. ConclusionThe use of combined classification methods in the analysis of flow curves referring to therapeutic breathing patterns improves the classification results, with metrics closely aligned with those obtained through visual evaluation conducted by individuals. SignificanceTime series analysis methods proved to be sensitive to classify respiratory flow curves equivalent to therapeutic breathing patterns used in respiratory disorder rehabilitation. This methodology can be used to monitor respiratory curves in new applications and implementation in devices for evaluating and treating the ventilatory pattern.

Diagnostic test accuracy in longitudinal study settings: theoretical approaches with use cases from clinical practice

ObjectivesIn this study, we evaluate how to estimate diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) correctly in the presence of longitudinal patient data (ie, repeated test applications per patient). Study Design and SettingWe used a nonparametric approach to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of three tests for different target conditions with varying characteristics (ie, episode length and disease-free intervals between episodes): 1) systemic inflammatory response syndrome (n = 36), 2) depression (n = 33), and 3) epilepsy (n = 30). DTA was estimated on the levels ‘time’, ‘block’, and ‘patient-time’ for each diagnosis, representing different research questions. The estimation was conducted for the time units per minute, per hour, and per day. ResultsA comparison of DTA per and across use cases showed variations in the estimates, which resulted from the used level, the time unit, the resulting number of observations per patient, and the diagnosis-specific characteristics. Intra- and inter-use-case comparisons showed that the time-level had the highest DTA, particularly the larger the time unit, and that the patient-time-level approximated 50% sensitivity and specificity. ConclusionResearchers need to predefine their choices (ie, estimation levels and time units) based on their individual research aims, estimands, and diagnosis-specific characteristics of the target outcomes to make sure that unbiased and clinically relevant measures are communicated. In cases of uncertainty, researchers could report the DTA of the test using more than one estimation level and/or time unit.

Middle School Student's Leadership Skills and Their PE Class Participation

The research areas of physical participation (participatory discussions, sports and outdoor activities, collaborative activities) and leadership (self-confidence, communication skills, intelligence, cooperation and teamwork, decision-making skills, value formation) provide the basis for improving students' Learning efficiency and autonomy. They deepen student engagement in participatory discussions, physical and outdoor activities, and collaborative activities and increase the effectiveness of student leadership development. These areas have improved the academic standards of Nanyang middle school students, contributed to teaching input, and helped students develop classroom participation and leadership skills. This study randomly selected 568 students and analyzed the data collected using a descriptive correlational design and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Research results show that improving the level of participatory discussions, sports and outdoor activities, and collaborative activities can effectively promote the improvement of students' leadership levels, including self-confidence, communication skills, intelligence, cooperation and team spirit, decision-making skills, values, etc. formation, ultimately improving students’ academic performance. In order to better cultivate students' sports participation ability and leadership thinking ability, teachers must take relevant measures in teaching. For example, strengthen the cultivation of leadership skills of middle school students, focus on curriculum design, improve students' participation in physical education classes, optimize physical education courses, design rich sports projects, implement intervention projects, and improve the quality of middle school students. Leadership skills and participation levels in physical education classes are critical. Students need independent learning and leadership skills to increase their level of classroom participation. Ultimately, these strategies help students develop leadership skills, broaden their horizons, and become confident, adaptable thinkers.

Development of Small and Medium-Sized Businesses in Certain Areas of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation in the Context of State Support Measures and the Regions' Own Potential

The relevance. The main problem of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Russian Federation is that government support measures are not always an incentive to development: the dominance of large businesses,the difficult economic situation and the desire for stable profits often force SME organizations to simply exist on state-provided capital in isolation from the regional economic situation. The solution to this problem forms the relevance of the chosen topic. The purpose of this study is to study the main statistical patterns of changes in the financial situation of SMEs in the regions of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation in terms of their quantitative and qualitative development. Objectives. To achieve this goal, an analysis of official statistical data on SMEs in certain regions of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation was carried out: their position in the general federal rating, revenue and number of employees, as well as the total number of SMEs over a five-year period. Methodology. To obtain the results of the study, general scientific methods were used: induction, deduction; statistical methods: observation, grouping, analysis of dynamics and structure. Results: the share of SMEs in the Russian economy in comparison with developed European countries is analyzed; the main problems associated with the resulting low proportion of SMEs in our country are presented; the analysis of the structure of small business in Russia by industry is carried out; a comparative analysis of the revenue indicators of SME enterprises, taking into account relevant government support measures, is also presented, the dynamics of the number of organizations in the SME sector is presented, the dynamics of economic indicators of the turnover of funds and the average number of jobs in SME organizations are reflected; the measures of state support for SMEs are considered and their effectiveness is assessed. Conclusion. State centralized financial support for small and medium-sized businesses, without any doubt, is, if not an incentive to development, then at least a guarantee of the survival of many enterprises in this business segment.

