Law Relationship Research Articles

Fatigue life prediction of BGA solder joint of several alloy compositions under an isothermal harmonic vibration

To ensure durable performance and optimal function of electronic components, it is crucial to guarantee their reliability, robustness and goodness of fit. The solder joints used in the BGA (Ball Grid Array) component play an intrinsic role in the reliability of the system. The vibration present in BGA triggers fatigue in solder joints, which raises a major reliability problem in various sectors such as aerospace, automotive and military industries. This study handles the response to a harmonic vibration at three specific temperatures (−40°C, 25°C, and 125°C) for four types of solder alloys in BGA Soldering. Within this framework, predicting the fatigue life of BGA solder joints with various alloy compositions under the influence of an isothermal harmonic vibration emerges as a crucial challenge in the design as well as reliability of modern electronic devices. The investigated solder compositions are SAC105, SAC305, SAC405, and InnoLot. To simulate and analyze the behavior of solder joints, we used the Ansys APDL finite element analysis (FEA). At both 125°C and −40°C, the Von Mises values proved to exceed those observed at 25°C. Likewise, an S-N curve for InnoLot and the different SACs, under a harmonic vibration at 25°C, was fitted using the Basquin power law relationship. As far as the current research work is concerned, an initial comparison was enacted between InnoLot and SAC alloys under an isothermal harmonic vibration, aiming to ascertain the most reliable alloy. The fatigue life under a harmonic vibration loading at 25°C was estimated. The results revealed that under a harmonic vibration at 25°C, the InnoLot solder displayed the longest lifespan, while the SAC105 solder exhibited the shortest fatigue life.

Securing obligations through the institute of contractual penalties

This paper examines the intricacies of legal processes related to the execution of promissory note rights, encompassing acts such as acceptance, transfer, guarantee, protest, payment, redemption, enforcement, and limitations concerning promissory notes. A comprehensive understanding of these procedures supports the effective application of this structured, abstract legal tool, which holds significant value in contemporary legal practice. Promissory notes, as unique financial instruments, are governed by specific legal frameworks which contribute to their precision and robustness, ensuring that they continue to serve as a reliable means for securing financial obligations. This study delves into the theoretical underpinnings and the practical implications of promissory note regulations, tracing their historical evolution and examining current applications in various legal systems. Furthermore, the analysis addresses the interaction between promissory note law and related securities laws, providing insights into how these frameworks support enforceable financial commitments. By detailing the rights and responsibilities inherent to promissory note transactions, the paper highlights the enduring relevance of this legal tool in the assurance of contractual obligations. Through this exploration, the paper aims to underscore the importance of a nuanced understanding of promissory notes relating to economic stability and legal certainty within domestic and international financial operations.

A Monte Carlo Study on a 3-Dimensional Comb Polymer Translocation through a Nanopore driven by an Electric Field

Abstract A lattice Monte Carlo simulation study of the translocation of comb polymers through a nanopore subjected to an electric field is presented. The translocation dynamics was extensively studied in terms of the applied electric field strength, the pore size, and the comb polymer topology. The variations of the most probable translocation time $\tau_p$ and the mean translocation time \mt\ as a function of the applied electric field strength show distinct features, the latter exhibiting a nonmonotonic dependence on the electric field. We were able to show the existence of a critical field strength $\delta \epsilon_c$ defined by the narrowest distribution of the translocation time, which is closely related to the size of the nanopore. In addition, we have found that the critical field strength also defines a transition point between two regimes of translocation: a smooth translocation for a field strength below $\delta \epsilon_c$ and a chaotic translocation for a field strength above $\delta \epsilon_c$. Moreover, for the smallest pore size ($r_p = 1$), monomers can only cross the nanopore in a single file, while for larger pores different modes of polymer translocation are identified. Finally, the dependence of the mean translocation time on the backbone length is governed by a power law relationship $\left < \tau \right > \sim {N_B}^{\alpha}$, where the scaling exponent $\alpha$ is found to be in the range of 1.3--1.7 for the set of side chain lengths and nanopore sizes investigated. As for the side chain length $N_S$, the mean translocation time is found to follow a linear dependence $\left < \tau \right > \sim {N_S}$.

