Relevant Imagery Research Articles

Beautiful vulvas: expanding illustrative visual imagery of female genital cutting types.

Visual imagery has been used to educate healthcare providers, patients, and the lay public on female genital cutting (FGC) typology and reconstructive procedures. However, culturally inclusive, diverse, and anatomically accurate representation of vulvas informed by women possessing lived experience of FGC is lacking. We sought to apply World Health Organization (WHO) FGC typology to the development of type-specific visual imagery designed by a graphic artist and culturally informed by women with lived experience of FGC alongside a panel of health experts in FGC-related care. Over a 3-year process, a visual artist created watercolor renderings of vulvas with and without FGC across varying WHO types and subtypes using an iterative community-based approach. Somali women possessing lived experience of FGC were engaged alongside a team of clinician experts in FGC-related care. Women and clinicians provided descriptive input on skin color variation, texture, and skin tone, as well as the visual depiction of actions necessary in conducting a genital examination. A series of vulvar anatomic illustrations depicting WHO FGC typology. FGC types and subtypes are illustrated alongside culturally informed descriptors and clinical pearls to strengthen provider competency in the identification and documentation of FGC WHO typology, as well as facilitate patient education, counseling, shared decision making, and care. Ensuring equitable representation of race, gender, age, body type, and ability in medical illustrations may enhance patient education, counseling, and shared decision making in medical and/or surgical care. FGC provides a lens through which the incorporation of patient-informed and culturally relevant imagery and descriptors may enhance provider competency in the care of FGC-affected women and adolescents. The strengths of this study include the development of visual imagery through an iterative community-based process that engaged women with lived experience of FGC alongside clinicians with expertise in FGC-related care, as well as the representation of historically underrepresented bodies in the anatomical literature. Study limitations include the lack of generalizability to all possible forms or practices of FGC given the focus on one geographically distinct migrant community, as well as the reliance on self-report given the inability to clinically verify FGC status due to the community-based methodology employed. Patient-informed and culturally representative visual imagery of vulvas is essential to the provision of patient-centered sexual health care and education. Illustrations developed through this community-engaged work may inform future development of visual educational content that advances equity in diverse representation of medical illustrations.

Between Heaven and Earth! A Poem-Collage Pair About Hypatia of Alexandria

The poem-collage pair presented here is a work of collaboration between the mathematician and poet, Sarah Glaz, and the collage and ceramic artist, Mark Sanders. The piece is part of their larger joint poem-collage project involving the history of mathematics. Included as background is a brief discussion on the history and mathematics involved, and a reflection on several landmark locations and some of the relevant imagery appearing in the poem and the collage.

YHWH: A Storm-God of Hosea? The Beginning of Yahwism in Light of the Book of Hosea

ABSTRACT The original profile of YHWH is a much-discussed issue of research, YHWH being defined mostly as either an El-like or a Baal-like deity. Scholars are investigating older texts of the Hebrew Bible that might reflect relevant imagery. The Book of Hosea is a neglected corpus in this discussion. However, the book contains North-Israelite traditions and concepts from the 8th century BCE that preserve and reflect an earlier stage of the YHWH-cult. If the imagery of the book could be traced back to a single, fundamental god-type, that could be a hint at the original character of YHWH. This article ventures to catalog, analyze, and evaluate the imagery of the book, to ultimately propose an original god-type for YHWH.

К. Н. Леонтьев: врач, писатель, пациент

The article outlines the legacy of K. N. Leontiev, a well-known writer and philosopher, who served as a military doctor during the Crimean War and worked as a private practitioner for five years after. It deals with the plethora of «medical» themes in his fi ction and his memoir-autobiographical prose, as well as with the use of the relevant imagery in his historiosophic writings. A number of previously unknown facts of the writer’s biography are introduced to the academic community for the fi rst time, e. g. the permission to practice medicine he received in 1876 from the Meshchovskaya County Medical Board, his unsuccessful attempt to take the position of a zemstvo doctor in the same county in 1877, at a time when the author of «Byzantium and Slavyanism» seemed to have long abandoned his «professional path».

