Relative Weights Of Proventriculus Research Articles

Effects of dietary nisin on growth performance, slaughter traits, and thigh meat quality of quail

Abstract In this study, the growth performance, carcass yield, relative organ weight, and thigh meat quality of quail fed with diets containing different amounts of nisin as an active ingredient were investigated. A total of 400 one-day-old Japanese quail chicks were used. The quail were divided into 4 groups with five replicates and were fed with diets without (control) or with nisin (150, 300, and 500Â mg/kg). The study lasted 35 d. At the end of the experiment, a total of 80 quail, 10 males and 10 females of each group, were randomly weighed and slaughtered. After slaughtering, carcass yield, relative liver, heart, gizzard, and proventriculus weights were recorded. Stress factors (Malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant status (TAS), the total of oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI)) were analysed in thigh meat. Increasing levels of nisin did not affect the growth performance of quail (PÂ >Â 0.05). In terms of slaughter weight, the slaughter weight of both males and females differed among the groups (PÂ <Â 0.05). While the highest value in males was observed in the control group, the highest value in females was observed in the N150 group. Only the relative liver weights of males and the relative proventriculus weights of females were statistically different (PÂ <Â 0.01) between treatments. With increasing nisin level, the weight of the liver increased in the males and the weight of the proventriculus in the females. The addition of nisin decreased MDA and OSI values in both males and females, as compared to the control group. Furthermore, CAT and TAS values were found to be significantly higher in the nisin supplemented group than in the control group. As a result, it is concluded that adding nisin to quail feed positively affects TAS, TOS, MDA and CAT values of thigh meat and can prevent the adverse effects that may occur due to stress.

Effect of yeast culture supplementation on blood characteristics, body development, intestinal morphology, and enzyme activities in geese.

The objective of this experiment is to evaluatethe effects of yeast culture (YC) supplementation on blood characteristics, body size, carcass characteristics, organ weights, intestinal morphology, and enzyme activities. Five groups of geese were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments: the basal diet (control) and basal diets plus 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, or 4.0% YC. Compared with the controls, YC supplementation at 0.5% and 1.0% increased the serum total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), and globulin (GLO) and decreased the uric acidand creatine kinase (CK) contents (p < 0.05). YC supplementation at 2.0% and 4.0% increased the CK, growth hormone, catalase and glutathione reductase contents, and relative proventriculus weights, and decreased the TP, ALB, and GLO contents, relative liver, gizzard, jejunum, ileum, and thymus weights (p < 0.05). YC supplementation at 2.0% improved fossil bone length, breast muscle percentage, jejunal villus height, ileal and jejunal villus height/crypt depth ratios, pepsin, lipase, amylase and pancreatic trypsin activities, and decreased abdominal fat percentage (p < 0.05). Furthermore, YC inclusion increased the body slope length (linear, p = 0.002; quadratic, p = 0.02), breast width (quadratic, p = 0.02), ileal (linear, p = 0.04; quadratic, p = 0.01) and duodenal villus height (cubic, p = 0.04), and decreased the relative gizzard (quadratic, p = 0.04) and thymus (linear, p = 0.002; quadratic, p = 0.02; cubic, p = 0.02) weights, liver (linear, p = 0.002; quadratic, p = 0.02), and serum (linear, p = 0.006; quadratic, p = 0.03) malondialdehyde contents, and jejunal crypt depth (quadratic, p = 0.03). The findings indicated that the YC supplementation had a positive effect on the growth and development of geese, with 2% YC being the most effective.

Strain differences in effects of dietary supplementation with

Context Concerns about feed costs and environmental pollution in the poultry industry may be alleviated through use of Aspergillus spp. for prebiotic supplementation in reduced-protein diets. Aim We studied different A. niger cultures as supplements in protein-reduced diets for effects on performance, organ weights, plasma biochemistry, ileal microflora and meat lipid oxidation of young broilers. Methods Two strains of A. niger from a fungi collection were cultured in wheat bran by solid-state fermentation. Male broilers (Ross 308, 1 day old, n = 192) were randomly assigned to 24 cages in a completely randomised design with four treatments in six replicates of eight birds. Diets were formulated for starter (Days 1–10) and grower (Days 11–24) phases to meet nutrient requirements (control) or to contain 95% of recommended crude protein (reduced protein). For two treatments, uncultured wheat bran (1.5 g/kg) was added to control or reduced-protein diets. The other treatments comprised wheat bran cultured by one of the two A. niger strains in reduced-protein diets. Key results Body weight gain was higher (P &lt; 0.05) in groups supplemented with A. niger, and feed intake was generally higher with Strain 1 supplementation than other treatments. Feed conversion ratio was generally highest in broilers fed reduced protein with uncultured wheat bran. Relative weights of proventriculus and small intestine were lowest with A. niger 2 supplementation, and abdominal fat was lowest in both A. niger groups. Serum triglyceride, cholesterol and uric acid decreased with A. niger 1 supplementation, and high-density lipoprotein, total protein and globulin increased with A. niger 2 supplementation (P &lt; 0.05). Meat malondialdehyde content was decreased (P &lt; 0.05) in both A. niger groups. Broilers receiving Strain 2 showed higher ileal counts of lactic acid bacteria and total aerobic bacteria, and all reduced-protein groups showed lower coliform count, than the control (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion Use of A. niger culture in wheat bran to supplement a lower protein broiler diet improves some parameters, including growth performance and lipid oxidative stability of meat. Some strain differences are evident. Implication Addition of fermentation products such as produced by A. niger to low-protein diets can reduce production costs while maintaining quality.