Second law and Liu relations: the no-reversible-direction axiom—revisited

AbstractA thermodynamic process is governed by balance equations in field-formulated thermodynamics. Especially the balance equation of entropy takes a prominent role: it introduces the Second Law in the form of a dissipation inequality via the non-negative entropy production. Balance equations and dissipation inequality are independent of the considered material which is described by additional constitutive equations which need the introduction of a state space which is spanned by the state space variables. Inserting these constitutive equations into the balance equations results in the balance equations on state space which include the first order time and position derivatives of the state space variables, called “higher derivatives” wich are directional derivatives in a mathematicle sense. Why do not appear the latter in the Liu Relations which pretend to describe material as well as the equations on state space do ? The answer is that the Liu Relations describe materials whose entropy production does not depend on the higher derivatives. Consequently, the Liu Relations are more specific than the balance equations on state space. A toy example concerning heat conduction in compressible fluids is in two different versions added for elucidation.

Իրավունքի հնարավորությունից իրականություն վերածման կառուցակարգը իրավահասկացողության հիմնական տիպերի համայնապատկերում / The Mechanism of Transforming Law from Possibility into Reality within the Framework of the Main Types of Legal Understanding

The elucidation and understanding of the mechanism of transforming law from possibility into reality are largely determined by legal understanding. Therefore, the author considers it necessary to comprehensively analyze and interpret this mechanism within the framework of the main concepts (approaches) of legal understanding. In particular, the discussed mechanism is examined from the standpoint of two main types of legal understanding: first, the legalistic-normative type, and then the jural type. During the analysis from the standpoint of jural understanding, the stages of the mechanism of the transformation of law from possibility into reality are presented in detail, where "objective" law serves as the criterion for law. The author also analyzes the unique reflection of this mechanism in Hegel’s “Philosophy of Law”. Essentially, based on the positions of the integral approach to legal understanding, this mechanism is revealed through the method of ascending philosophical categories from the abstract to the concrete. According to the conclusion presented in the article, the mechanism of the transformation of law from possibility into reality has a complex, multifaceted, multistage and changeable nature, the elucidation of which undoubtedly depends on legal understanding. Regressive and outdated are all those approaches that, based on formal, legalistic - normative understanding of law, view the discussed mechanism only in a narrow sense - as the implementation of officially acting positive law in public legal relations through state coercion. These approaches are being replaced by concepts based on the differences between law and legislation, which, on the basis of the jural (also mixed) type of legal understanding, analyze the discussed mechanism in a broader sense, from a philosophical standpoint, taking into account the essence of law, the objective requirements of law, the active role of legal subjects, etc. From the methodological perspective of this legal understanding, the examined mechanism acquires new content, which, according to the author, is essential for resolving the issue of transforming law from possibility into reality.

Respect for Constitutional Rights of Individuals in Platform Economy

The paper dwells on the issue of respect for labor and social rights of individuals enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation in sectors of the economy that are partially or completely switching to activities in an economic model based on the use of digital platforms (platform economy). The strengths and weaknesses of this method of organizing activities for workers employed in the industries under consideration are elucidated in the context of both labor and civil law relations, including workers having the status of self-employed workers. The main possible reasons for the transition of economic entities to activities within the framework of the platform economy, including with a change in the nature of legal relations, are justified through a set of objective (economic and social) and subjective (related to the education, abilities and motivation of a potential employee) reasons. Avito.ru Internet platform is monitored to find job vacancies, within which ensuring the proper implementation of сonstitutional rights of citizens is possible exclusively within the framework of labor legal relations. The analysis of the conditions of employment offered by actual employers reveals typical potential and actual violations of human rights in relation to both an employee and third parties. Based on the results of the analysis of practice, the author offers a number of measures aimed at eliminating the identified prerequisites for violating the constitutional rights of citizens. In particular, the ban on attracting persons as self-employed to perform work or provide services that pose a threat of violation of their rights or the rights of third parties in the event of this activity outside the framework of labor legal relations, as well as the possibility of recognizing civil law relations between the actual employer and an individual in the status of self-employed actual labor relations.