Information-Theoretical Analysis of the Cycle of Creation of Knowledge and Meaning in Brains under Multiple Cognitive Modalities.

It is of great interest to develop advanced sensory technologies allowing non-invasive monitoring of neural correlates of cognitive processing in people performing everyday tasks. A lot of progress has been reported in recent years in this research area using scalp EEG arrays, but the high level of noise in the electrode signals poses a lot of challenges. This study presents results of detailed statistical analysis of experimental data on the cycle of creation of knowledge and meaning in human brains under multiple cognitive modalities. We measure brain dynamics using a HydroCel Geodesic Sensor Net, 128-electrode dense-array electroencephalography (EEG). We compute a pragmatic information (PI) index derived from analytic amplitude and phase, by Hilbert transforming the EEG signals of 20 participants in six modalities, which combine various audiovisual stimuli, leading to different mental states, including relaxed and cognitively engaged conditions. We derive several relevant measures to classify different brain states based on the PI indices. We demonstrate significant differences between engaged brain states that require sensory information processing to create meaning and knowledge for intentional action, and relaxed-meditative brain states with less demand on psychophysiological resources. We also point out that different kinds of meanings may lead to different brain dynamics and behavioral responses.

Sex differences in body temperature and neural power spectra in response to repeated restraint stress

Repeated stress is associated with an increased risk of developing psychiatric illnesses such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is more common in women, yet the neurobiology behind this sex difference is unknown. Habituation to repeated stress is impaired in PTSD, and recent preclinical studies have shown that female rats do not habituate as fully as male rats to repeated stress, which leads to impairments in cognition and sleep. Further research should examine sex differences after repeated stress in other relevant measures, such as body temperature and neural activity. In this study, we analyzed core body temperature and EEG power spectra in adult male and female rats during restraint, as well as during sleep transitions following stress. We found that core body temperature of male rats habituated to repeated restraint more fully than female rats. Additionally, we found that females had a higher average beta band power than males on both days of restraint, indicating higher levels of arousal. Lastly, we observed that females had lower delta band power than males during sleep transitions on Day 1 of restraint, however, females demonstrated higher delta band power than males by Day 5 of restraint. This suggests that it may take females longer to initiate sleep recovery compared with males. These findings indicate that there are differences in the physiological and neural processes of males and females after repeated stress. Understanding the way that the stress response is regulated in both sexes can provide insight into individualized treatment for stress-related disorders.

Psychometric evaluation of the bottom-up developed Experiencing Grace Scale

The experience of grace is currently attracting increased empirical interest. Validated instruments to assess aspects of the experience of grace in a secularized context are scarce which limits current psychological research on grace in other than highly religious populations. We present a bottom-up construction of the Experiencing Grace Scale (EGS) and evidence supporting its reliability and validity. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit for the four subscales: Appraising Grace, Giving Grace, Receiving Grace, and Divine Grace. Reliability analysis showed overall good internal consistency and test–retest stability. Convergent validity was demonstrated by means of expected associations between subscales of the EGS and other relevant measures. Predictive validity was confirmed by associations between subscales of the EGS at measurement Wave 1 with mental well-being scales at Wave 2. The EGS contributes to further research on the experience of grace and its relationship to other psychosocial variables in the field of positive psychology.

Pattern of multimorbidity in middle-aged and older-aged people with mild intellectual disability in Australia.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, now constitute a major proportion of ill-health across most adult and older populations including in people with intellectual disability. The current paper is a comparative analysis of prevalence of NCDs across mid-aged and older-aged people with mild intellectual disability. Comparative data comes from two cross-sectional surveys using similar methodology and timeframes. The analysis sample comprises mid-aged group (30-50 years, N = 291) and older-aged group (≥60 years, N = 391). People with mild intellectual disability start developing NCDs in early to mid-adulthood and increases with age. The mean number of NCDs in mid-aged group was 0.86 (SD, 0.84) compared to 3.82 in older group (SD, 2.67). There needs to be early identification and management of NCDs using relevant health promotion and preventative measures at optimal intervention points. The training of healthcare professionals needs improvement.