Effect of Adding Watermelon Juice, Vitamin E-Selenium, and Vitamin C into the Drinking Water on Growth Performance, Internal Organs’ weight and Prececal Nutrient Digestibility in Broilers under Heat Stress

This study investigated the effect of adding watermelon juice, vitamin Eselenium and vitamin C to the drinking water on growth performance, internal organs’ weight, and prececal nutrient digestibility in broilers under heat stress. Two hundred and fifty Hubbard F15 day-old broilers were allocated to five treatments with five replicates of 10 broilers per each replicate, based on a completely randomized design. The birds in the control treatment did not receive any supplement in drinking water and reared in thermoneutral temperature. Birds in the other four treatments received watermelon juice at 60% or 30%, vitamin C at 50 mg/L, or vitamin E-Selenium at 1 mL/L of drinking water during the heat stress period. Heat stress applied for 9 hours from day 12 onward. Results indicated birds that received 60% watermelon juice had similar body weight and feed intake compared to control birds. The relative weight of proventriculus, intestine length, and prececal dry matter nutrient digestibility was significantly higher in 60% watermelon juice treatment than other treatments. It is concluded that watermelon juice supplementation at 60% concentration into the drinking water could improve the performance of birds reared under heat stress as a result of restoring water and feed intake and also better prececal dry matter digestibility.

Inhibitory action of Lippia gracilis Schauer essential oil on pathogenic bacteria and its effects as a growth promoter on quail

Aim of the study: To examine the in vitro sensitivity of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli strains to the microbial activity of Lippia gracilis Schauer essential oil (LGSEO) and to determine the optimal level of LGSEO as a growth promoter in diets for Japanese quail up to 35 days of age.Area of study: São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil.Material and methods: A total of 504 female Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) at an initial average body weights of 6.80±0.10 g was allotted to one of six treatments (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 mg/kg of LGSEO and a diet containing 500 mg/kg of bacitracin methylene disalicylate) in 7 replicates, using 12 birds per experimental unit.Main results: In the age period of 21 to 35 days, feed intake declined linearly (p=0.04) and feed efficiency improved (p&lt;0.01), whereas no changes were observed in production performance (p&gt;0.05). The estimated (p=0.01) maximum relative weights of proventriculus and pancreas were obtained at the LGSEO inclusion levels of 196.5 and 251 mg/kg, respectively. Inclusion of 100 to 300 mg/kg of LGSEO in the diet reduced the total Salmonella sp. bacterial count.Research highlights: The use of 196.5 mg/kg of LGSEO in the diet of Japanese quail improved production performance and organ development and demonstrated potential antimicrobial capacity against Salmonella sp. bacteria. Due its pharmacological composition, LGSEO can potentially substitute to antimicrobials, because contains thymol and carvacrol as main active constituents.

Performance and biometry of the gastrointestinal tract in growing Japanese quails fed bee pollen

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of bee pollen in the diet of growing Japanese quails on productive performance, relative weight of the gastrointestinal organs and length of small and large intestines. A total of 650 one-day-old female Japanese quails were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments according to the dietary levels of bee pollen (0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6%), five replicates, and 26 birds per experimental unit. At the end of the experimental period (35 days of age), the performance and relative weight of the gastrointestinal organs and length of small and large intestines were evaluated. The dietary inclusion of bee pollen did not influence (P &gt; 0.05) performance, relative weight of proventriculus, gizzard, pancreas, liver, and large intestine, as well as the length of small and large intestines. However, a linear reduction (P &lt; 0.05) was observed in the relative weight of small intestine as dietary bee pollen levels increased. The inclusion of bee pollen from 0.4 to 1.6% in the diet of growing Japanese quails did neither improve productive performance nor alter the biometry of digestive organs.