The relationship between justice and the police: theoretical and practical aspects

The text of the article analyzes approaches to the definitions of the concepts of «justice» and «police». By summarising different views on these concepts, the author proposes to establish a criterion by which they can be distinguished. According to the author, since police and judicial activities overlap in the implementation of the law enforcement function of the state, it is here that the specified criterion should be sought. In particular, it is noted in the work that justice is the sphere of direct implementation of the law enforcement function of the state, the content of which is the resolution of conflicts of legal and illegal interests, the denial of a committed offense and the establishment of the law in legal relations. Instead, the police is appointed to carry out only operational and forceful enforcement of the law enforcement function, i.e. it is only an auxiliary activity in the law enforcement sphere (for example, prevention, detection and recording of certain types of offenses, search and detention of offenders, providing protection from them to individuals and legal entities, ensuring the execution of court orders decisions and sentences, detention of convicts and other types of coercion). The boundaries of such auxiliary activities may be different in different states and even in one state at different times, but this does not change the fact that justice and the police play different roles in the performance of law enforcement functions: the first is the main one, the second is auxiliary. In addition, the article points to the fact that justice is connected exclusively with only one law­enforcement function of the state, and the police is mainly involved in the administrative function. Therefore, the criterion for distinguishing between justice and police, and, accordingly, their concepts, should be determined by what fundamentally distinguishes these state structures, making them different in nature in the system of state power; such a criterion is the nature of the functions of the state to which these phenomena are adapted. The author notes that the police is a special institution of the state, called together with other structures of the executive power to implement the legal order ideally defined by the legislative power in the norms, actually establishing and maintaining this order in society, preventing and suppressing its violations. At the same time, the specificity of the police in relation to other bodies of the executive power is that it acts as a «force» component of the executive power, has the necessary means and skills to use coercion, including forceful physical and armed coercion in order to maintain proper law and order Justice, on the other hand, is called upon to ensure, within the framework of the law enforcement function, the authoritative resolution of contradictions between legitimate and illegitimate interests, denying offences and thus establishing legality and restoring the violated legal order. The sphere of justice includes legal activities related to the establishment of legal facts, the investigation of facts of offenses, the resolution of legal disputes, determination and realization of the responsibility of violators of the law.

Rights of Women Married Under the Act - A Case Study of Legal Divorce

The rights of women in divorce cases, particularly those married under the Act, have been a long-standing concern. Despite the existence of laws governing marriage and divorce, women often face challenges in asserting their rights during the divorce process. This study aims to assess the general concept of marriage and marriage under the Act, examine divorce and its effects, and evaluate the consequences of divorce on women's rights. The study seeks to identify the position of the law on divorce and women's rights in the process and at the end of the process. A mixed-methods research design was employed, combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. The study analyzed laws and statutes on marriage and divorce, reviewed cases adjudicated by courts of competent jurisdiction, and conducted interviews with divorcees, legal practitioners, and other stakeholders. The study found that women's rights in divorce cases are often compromised due to ignorance of the laws and lack of advocacy on their behalf. The Domestic Relations Law of Liberia, the Matrimonial Causes Act of Nigeria, and the Supreme Court of Liberia's opinions on divorce cases were found to be crucial in upholding women's rights in divorce cases. The study concludes that women's rights in divorce cases are often neglected, but the law provides avenues for redress. The study recommends increased awareness and education on women's rights relative to divorce, as well as the need for advocacy on behalf of women in divorce cases. The study's findings have implications for policymakers, legal practitioners, and women's rights advocates.

