Release Of Proactive Interference Research Articles

情绪转换条件下前摄抑制对儿童工作记忆的影响

目的:考察不同情绪转换条件下，个体在前摄干扰的建立、最大化和释放阶段的工作记忆成绩。方法：对35名小学生施测前摄干扰任务，对比不同情绪条件下，儿童在前摄干扰各阶段的回忆正确率。结果：前摄干扰阶段的主效应显著(P 0.05)。结论：前摄干扰的释放有利于工作记忆成绩。相比高愉悦情绪词，低愉悦情绪词显著地降低了儿童的工作记忆成绩。 Objective: The aim of the present study is to explore proactive interference (PI) in the process of working memory in different emotional conditions, and to explore whether there is the existence of proactive interference release in the emotional shifts. Methods: 35 children in primary school were administered to perform proactive interference task. We compared the working memory scores in different emotional conditions. Results: It is significant for the main effect of PI (P < 0.05), and the correct frequency of PI release is significant higher than that of PI building. The main effect of emotion type is significant (P < 0.01), and the correct frequency of positive words is higher than that of negative words. It is not significant interaction between PI and emotion type. Conclusion: The release of PI can increase the working memory performance. There are more bad working memory performance in the low-happy emotional words than that of high-happy emotional words.

Are Some Memory Deficits Unique to Lesions of the Mammillary Bodies?

The role of the mammillary bodies in human memory is still in debate. A recent model of human amnesia proposes similar functions for the mammillary bodies and the hippocampus. But the main evidence for this model comes from animal studies using the delayed non-matching to sample paradigm. We describe a patient who developed a severe memory impairment after surgical removal of a germinoma. Postsurgical high resolution MRI revealed bilaterally shrunken mammillary bodies and an infarct of the left mammillary body. There were no other relevant lesions. Neuropsychological testing showed mildly impaired frontal lobe functions (executive functions, working memory and word fluency), almost intact learning and recognition, but severely impaired free and delayed recall. Experimental investigations revealed a reduced but preserved release of proactive interference and a pronounced impairment of recency and source judgments. We conclude that the mammillary bodies do play a prominent role in human memory, although the role differs slightly from that of the hippocampus.

The effects of frontal- or temporal-lobe lesions on susceptibility to interference in spatial memory

Patients with unilateral frontal- or temporal-lobe lesions and normal control subjects studied multiple arrays of pictures and were tested for recall of the locations of the pictures. One condition consisted of three trials of the same pictures in different spatial arrangements, recall being tested immediately after each presentation. In a second condition (using different stimuli), the subject was given two trials with one set of pictures, but a new set of pictures was viewed on the third trial. All groups showed a build-up of proactive interference across trials using the same pictures, and a release of proactive interference when they studied new pictures. Patients with frontal-lobe lesions were more susceptible to proactive interference than were the other groups.

Working memory and the Self-Ordered Pointing Task: further evidence of early prefrontal decline in normal aging.

Two major lines of investigation are currently clarifying the nature of the impairment of working memory associated with normal aging. Cognitive psychology has formulated the problem in terms such as the balance of impairment of encoding, retrieval, storage and/or attention, whereas neuropsychology has formulated the problem in terms such as the balance of frontal (executive) versus temporal (mnemonic) degeneration. The findings of this study support the contention that the primary impairment of working memory in early normal aging is an active attentional executive processing deficit. Specifically, on the Self-Ordered Pointing Task, there is significantly ineffective exploitation of top-down clustering strategy as a function of aging. On this task, self-organization of encoding and retrieval must occur simultaneously with ongoing responding. The finding cannot be explained as an impairment of encoding, retrieval, storage, or build-up and/or release of proactive interference, since indexes of these did not discriminate young-adult from middle-aged samples.