Effect of a Fermented Mixture of Papaya Leaf and Seed Meal on Production Traits and Intestinal Ecology of the Indonesian Indigenous Crossbred Chickens

The work investigated the impact of a fermented mixture of papaya leaf and seed meal (FERM) on production traits, biochemical indices, intestinal ecology and carcass proportion of the Indonesian indigenous crossbred chickens (ICC). A 300 day-old ICC were assigned to five groups and fed on starter (1–4 weeks) and finisher diets (5–8 weeks) containing corn, soybean (CONT) or diets containing 1% (FERM1), 2.5% (FERM25), 5% (FERM5) or 7.5% (FERM75) of FERM. On week 8, blood was collected from birds prior to slaughter. The increased levels of FERM linearly reduced (P &lt; 0.05) feed conversion and feed cost per kg weight gain, and increased (P &lt; 0.05) income over feed cost of chickens. The relative weight of proventriculus linearly reduced (P &lt; 0.05) with the enhanced contents of dietary FERM. The haemoglobin, erythrocytes and haematocrit values linearly reduced (P &lt; 0.05) as the proportions of FERM enhanced. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) levels were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in FERM1 and FERM25 than that in control. The number of heterophils was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in FERM1 than that in FERM25 and FERM5, but was not distinct from CONT and FERM75. The increased levels of FERM linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) thrombocytes values. Feeding FERM at 2.5% resulted in higher (P &lt; 0.05) high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) ratio than that of control and FERM1. FERM reduced (P &lt; 0.05) serum content of alanine aminotransferase (ALT). FERM75 had higher (P &lt; 0.05) level of creatinine than control, FERM1 and FERM25. In duodenum, the increased levels of FERM linearly (P &lt; 0.05) increased crypt depth (CD). At 7.5%, FERM reduced (P &lt; 0.05) CD and enhanced (P &lt; 0.05) villus height (VH) to CD ratio in jejunum. In ileum, CD linearly elevated (P &lt; 0.05) with the increased FERM, while feeding 2.5% FERM enhanced (P &lt; 0.05) VH and VH to CD ratio. In conclusion, FERM was beneficial in improving economic performance, immune responses, physiological condition and intestinal morphology of ICC.

Sodium butyrate enhances growth performance and intestinal development in broilers

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sodium butyrate (SB) on growth performance and development of digestive and immune organs in broilers. Dietary treatments had similar compositions but with 0%, 0.03%, 0.06%, and 0.12% SB substituted (weight/weight) for identical amounts of the basal diet. SB supplementation linearly increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) average daily gain for each period, except for days 15–21. SB supplementation linearly increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) the relative weight of proventriculus (day 7), gizzard (days 7 and 14), duodenum (days 21 and 28), jejunum (day 21), ileum (day 21), small intestine (day 21), rectum (day 14), pancreas (days 7 and 21), liver (days 21 and 28), and thymus (days 7, 14, and 21). SB supplementation linearly increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) the relative length of duodenum (day 21), jejunum (days 14 and 21), ileum (days 14 and 21) and small intestine (days 14 and 21), caeca (day 21) and rectum (day 21), as well as it improved intestinal structure by increasing the villus height in jejunum and ileum, and increasing goblet cell counts in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Collectively, dietary SB supplementation improved the growth performance of broilers by improving the development and morphological structure of the broilers’ intestinal organs.

Impact of Dietary Supplementation with Cress Seeds (Lepidium Sativum L.) on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Behavior of Broilers

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cress seeds supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics and behavior of broilers. A total of sixty-one- month day old cockerels were utilized for this study, obtained from a local commercial farm. They were randomly distributed to four groups (n=15, each) with three replicates within group. In the first group, birds were fed on basal diet without addition of cress seeds (CS) which was assigned as control. In second, third and fourth groups birds were fed on basal diet with supplementation of different concentrations of cress seeds (0.5 (T1), 1(T2) and 1.5 (T3) % respectively). The treatment was continued for 5 weeks period. The obtained results showed that supplementation with cress seeds at concentration of 1% has positive effect on broiler body weight, weight gain, feed consumption, production efficiency factor, broiler index and ingestive and sitting behavior. The relative weights of proventriculus, gizzard and heart were significantly affected by dietary inclusion of CS into broiler diets. Serum total protein and globulin were significantly (P

Development of digestive organs of female broilers under varying post-hatch fasting times

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of post-hatch fasting time on the weights of body and digestive organs of chicks. Fertile eggs from 62-week-old broiler breeders (Cobb Fast lineage) were incubated and, after hatching, female chicks were randomly divided into six treatments, which corresponded to fasting periods (0, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours), with 40 chicks per treatment. At 01, 03, 06, and 10 days after hatching, measurements of body weight; residual yolk weight; relative weights of proventriculus + gizzard, intestine + pancreas and liver; and intestine total length were made. At 6 days of age, the chicks submitted to post-hatch fasting, for up to 12 hours, demonstrated greater development, with body weights higher than the other birds. Yet, when fed, no compensatory gain was observed and, at 10 days of age, the birds submitted to 48- and 72-h fasting remained with a lower body development. Intestine growth was also compromised by post-hatch fasting, being reduced in both weight and length. A post-hatching fasting of up to 24 hours did not interfere with the weights of body and digestive organs of 10-day-old female broiler chickens. However, 48- and 72-h post-hatch fastings affected adversely the weight and growth of digestive organs in the birds.