Implementasi Tugas Sekretariat Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah dalam Mendukung Pelaksanaan Fungsi DPRD dalam Pembentukan Peraturan Daerah di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat

As a regional apparatus tasked with supporting the implementation of the DPRD's duties and functions, the DPRD Secretariat is expected to be able to implement these tasks optimally, especially supporting the implementation of the DPRD's main function in forming Regional Regulations. This research aims to see how it is implemented at the West Tanjung Jabung Regency DPRD Secretariat and what factors influence its implementation. The research type is empirical legal research with a socio legal research approach. Primary data was collected through interviews with respondents from the DPRD Secretariat who were determined using purposive sampling, as well as studying documents that had been compiled and were available at the DPRD Secretariat related to the implementation of programs and activities that had been carried out to support the implementation of the DPRD's functions in the formation of Regional Regulations. 2021 to 2023. Meanwhile, secondary data was collected from library sources, namely related laws and regulations, books and journals. The results show that the implementation of the tasks of the DPRD Secretariat of West Tanjung Jabung Regency is not optimal every year. The factors that influence this are mainly the limited human resources of the DPRD Secretariat and several other factors that need to be followed up for future improvements.

Electro-magneto-mechanical critical load analysis of piezoelectric/piezomagnetic sport force plates used for testing athlete performance

Electro-magneto-thermo-mechanical critical loads of a sandwich microplate composed of a core integrated with piezoelectric/piezomagnetic face-sheets are analyzed in this paper based on higher order shear and normal deformation theory and modified couple stress theory. The constitutive relations are developed based on generalized Hooke’s law and electromagnetic relations. In order to measure athletic performance and his/her quantitatively or qualitatively grades, a force plate is used. The thickness stretching of the sport force plates is accounted based on a new function in displacement field. The electric and magnetic potentials are assumed as summation of a linear function including applied electric/magnetic potential and two functions for satisfying the zero condition at top and bottom of the sport force plates.

Civil liability of the sole executive body of a business company: correlation with labor and tax law institutions

In modern conditions of business turnover, characterized by the desire of business entities to achieve the benefits and goals of social corporate responsibility, the issues of preserving the balance of interests of parties that have a diversified status are of particular relevance. Such subjects include the general director, who is simultaneously a management body, an employee and a taxpayer, being in relations with a business company regulated by both corporate, labor and tax law norms, which allows to qualify his status as a diversified one. The issue of correlation of the norms of three branches of law in relation to the status of the chief executive officer (CEO) through the prism of the institute of civil liability in the form of compensation for losses caused to the company by incentive (bonus) payments to the CEO is considered. The article assesses the law enforcement practice in disputes concerning the recovery of this category of losses from the director, where the courts give priority to the norms of corporate law without taking into account the explanations of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the unconditional right of an employee to receive bonuses, which are a variable component of salary. The court approaches are analyzed and their justifications are given with regard to the inclusion of the amounts of personal income tax paid by the company to the budget of the Russian Federation into the damages recovered from the CEO. The conclusions are made about the priority importance of labor and tax legislation norms in correlation with corporate law norms when applying the institute of directors’ indemnification for losses. The results of the study can be used for the development by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of appropriate explanations to the courts of lower instances on consideration of disputes on the recovery of losses from the sole executive body of a business company.

Prohibition of driving vehicles in the punishment system

Subject of research: the norms of criminal legislation of Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Republic of Belarus, the USSR, Poland, Spain, the Federal Republic of Germany, Estonia, defining deprivation of the right to drive a vehicle as a type of punishment in the form of deprivation of the right to hold certain positions and engage in certain activities, as well as the problematic aspects of its appointment. Purpose of research: to identify problematic aspects and ways to improve the norms of the criminal law defining the system of punishments of the Republic of Belarus, and to make proposals to overcome them. Object of research: criminal law relations arising from the application of criminal liability with the imposition of punishment of deprivation of the right to drive a vehicle as a type of punishment in the form of deprivation of the right to hold certain positions and engage in certain activities, which were studied by applying a retrospective and comparative legal analysis of the approaches of domestic and foreign legislators to this punishment. Main results of research: it is proposed to provide for an independent punishment in the form of a ban on driving in the Belarusian penal system, while its possible legal structure is described.