Reconciliation in the Templeless Age: The Servant as Sanctuary in Isa 53

ABSTRACT Isaiah 53 has been at the crossroads of Jewish-Christian polemical debate about the identity of the unnamed figure. This article emphasises that it is not the identity but the function of the Servant which is pivotal. This study examines relevant terms, imagery, and allusions in Isa 53 to determine intertextual links to cultic texts. It investigates the Servant's association with the triple roles of priest, sacrifice and offerer/sinner while also considering his expiatory function. The study frames this cultic portrayal of the Servant as a response to the "templeless age." The destruction of the temple in 587 B.C.E resulted in a dilemma for the deportees who sought to reconcile with their deity in a foreign land. The traumatic loss of the temple resulted in creative ideas of how to access God in the absence of a sanctuary. Isaiah 53 addresses the cultic void by shifting the site and means of expiatory atonement from a physical place (the temple) to a person (the Servant). Keywords: Isaiah 53, Servant, Fourth Servant Song, Temple, Sacrifice, Expiation, Biblical Cult, Reconciliation, Atonement

Abstract PO-026: Refining a breast and cervical cancer screening program for Native American women with disabilities

Abstract BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This community-engaged study aims to adapt and feasibility test a breast and cervical cancer education program for Native American (NA) women with disabilities. This presentation reports on the formative work leading to a program for feasibility testing. Intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) are disabilities that are diagnosed in childhood and involve limitations in intellectual functioning and/or adaptive behaviors. Women with IDD are less likely to receive breast and cervical cancer screenings than the general population of women in the U.S. Women with IDD who identify as racial/ethnic minorities are less likely to receive recommended preventive health screenings, like cancer screenings. Further, the general population of NA women in the U.S. are less likely to receive cancer screenings. The cancer education program aims to address inequities in cancer screenings for NA women with IDD. METHODS: The university teams worked with HOPI Cancer Support Services and Tucson Indian Center to adapt the cancer education program with input from NA women with IDD, caregivers, service providers, and community leaders. The program was refined in focus groups with health and disability services providers (n=12), partner site program staff (n=12), caregivers (n=12), and NA women with IDD (n=12). RESULTS: Focus groups offered input on program structure and content, including the program name. Participants contributed modifications to trauma-informed features, the program’s use of imagery and storytelling, and methods for hybrid virtual/telephonic and in- person program delivery. Key input included the need to incorporate: sites’ existing health education staff and resources into the program; culturally relevant imagery and language; engaging activities for the women to learn about their anatomy and about cancer screenings; and caregiver education. Participants noted the importance of engaging NA women with IDD and/or cancer survivors in delivering the educational program. They also encouraged the research team to emphasize the benefits of early detection of cancer in order to reduce long-term morbidity and mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Engaging community in the cultural adaptation of an evidence-based breast and cervical cancer curriculum generates a program that is responsive to and builds on community expectations, needs, and existing infrastructure. The team will test the feasibility of the program by assessing recruitment and retention, and exploring preliminary program outcomes. Citation Format: Julie S. Armin, Heather J. Williamson, Janet Rothers, Julie Baldwin, Marissa Adams, Myka Becenti, Andria Begay, Tara Chico- Jarillo, Jennifer Etcitty, Michele Lee, Leticia Lelli, Bailey Lockwood, Celeste Núñez, Samantha Sasse, Neida Rodriguez. Refining a breast and cervical cancer screening program for Native American women with disabilities [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-026.

Accounting for Training Data Error in Machine Learning Applied to Earth Observations