Encoding dimensions of subject-performed tasks

In an experiment modelled upon the classical paradigm on release from proactive interference (PI), subjects were required to remember series of actions they had performed (e.g., roll the ball, fold the paper). The objects involved in these subject-performed tasks (SPTs) served as a basis for build-up and release of PI. The objects used in the first few trials of the experiment belonged to the same class (e.g., parts of the body), causing a build up of PI. A shift to a different class of objects (e.g., kitchen utensils) along four different dimensions (taxonomic category, weight, color, and size) was introduced to cause a release of PI. On the basis of PI-release experiments with words it was expected that shifts in taxonomic category would result in a greater release than shifts within any of the physical dimensions. However, the results revealed that the amount of PI release was, in general, larger than expected, and essentially the same for all four dimensions investigated. The results are discussed in terms of the nature of the memory representation of SPTs, and with regard to possible processing differences between SPTs and verbal information. In addition, methodological suggestions for furthering the understanding of the encoding and storage of action events are advanced.

Transitory Changes of Primacy and Recency in Successive Single-Trial Free Recall.

Transitory changes of primacy and recency in successive single-trial free recall were investigated in three experiments. A trial-by-trial analysis of the serial position curves indicated a pronounced primacy and a moderate recency on the very first recall trial. The primacy reduced and the recency increased rapidly afterward with a concurrent shift in correlation (from positive to negative) between the input and output order of the items recalled and an increase in output priority of end items. The effects of release of interlist proactive interference (PI) on the primacy and recency were studied in Experiments 2 and 3. Release of interlist PI recovered and maintained the pronounced primacy and the overall recall performance. In addition, the output priority of end items and the correlation between the input and output order of the recalled items did not change significantly when the interlist PI was controlled. Therefore, interlist PI affected the primacy; recall strategy or output priority affected the recency; and the development of recall strategy relied on the presence of interlist PI.

Storage and retrieval changes that occur in the development and release of PI

A Bayesian statistical procedure that separates storage from retrieval as discussed previously by Chechile (1973) and Chechile and Meyer (1975) was employed to study the development and release of proactive interference in the Brown-Peterson paradigm. Both the storage and retrieval components showed a reliable build-up and release of PI, but the storage and retrieval changes were found to be uncorrelated. A two factor theory of PI is developed that stresses both the concept of response competition at the time of test to explain the retrieval changes as well as the concept of interference in the transfer process between short- and long-term memory to explain the storage changes.

Categorical Encoding in Short-Term Memory by Deaf and Hearing Children

Thirty-seven deaf and 38 hearing children, ages eight to 12, were tested in a short-term memory task. Special interest focused on the build-up and release of proactive interference (PI). Both groups showed PI when the items were drawn from the same conceptual class of animals. In addition, experimental groups of deaf and hearing subjects showed a release from PI when shifted to a set of items drawn from a different category on the last trial. It was concluded that deaf children encode categorically in short-term memory (suggesting a normally functioning ability to think abstractly and to process information without acoustic mediators).

Categorical encoding in short-term memory by 4- to 11-year-old children

One hundred and sixty children, ages 4 to 11, were tested in a STM task similar to that used by Wickens, Born, &Allen (1963). Special interest focused on the buildup and release of proactive interference (PI). All age groups show PI when conceptual categories (toys or kitchen utensils) were the to-be-remembered items. In addition, all groups which shifted to a different conventional category on the last trial, show release from PI. The theoretical significance of the presence of PI and its release in preschool children is discussed.

Release of proactive interference as a result of changing presentation modality.

Release of proactive interference as a result of changing presentation modality.

The dissipation and release of proactive interference in a short-term memory task

In two experiments, each S received four successive trials in a distractor-type short-term memory task. A rest period was interpolated between Trials 3 and 4. Proactive interference (PI) developed across the first three trials and partially dissipated with rest. However, for all rest intervals tested (up to 5 min), the recovery from PI was increased by a shift in taxonomic class. It was suggested that performance in the release-from-PI paradigm is mediated by a combination of long-term and short-term memory processes.

Grammar and memory I. Phonological similarity and proactive interference

Three two-phoneme nonsense syllables were presented on each of five trials of a memory experiment. The items presented on trial five possessed a phonological feature absent from all items presented on earlier trials. Accuracy of recall declined monotonically through the first four trials and improved considerably on the fifth trial, i.e., there was a buildup and release of proactive interference. These effects are discussed in terms of the view that the memory trace for a verbal item consists of an array of syntactic, semantic, and phonological features, the particular classes of features present in the trace depending upon the particular nature of the verbal material presented.