Release Profiles Of Microspheres Research Articles

Stabilization of Human Immunoglobulin G Encapsulated within Biodegradable Poly (Cyclohexane-1, 4-diyl Acetone Dimethylene Ketal) (PCADK)/ Poly (Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Blend Microspheres.

The aim of this study was to prepare PCADK/PLGA-blend microspheres for improving the stability of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). The short half-life of antibodies limit their development as therapeutic agents, thus PLGA microspheres were prepared to sustained release antibodies and prolong their half-life. However, the acidic intra-microsphere environment causes the loss of antibody stability and activity. In this study, the effect of PCADK or PLGA degradation products on IgG was investigated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC-HPLC), circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence spectroscopy and antigenicity detection. The degradation products of PCADK exerted a larger influence on IgG than that of PLGA. Then PCADK/PLGA microspheres were prepared by the emulsionsolvent evaporation method and systematically characterized and 20% PCADK were selected as the optimal proportion. In addition, the release profile of microspheres and the stability of the released IgG were investigated. The stability of the IgG released from the PCADK/PLGA microspheres was better than that of IgG released from the PLGA microspheres. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to determine the pH inside the microspheres. The IgG-loaded PCADK/PLGA microspheres have important advantages over the PLGA microspheres in terms of IgG stability and could be a good carrier to deliver antibodies for the treatment of disease.

Encapsulation of azithromycin into polymeric microspheres by reduced pressure-solvent evaporation method

Azithromycin loaded microspheres with blends of poly-l-lactide and ploy-d,l-lactide-co-glycolide as matrices were prepared by the atmosphere-solvent evaporation (ASE) and reduced pressure-solvent evaporation (RSE) method. Both the X-ray diffraction spectra and DSC thermographs demonstrated that poly-l-lactide existed in a crystalline form in the ASE microspheres, while an amorphous form was present in the RSE formulations. Besides, solvent removal at atmosphere gave microspheres of porous and rough surfaces, but smooth surfaces appeared in the RSE microspheres. The incorporation efficiency as well as the burst release (cumulative release in the first 24h) in the ASE formulations was 39.94±1.18% and 23.96±2.01% respectively, yet the encapsulation efficiency of the microspheres fabricated under 385mmHg was high up to 57.19±3.81% and the burst release was 4.12±0.15%. The in vitro drug release studies indicated that the ASE microspheres presented a zero-order profile; while the RSE formulations followed first-order kinetics. Other factors including solidification time, temperature, drug to polymer ratio and pH value of the continuous phase could also influence the physicochemical characteristics and release profiles of microspheres. In conclusion, the overall improvement of microspheres in appearance, encapsulation efficiency and controlled drug release through the RSE method could be easily fulfilled under optimal preparation conditions.

Preparation and characteristics of interferon-alpha poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres

By a double emulsion solvent evaporation method, interferon-α (IFN-α) microspheres were prepared with poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and their characteristics, such as morphology, drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro release and degradation were evaluated. The IFN-α microspheres were prepared by different viscosities from 0.17–1.13 dL g−1 and concentrations between 5–25% of PLGA, which not only affected the drug loading and encapsulation efficiency of IFN-α microspheres, but also strongly influenced the in vitro release. With smooth and porous surface, the drug loading and encapsulation efficiency of the microspheres prepared by 15% 0.89 dL g−1 PLGA were 7.736% and 77.38%, respectively. The DSC curve of microspheres indicated IFN-α was loaded inside the microspheres. The degradation of microspheres was homogeneous and the mass loss was over 80% in 6 weeks. The release profile of microspheres showed a sustained fashion and the IFN-α released from microspheres maintained its bioactivity for 7 days.