Remote sensing, or Earth Observation (EO), is increasingly used to understand Earth system dynamics and create continuous and categorical maps of biophysical properties and land cover, especially based on recent advances in machine learning (ML). ML models typically require large, spatially explicit training datasets to make accurate predictions. Training data (TD) are typically generated by digitizing polygons on high spatial-resolution imagery, by collecting in situ data, or by using pre-existing datasets. TD are often assumed to accurately represent the truth, but in practice almost always have error, stemming from (1) sample design, and (2) sample collection errors. The latter is particularly relevant for image-interpreted TD, an increasingly commonly used method due to its practicality and the increasing training sample size requirements of modern ML algorithms. TD errors can cause substantial errors in the maps created using ML algorithms, which may impact map use and interpretation. Despite these potential errors and their real-world consequences for map-based decisions, TD error is often not accounted for or reported in EO research. Here we review the current practices for collecting and handling TD. We identify the sources of TD error, and illustrate their impacts using several case studies representing different EO applications (infrastructure mapping, global surface flux estimates, and agricultural monitoring), and provide guidelines for minimizing and accounting for TD errors. To harmonize terminology, we distinguish TD from three other classes of data that should be used to create and assess ML models: training reference data, used to assess the quality of TD during data generation; validation data, used to iteratively improve models; and map reference data, used only for final accuracy assessment. We focus primarily on TD, but our advice is generally applicable to all four classes, and we ground our review in established best practices for map accuracy assessment literature. EO researchers should start by determining the tolerable levels of map error and appropriate error metrics. Next, TD error should be minimized during sample design by choosing a representative spatio-temporal collection strategy, by using spatially and temporally relevant imagery and ancillary data sources during TD creation, and by selecting a set of legend definitions supported by the data. Furthermore, TD error can be minimized during the collection of individual samples by using consensus-based collection strategies, by directly comparing interpreted training observations against expert-generated training reference data to derive TD error metrics, and by providing image interpreters with thorough application-specific training. We strongly advise that TD error is incorporated in model outputs, either directly in bias and variance estimates or, at a minimum, by documenting the sources and implications of error. TD should be fully documented and made available via an open TD repository, allowing others to replicate and assess its use. To guide researchers in this process, we propose three tiers of TD error accounting standards. Finally, we advise researchers to clearly communicate the magnitude and impacts of TD error on map outputs, with specific consideration given to the likely map audience.

Using Relevant Animations to Counter Stereotype Threat When Learning Science

Much research has supported the notion that adding relevant animations to science text can positively impact learning. Can relevant animations also provide an opportunity to address other issues that affect learning, specifically situations when learners are explicitly placed under stereotype threat? The current study extends work on both animations and stereotype threat by examining whether relevant imagery can positively address issues of stereotype threat. Participants were placed under threat or not, and then read a science text that was either illustrated or not. Results replicated the broad effects of both stereotype threat and animations, but also found that these factors interact. Specifically, the presence of animations seemed to negate the negative effects of primed maladaptive stereotypes. This suggests that relevant animations do have an insulating effect on learners relative to stereotype threat and may protect them from salient assaults on their perceived ability to learn science material.

Cubesats Allow High Spatiotemporal Estimates of Satellite-Derived Bathymetry

High spatial and temporal resolution satellite remote sensing estimates are the silver bullet for monitoring of coastal marine areas globally. From 2000, when the first commercial satellite platforms appeared, offering high spatial resolution data, the mapping of coastal habitats and the extraction of bathymetric information have been possible at local scales. Since then, several platforms have offered such data, although not at high temporal resolution, making the selection of suitable images challenging, especially in areas with high cloud coverage. PlanetScope CubeSats appear to cover this gap by providing their relevant imagery. The current study is the first that examines the suitability of them for the calculation of the Satellite-derived Bathymetry. The availability of daily data allows the selection of the most qualitatively suitable images within the desired timeframe. The application of an empirical method of spaceborne bathymetry estimation provides promising results, with depth errors that fit to the requirements of the International Hydrographic Organization at the Category Zone of Confidence for the inclusion of these data in navigation maps. While this is a pilot study in a small area, more studies in areas with diverse water types are required for solid conclusions on the requirements and limitations of such approaches in coastal bathymetry estimations.

Individual Differences in Brain Structure and Resting Brain Function Underlie Representation-Connection in Scientific Problem Solving

Evidence from a range of fields shows that representation-connection (RC) is the key step towards the solution of a real-world insight problem. However, no study has focused on the inter-individual variability in RC, and little is known about whether structural and resting-state functional signals can account for inter-individual differences in RC. Combining structural (regional grey matter density, rGMD) and functional (fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC)) analysis approaches was used to examine the neural substrates of RC. The results showed that the RC score was positively correlated with rGMD and fALFF values in the bilateral lingual gyrus (LG), which might be related to relevant visual imagery during the correct matching of a specific prototype with an unsolved technical problem and the retrieval and application of key information from prototypes. In addition, the RC score was negatively correlated with the rGMD in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and functional connectivity analysis revealed that a higher RC score was inversely correlated with the strength of the RSFC between the right LG and the left inferior parietal lobule (IPL), which indicated that RC might be supported by decreased response inhibition and the automatic association of semantics.