“The Cause of our Poverty is Colonia.” The Colonate System in the County of Gorizia and Gradisca during the Austro-Hungarian Empire

The paper examines the colonate system – a specific form of land dependency that persisted for almost a century following the abolition of feudal relations in 1848. It was a civil law relationship that involved mostly poor peasant families who did not own property, leasing land, a house, or an entire estate based on a contract, most often from noble families or wealthy rural landlords. The system resembled serfdom and was passed down from generation to generation between the coloni. It pushed colonate families to the margins of society and into poverty. The system persisted in the Habsburg monarchy, notably in the region of Gorizia and Gradisca, especially in the western parts. This paper will present the general features of the system, as it existed at the turn of the 19th century, as well as the attempts of the authorities to formally regulate it.

Conflict of interest in the securities market

In the article examines the problem of applying the legal interpretation of the concept of “conflict of interest,” including as applicable to legal relations in the stock market. Such concepts as the fiduciary duties of a trustee, the controversial nature of the legal definition of a conflict of interest through the concept of personal interest are considered. The need for further development of the prudential regulation system and a more specific definition of the criteria for the fiduciary duties of the principal in the securities market are substantiated. The possibility of introducing into Russian practice the approach used in the common law system is analyzed. According to this approach, only proof of the fact of dishonest fulfillment of fiduciary duties, such as loyalty, due diligence and information duty can serve as a basis for prosecution in the event of a conflict of interest, but not the establishment of the fact of personal interest. In particular, from this point of view, the fundamental rule of the common law system applied in the stock market is considered — to fully rely on the information (i.e., a situation completely opposite to the approach that has developed in Russian law in relation to identifying conflicts of interest) provided by the broker to the client, and to expect, that he will perform his duties with all competence and due care. The author substantiates the greater effectiveness of the approach of establishing a presumption of conscientious fulfillment of fiduciary duties by a trustee and bringing to responsibility only if the contrary fact is proven.

Digital Rights in Palestine: Prospects of a Constitutional Judicial Review

Abstract A set of rights and freedoms are protected by constitutions and interpreted by the competent judiciary. The increasing use of information and communication technologies (ICT s) creates new legal challenges to rights and their judicial interpretation. This article aims at analysing the prospects of the Palestinian Supreme Constitutional Court (SCC) concerning digital rights, while considering political and legal challenges. In doing so, it begins with a brief introduction to the concepts of digital right and digital constitutionalism. The article further describes the status of digital rights in Palestine and evaluates the role of the SCC in the adjudication of the constitutionality of the laws in relation to human rights protection on the internet. It finally offers proposals for understanding the necessity for constitutional protection of digital rights in Palestine through judicial review. It argues that the Palestine needs constitutional modernisation to address the legal implications of technologies on human rights.

Experimental validation of vibration similitude laws for stiffened panels excited by a turbulent boundary layer

Stiffened structures excited by a turbulent boundary layer (TBL) occur in many engineering applications, particularly in the aerospace and naval sectors. The structures encountered in these applications are generally large and complex, and carrying out experiments in order to characterize their vibration response can be costly, time-consuming and difficult. To overcome these constraints, the similitude theory can be used to estimate the response of a full scale structure from the response of a reduced scale structure. A simplifying step to determine these similitude laws for stiffened panels consists in modeling the panel as an equivalent orthotropic panel. Then, using the governing equation of the orthotropic panel and considering the TBL excitation, the vibration similitude laws are derived implying similitude conditions to be respected on geometrical and material properties of the structure as well as flow velocity. In this paper, we present the developments of these similitude laws and an experimental validation for panels in air. The similitude conditions are discussed to adequately choose the properties of scaled stiffened panels. Experimental results are presented to show that the structural response of the reference panel can be recovered from the response of the reduced scale panel using the related scaling laws.