Recent Findings from Heavy-Flavor Angular Correlation Measurements in Hadronic Collisions

The study of angular correlations of heavy-flavor particles in hadronic collisions can provide crucial insight into the heavy quark production, showering, and hadronization processes. The comparison with model predictions allows us to discriminate among different approaches for heavy quark production and hadronization, as well as different treatments of the underlying event employed by the models to reproduce correlation observables. In ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions, where a deconfined state of matter, the quark–gluon plasma (QGP), is created, heavy-flavor correlations can shed light on the modification of the heavy quark fragmentation due to the interaction between charm and beauty quarks with the QGP constituents, as well as characterize their energy loss processes while traversing the medium. Insight into the possible emergence of collective-like mechanisms in smaller systems, resembling those observed in heavy-ion collisions, can also be obtained by performing correlation studies in high-multiplicity proton–proton and proton–nucleus collisions. In this review, the most recent and relevant measurements of heavy-flavor correlations performed in all collision systems at the LHC and RHIC will be presented, and the new understandings that they provide will be discussed.

Dissecting muscle synergies in the task space.

The muscle synergy is a guiding concept in motor control research that relies on the general notion of muscles 'working together' towards task performance. However, although the synergy concept has provided valuable insights into motor coordination, muscle interactions have not been fully characterised with respect to task performance. Here, we address this research gap by proposing a novel perspective to the muscle synergy that assigns specific functional roles to muscle couplings by characterising their task-relevance. Our novel perspective provides nuance to the muscle synergy concept, demonstrating how muscular interactions can 'work together' in different ways: (1) irrespective of the task at hand but also (2) redundantly or (3) complementarily towards common task-goals. To establish this perspective, we leverage information- and network-theory and dimensionality reduction methods to include discrete and continuous task parameters directly during muscle synergy extraction. Specifically, we introduce co-information as a measure of the task-relevance of muscle interactions and use it to categorise such interactions as task-irrelevant (present across tasks), redundant (shared task information), or synergistic (different task information). To demonstrate these types of interactions in real data, we firstly apply the framework in a simple way, revealing its added functional and physiological relevance with respect to current approaches. We then apply the framework to large-scale datasets and extract generalizable and scale-invariant representations consisting of subnetworks of synchronised muscle couplings and distinct temporal patterns. The representations effectively capture the functional interplay between task end-goals and biomechanical affordances and the concurrent processing of functionally similar and complementary task information. The proposed framework unifies the capabilities of current approaches in capturing distinct motor features while providing novel insights and research opportunities through a nuanced perspective to the muscle synergy.

Performance management of generalist care for hospitalised multimorbid patients-a scoping review for value-based care.

Given the shift towards value-based healthcare and the increasing recognition of generalist care, enacting value-based healthcare for generalist care is critical. This work aims to shed light on how to conduct performance management of generalist care to facilitate value-based care, with a focus on medical care of hospitalised patients. A scoping review of published literature was conducted. 30 publications which were relevant to performance management of generalist medical inpatient care were included in the review. The performance measures used across the studies were analysed and other qualitative findings were also obtained. We report an overall lack of research on performance management methods for generalist inpatient care. Relevant performance measures found include both outcome and process of care measures and both clinical and reported measures, with clinical outcome measures the most frequently reported. Length of stay, readmission rates and mortality were the most frequently reported. The insights from the papers emphasise the relevance of process of care measures for performance management, the advantages and disadvantages of types of measures and provide suggestions relevant for performance management of generalist inpatient care. The findings of this scoping review outline a variety of performance measures valuable for generalist inpatient care including clinical outcome measures, reported outcome measures and process of care measures. The findings also suggest directions for implementation of such performance management, including emphasis on physician level performance management and the importance of documentation training. Further research for selecting and operationalising the measures for specific contexts and developing a comprehensive performance management system involving these measures will be important for achieving value-based healthcare for generalist inpatient care.

Making sense of dynamic capabilities in international firms: Review, analysis, integration, and extension

In this work we review and analyze recent research in the international business field, with the purpose of clarifying, consolidating, and extending the constructs related to dynamic capabilities. We begin with an overview of dynamic capabilities research in the international context, noting unclear terminology, and unanswered questions concerning the international dimensions and the dynamism of capabilities. A systematic review follows, including 98 articles from 16 leading journals. Our analysis of these articles, produced a classification of 12 dynamic capabilities in international contexts—among which, we identify six “meta dynamic capabilities” and six “strategic dynamic capabilities.” To analyze and explain these constructs, we extract important conclusions from the relevant research about each dynamic capability, including examples from leading international firms. The integration and extension discussions further explore the meta and strategic dynamic capabilities along with implications for practice and policy. This work concludes with suggestions for future research, including foci on important methodological issues, from which a set of research questions are derived that link relevant contextual measures to the various dynamic capabilities.