Automatic Needle Segmentation and Localization in MRI With 3-D Convolutional Neural Networks: Application to MRI-Targeted Prostate Biopsy.

Image guidance improves tissue sampling during biopsy by allowing the physician to visualize the tip and trajectory of the biopsy needle relative to the target in MRI, CT, ultrasound, or other relevant imagery. This paper reports a system for fast automatic needle tip and trajectory localization and visualization in MRI that has been developed and tested in the context of an active clinical research program in prostate biopsy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported system for this clinical application and also the first reported system that leverages deep neural networks for segmentation and localization of needles in MRI across biomedical applications. Needle tip and trajectory were annotated on 583 T2-weighted intra-procedural MRI scans acquired after needle insertion for 71 patients who underwent transperineal MRI-targeted biopsy procedure at our institution. The images were divided into two independent training-validation and test sets at the patient level. A deep 3-D fully convolutional neural network model was developed, trained, and deployed on these samples. The accuracy of the proposed method, as tested on previously unseen data, was 2.80-mm average in needle tip detection and 0.98° in needle trajectory angle. An observer study was designed in which independent annotations by a second observer, blinded to the original observer, were compared with the output of the proposed method. The resultant error was comparable to the measured inter-observer concordance, reinforcing the clinical acceptability of the proposed method. The proposed system has the potential for deployment in clinical routine.

Prospective mental imagery and its link with anxiety and depression in prisoners.

Mental imagery is known to play a key role in the development and maintenance of depression and anxiety. Prisoners commonly experience psychological distress, but interventions to address this are currently lacking. We aimed to examine the link between prospective mental imagery and anxiety and depression among prisoners. One hundred twenty-three male prisoners from a Category C prison in southwest England participated in the study. They completed the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the General Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) to measure whether they experience depression and/or anxiety symptoms. Furthermore, they completed additional questionnaires to evaluate their prospective mental imagery. Results showed that 67.5% of prisoners presented with more depression symptoms and 27.7% with more anxiety symptoms. Supporting earlier findings, our data revealed that some dimensions of prospective mental imagery were significantly related with increased anxiety and depression symptoms in prisoners. Namely, intrusive negative personally relevant imagery was a positive predictor and likelihood of positive events a negative predictor of both anxiety and depression symptoms. The perceived likelihood of negative events was a positive predictor of depression. Intrusive verbal thought was a positive predictor of anxiety. The obtained results suggest the need to develop interventions not only targeting the reduction of prospective negative imagery but also the enhancement of positive mental imagery.

Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Imagery Processing Focused on Forest Applications

Imaging spectrometers with hundreds of spectral channels in visible and infrared regions are designed by various companies to enhance the information content of the relevant hyperspectral imagery processing compared to common-used multispectral systems. We review some sources on this particular subject to show the priorities of the hyperspectral approach before the multispectral one in forest and agriculture applications. There is also a discussion about some results of the information products obtained by an imaging spectrometer produced in Russia for a test area, where the ground-based forest inventory map is available to compare the traditional approaches and the newly defined ones. The related applications concern the pattern recognition of forest classes with different species and age on the test area using the airborne hyperspectral imagery processing.

Lucha Libre and Cultural Icons: Identity Formation for Student Success at HSIs

This chapter examines the importance of culturally relevant imagery and representation and identity development curriculum for college students. It calls for higher education institutions to embrace cultural strengths as an asset rather than a deficit.

Anetso, the Cherokee Ball Game At the Center of Ceremony and Identity (review)