Perlindungan Hukum Pembeli atas Ketidaksesuaian Kualitas Barang dan Jasa Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen

The development of digital technology has encouraged changes in the way of buying and selling transactions, especially through e-commerce platforms. However, in practice, it is not uncommon for the goods and services purchased to not be in accordance with the quality promised by the seller. This study aims to analyze the implementation of Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection in protecting buyers from non-conformities in the quality of goods and services. The research method used is a normative juridical approach with secondary data from literature reviews and related laws and regulations. The results of the study show that legal protection for consumers has been regulated, but its implementation still needs to be strengthened, especially in digital transactions. This research is expected to provide recommendations for the government and consumer dispute resolution institutions.

Coupled Modeling of Sea Surface Launch Flow and Multi-Body Motion

To simulate the launching process of missile complex flow, movement, and constraint states, a multifield coupling model is put forward based on a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. In this coupled model, a CFD method is used to solve the three-dimensional compressible transient flow, and the six-degree motion of the launching platform is considered, and the virtual contact method is used to deal with the constraint states of the guideway and the slider. The active force and moment are applied to the launching platform to simulate its rolling, pitching, and heaving motions under the 5-level waves. Collision detection is carried out through the minimum clearance distance between the slider and the guideway, and the contact force is handled by a modified Herz collision model. In the problem of launching a missile from the water surface, the change characteristics of the flow field, the load response characteristics, and the relative motion laws of the missile and the launching platform during the catapulting process are investigated. The results show that the motion laws of the projectile and the launch tube in the constrained direction are the same, and the established coupling model is able to simulate the launch separation process of the missile in the constrained state. In addition, the effect of wind load on the missile ejection process is analyzed using the coupled model.

Satellite-observed relationships between land cover, burned area, and atmospheric composition over the southern Amazon

Abstract. Land surface changes can have substantial impacts on biosphere–atmosphere interactions. In South America, rainforests abundantly emit biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which, when coupled with pyrogenic emissions from deforestation fires, can have substantial impacts on regional air quality. We use novel and long-term satellite records of five trace gases, namely isoprene (C5H8), formaldehyde (HCHO), methanol (CH3OH), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), in addition to aerosol optical depth (AOD), vegetation (land cover and leaf area index), and burned area. We characterise the impacts of biogenic and pyrogenic emissions on atmospheric composition for the period 2001 to 2019 in the southern Amazon, a region of substantial deforestation. The seasonal cycle for all of the atmospheric constituents peaks in the dry season (August–October), and the year-to-year variability in CO, HCHO, NO2, and AOD is strongly linked to the burned area. We find a robust relationship between the broadleaf forest cover and total column C5H8 (R2 = 0.59), while the burned area exhibits an approximate fifth root power law relationship with tropospheric column NO2 (R2 = 0.32) in the dry season. Vegetation and burned area together show a relationship with HCHO (R2 = 0.23). Wet-season AOD and CO follow the forest cover distribution. The land surface variables are very weakly correlated with CH3OH, suggesting that other factors drive its spatial distribution. Overall, we provide a detailed observational quantification of biospheric process influences on southern Amazon regional atmospheric composition, which in future studies can be used to help constrain the underpinning processes in Earth system models.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND NUMERICAL METHODS OF FILTRATION PROCESSES OF LIQUID SOLUTIONS

Filtration processes of liquid solutions are fundamental in many natural and industrial applications, such as environmental protection, chemical engineering, water purification, and petroleum extraction. This article develops a mathematical model for describing filtration processes and explores various numerical methods for solving the governing equations. The model is based on Darcy’s law, continuity equation, and constitutive relations of liquid solutions in porous media. Numerical methods, including finite difference, finite element, and finite volume approaches, are discussed with applications to various filtration scenarios. We also provide analysis of the stability, convergence, and efficiency of these methods.