Effect of preparation conditions on morphology and release profiles of biodegradable polymeric microspheres containing protein fabricated by double-emulsion method

We have investigated the key parameters to fabricate PDLLA (Poly( dl-lactic acid)), PDLLGA (Poly( dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid) 65 : 35 and blends of PDLLGA 65 : 35 and PEG (Poly(ethylene glycol)) microspheres containing bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein using the double-emulsion (water-in-oil-in-water) solvent extraction/evaporation method. The release profiles of microspheres were investigated at 22°C in order to develop controlled release devices for marine fishes in tropical area. Various factors that influence the size of microspheres, encapsulation efficiency, initial release, morphology and release profiles of microspheres, and BSA distribution within microspheres have been investigated. These factors include preparation temperature, solvent removal rate, volume ratio of oil phase to internal water phase, and polymer concentration. Microspheres fabricated at a low volume ratio of oil phase to internal water phase and a low polymer concentration tend to have a large surface area, a low bulk density, resulting in a high initial burst and a fast release of BSA. Fabrication temperature heavily affects solvent extraction/evaporation and mechanism of phase-inversion. The microspheres fabricated at 4 and 38°C yield the highest encapsulation efficiency (52.0–48.0%) and lowest initial BSA release (18.8–20.0%), while microspheres produced at 22°C have the lowest encapsulation efficiency and highest initial burst. This interesting phenomenon is due to the fact that different phase-inversion paths occur when preparation temperature varies. Nucleation growth and spinodal decomposition dominate the skin formation at low preparation temperatures, while evaporation-driven skin formation takes place at high preparation temperatures. The relationship between the release profile and the rate of continuous water-phase addition is extremely complicated. Slow demixing dominates the interface skin formation at low continuous water-phase addition rates and results in fine porous skin structure, while rapid demixing dominates at high continuous water-phase addition rates and also leads to microspheres with a porous skin. Thus both have high initial bursts and fast release rates. A continuous water-phase addition of 3 ml/min may yield the microspheres having a low initial burst and a slow release rate.

Comparison of In Vitro and In Vivo Release Characteristics of Sustained Release Ofloxacin Microspheres

The sustained release nature of ofloxacin microspheres - to eradicate bacterial biofilm associated with chronic infections from sensitive strains of bacteria - was determined both in vitro and in vivo. Ofloxacin microspheres were prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation procedure using poly(glycolic acid-co-dl-lactic acid) (PLGA) as the biodegradable polymer. The microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, in vitro release in an incubator, and in vivo release in the rat subcutaneous model. The microspheres were highly spherical with a very smooth surface. Approximately 45% of the drug was released from microspheres in sizes of 125-250 mum and 250-425 mum in 2 days compared with 22% from microspheres of size range 37-125 mum indicating that surface area of the microspheres did not control the kinetics of in vitro release. However, about 96% of the drug was released from the three different size ranges in 35 days. The in vitro release profile of microspheres of size range 125-250 mum is not significantly different from microspheres in sizes of 250-425 mum. The peak plasma level of ofloxacin in animals that received the drug suspension occurred within 2 hr and was higher than that of the microspheres that occurred by the end of the second day. The plasma of animals that received the free drug was depleted of ofloxacin by the end of the first day, but the drug was sustained above 0.5 mug/mL in the plasma of animals that received the microspheres for about 3 weeks. The results suggest that biodegradable ofloxacin microspheres can be prepared that release the antibiotic in vivo for about 3 weeks. This should provide a means for continuous treatment of chronic infections in which bacterial biofilm can occur.

Preparation Methods of Biodegradable Microspheres on Bovine Serum Albumin Loading Efficiency and Release Profiles

The solvent evaporation and multiple phase methods for preparing poly-(d, l) lactide microspheres of bovine serum albumin (BSA) were compared. The effects of poly (vinyl alcohol) concentration and external aqueous phase temperature on the loading efficient of BSA microspheres prepared by multiple phase emulsion method were evaluated as well. The BSA loading efficient of microspheres by multiple phase emulsion method was much higher than that by solvent evaporation method. The high aqueous solubility of BSA contributes to the low loading efficieny in the solvent evaporation method, suggesting that this method is inappropriate for proteins with high water solubility. The loading efficieny of microspheres, whcih were prepared by multiple phase emulsion method, increased with PVA concentration but decreased with external aqueous phase temperature. The burst phenomenon of release profiles of microspheres was influenced by poly (vinyl alcohol) concentrations and the external aqueous phase temperature. Consideri...