Reviewed by: Anetso, the Cherokee Ball Game At the Center of Ceremony and Identity Christina Snyder (bio) Anetso, the Cherokee Ball Game At the Center of Ceremony and Identity By Michael J. Zogry; University of North Carolina Press 328 pp. Cloth $49.95 Since ancient times, all across eastern North America, Native people have played stickball. Although rules and form vary somewhat from one Indian nation to another, all use web-ended sticks and score points by shooting a small leather-bound ball at a goal. In the Northeast, stickball was the forerunner to lacrosse, but in the Southeast, players used two sticks and shot at slender poles or objects atop poles. Perhaps originally intended to train warriors for battle, stickball often translates as "little war" or "little brother to war" in Native languages. Some communities had a women's version or played co-ed games as well. In this book, Michael Zogry focuses on anetso, the version of the game played by the Eastern Band of Cherokees. The Eastern Band, who now number over 13,000, managed to avoid Removal and remain in western North Carolina. As Zogry explains, anetso has always been much more than a game: for hundreds of years, anetso has been at the center of religious rituals and even Cherokee identity itself, persisting in much the same way despite the meddling of missionaries, Indian agents, and other outsiders. The prominence of anetso in Cherokee oral tradition is suggestive of the game's significance and antiquity. Kana'ti (The Lucky Hunter) and Selu (Corn) had two boys who were challenged to "play ball"—a euphemism for war—by the Wolf people. The boys, who became known as the Thunderers, used spiritual power to defeat the wolves. Cherokees have long maintained the connection between the Thunderers and anetso, often adorning sticks with relevant imagery and asking the brothers for assistance in matches. Today, the oral tradition that Eastern Band members most often associate with anetso is that of the ball game between the birds and animals. Despite their diminutive size, the birds, using smarts, cunning, and teamwork, managed to beat the animals. Both oral traditions, as Zogry explains, reveal the trials that individuals must overcome in order to foster community, a signal Cherokee value. [End Page 116] Zogry, a religious studies scholar, spent two years living among the Eastern Band and visited many times thereafter. What he learned about anetso challenged his view of religion. Since the publication of Claude Lévi-Strauss's influential The Savage Mind in 1966, academics, for the most part, have considered the categories of "ritual" and "game" to be "distinct if not mutually exclusive" (4). But anetso defies this neat dichotomy. Zogry places stickball at the center of a ceremonial complex—"a group or cycle of individual ritual activities performed in a standard sequence as parts of a single ritual event" (2). These activities include conjuring, going to water, divination, ritual scratching, medicine-taking, dancing, and restrictions on sexual activity and diet. Beginning in the 1790s, missionaries and federal Indian agents did their part to discourage the game, though their lamentations focused mostly on violent play, scantily clad players, and the drinking and gambling in which spectators engaged, rather than anetso's attendant rituals. Despite outside pressures, anetso has persisted because, in Zogry's words, Cherokees "are committed to its preservation" (28). Prior to his fieldwork, Zogry supposed (like many other scholars and outsiders) that Cherokee culture, including anetso, was on the decline, but he came away with a far different impression. There may be fewer games now than in 1800 and accompanying ceremonies may be truncated, but Cherokees hold fast to "belief in the principles underlying the complex activities" (148). Moreover, anetso has taken on new cultural meanings. Perhaps especially in the post-Removal period, as Cherokees and other Native peoples have become a minority within their homelands, anetso has become a marker of identity recognizable to insiders and non-Indians alike, connecting Cherokees back to their foundational cultural narratives and to an unbroken chain of ancestors. Zogry is at his best when discussing contemporary anetso among the Cherokees, which he learned about through observation as well as interviews with...

THE ANXIETY SPECTRUM AND THE REFLEX PHYSIOLOGY OF DEFENSE: FROM CIRCUMSCRIBED FEAR TO BROAD DISTRESS

Guided by the diagnostic nosology, anxiety patients are expected to show defensive hyperarousal during affective challenge, irrespective of the principal phenotype. In the current study, patients representing the whole spectrum of anxiety disorders (i.e., specific phobia, social phobia, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD)), and healthy community control participants, completed an imagery-based fear elicitation paradigm paralleling conventional intervention techniques. Participants imagined threatening and neutral narratives as physiological responses were recorded. Clear evidence emerged for exaggerated reactivity to clinically relevant imagery--most pronounced in startle reflex responding. However, defensive propensity varied across principal anxiety disorders. Disorders characterized by focal fear and impairment (e.g., specific phobia) showed robust fear potentiation. Conversely, for disorders of long-enduring, pervasive apprehension and avoidance with broad anxiety and depression comorbidity (e.g., PTSD secondary to cumulative trauma, GAD), startle responses were paradoxically diminished to all aversive contents. Patients whose expressed symptom profiles were intermediate between focal fearfulness and broad anxious-misery in both severity and chronicity exhibited a still heightened but more generalized physiological propensity to respond defensively. Importantly, this defensive physiological gradient--the inverse of self-reported distress--was evident not only between but also within disorders. These results highlight that fear circuitry could be dysregulated in chronic, pervasive anxiety, and preliminary functional neuroimaging findings suggest that deficient amygdala recruitment could underlie attenuated reflex responding. In summary, adaptive defensive engagement during imagery may be compromised by long-term dysphoria and stress-a phenomenon with implications for prognosis and treatment planning.

Can The Future-Oriented Nature of Worry be Experimentally Manipulated? The Effects of Personally Relevant Worry and Video-Related Imagery following Exposure to a Distressing Video

In an attempted experimental manipulation of the future-oriented property of worry, a total of 174 college students were randomly assigned to one of five experimental conditions. After all participants viewed a distressing video, they were instructed to worry about a personally relevant topic while constraining their worry to outcomes that could occur within the next 15 minutes, within the next week, or within the next year, or they worried about a personally relevant topic without such a time constraint or engaged in imagery of the video. Predicted group differences in state anxiety reduction were not found, although this effect approached statistical significance (p = .07). Contrary to our prediction, the imagery group reported more subsequent video-related cognitive intrusions than the worry groups and no differences between the worry groups were found. Results suggest that worry about everyday concerns may effectively distract some individuals from previously experienced emotionally distressing material.

Role of aerial photos in compiling a long-term remote sensing data set

Long-term data sets are important in the fields of ecology, hydrology, rangeland science, and geography. Remote sensing is an especially important component of such studies when spatial and temporal capabilities are important considerations. In many cases, satellite remote sensing is not adequate because of resolution or length of observation drawbacks. However, aerial photography, which extends back into the mid 1930s, is often overlooked. In order to find relevant imagery, considerable effort needs to be expended because the aerial photos over a particular study area can be scattered in a large number of archives across the country. Once the photos are assembled, digital scanning, proper documentation, storage, and a searchable data base are necessary to make easy and effective use of the aerial photos. The aerial photo data are of immense value to researchers, natural resource managers, students, and the general public.

Emotional responses to self-injury imagery among adults with borderline personality disorder.

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicide attempts (SAs) are especially prevalent in borderline personality disorder. One proposed mechanism for the maintenance of NSSI and SAs is escape conditioning, whereby immediate reductions in aversive emotional states negatively reinforce the behaviors. Psychophysiological and subjective indicators of negative emotion associated with NSSI and SA imagery were examined in 42 individuals who met criteria for border personality disorder. Personally relevant imagery scripts that involved an NSSI and/or an SA incident were created, as were control scenes involving imagery of an accidental injury, an accidental death, or an emotionally neutral event. Results did not support the hypothesis that decreases in negative emotion would occur during NSSI imagery; however, decreases were found during imagery of the moments after NSSI, which suggests some support for escape conditioning. Support for the model was not found for SAs. Possible implications of patterns that demonstrate decreases in negative emotion during accidental death imagery are discussed.

GeoIRIS: Geospatial Information Retrieval and Indexing System—Content Mining, Semantics Modeling, and Complex Queries

Searching for relevant knowledge across heterogeneous geospatial databases requires an extensive knowledge of the semantic meaning of images, a keen eye for visual patterns, and efficient strategies for collecting and analyzing data with minimal human intervention. In this paper, we present our recently developed content-based multimodal Geospatial Information Retrieval and Indexing System (GeoIRIS) which includes automatic feature extraction, visual content mining from large-scale image databases, and high-dimensional database indexing for fast retrieval. Using these underpinnings, we have developed techniques for complex queries that merge information from heterogeneous geospatial databases, retrievals of objects based on shape and visual characteristics, analysis of multiobject relationships for the retrieval of objects in specific spatial configurations, and semantic models to link low-level image features with high-level visual descriptors. GeoIRIS brings this diverse set of technologies together into a coherent system with an aim of allowing image analysts to more rapidly identify relevant imagery. GeoIRIS is able to answer analysts' questions in seconds, such as "given a query image, show me database satellite images that have similar objects and spatial relationship that are within a certain radius of a landmark."