Growth, carcass, and physiological traits of growing male China Micro-ducks fed various levels of dietary crude fibre

The objective of this study was to evaluate the responses of growth performance, organ development, carcass characteristics, and serum biochemical parameters to the diets with different levels of crude fibre (CF) in growing male China Micro-ducks (CMD). A total of 240 nineteen-day-old CMD were blocked on the basis of body weight, and then randomly allocated to four treatments, each with 6 replicate pens of 10 ducklings. The formal feeding experiment lasted for 35 days. The CF levels for four diets were 16.7, 42.6, 77.9, and 101.6 g/kg of dry matter (DM), respectively. The diet with the CF level of 101.6 g/kg of DM resulted in the first-rank growth performance, followed by the diets with the CF level of 42.6 and 77.9 g/kg of DM, and then the diet with the CF level of 16.7 g/kg of DM. The diet with the CF level of 42.6 g/kg of DM led to the optimum slaughter performance, followed by the diets with the CF levels of 16.7 and 77.9 g/kg of DM, and then the diet with the CF level of 101.6 g/kg of DM. With the increase of the CF level in the diets, the serum glucose concentration and the relative weights of proventriculus and gizzard significantly rose (P &amp;lt; 0.05), but the serum concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and creatinine, the percentages of head, feet, and abdominal fat, and the relative weights of liver, jejunum, and ileum significantly decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05). For the percentages of pectoral muscle and lean meat and the relative weight of thymus, dietary treatment with the CF level of 16.7 g/kg of DM was significantly lower than the other dietary treatments (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The recommended range of dietary CF level for growing male CMD should therefore be between 42.6 and 77.9 g/kg of DM.

Effect of in ovo injection of raffinose on growth performance and gut health parameters of broiler chicken

The effects of in ovo injection of raffinose (RFO) as a prebiotic on growth performance, relative weight of proventriculus, gizzard, drumstick and breast muscles, and ileum mucosa morphology were examined in Cobb 500 broilers. A total of 240 fertilized eggs were divided into 4 groups: a non-injected with intact shell and 3 levels of RFO solution (1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 mg in 0.2 mL of an aqueous diluents). The RFO solution was injected into the air sac on d 12 of incubation. In total 144 birds were fed a standard diet and management and sacrificed at d 21 post hatch for collection of samples. Total RNA was extracted from the small intestine, and RT-qPCR was performed to quantify mRNA levels of marker genes of immune cells. Injection of RFO had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on d one body weight of chicks. On d 21, the relative weight of the proventriculus, drumstick, breast, and gizzard was not affected (P > 0.05) by RFO. On hatch d, the villus height increased linearly (P < 0.01) with an increasing dose of RFO. Also, an increasing dose of RFO increased the villus height and villus height:crypt depth ratio (P < 0.05) but did not affect the crypt depth on d 21. The expression levels of CD3 and chB6, which are T cell and B cell marker genes, respectively, were significantly enhanced by high dose RFO (4.5 mg). In conclusion, although an increasing dose of RFO in ovo injection did not significantly influence growth performance or slaughter yield of broilers, RFO has the potential of enhancing ileum mucosa morphology and improving immunity in the small intestine, which are indicators of improved gut health.

Effects of maize naturally contaminated with aflatoxin B1 on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and digestive physiology in ducks

This study was conducted to determine the effects of maize naturally contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on growth performance, intestinal morphology, relative digestive organs weight, digestive enzymes activities, and biochemical index of intestinal development in ducks. A total of 640 ducks was blocked on the basis of sex and body weight, and then allocated randomly to 2 treatments with 20 pens per treatment and 16 ducks per pen. The experiment lasted for 5 wk, and dietary treatments included basal diet (CON) and diets with 100% of normal maize replaced by AFB1 contaminated maize. Detectable levels of other toxins were present but only AFB1 exceeded limits and the level of AFB1 was 195.4 ug/kg in the contaminated maize, and ranged from 2.91 to 120.02 ug/kg in the starter diet and 2.03 to 153.12 ug/kg in the grower diet. Feeding AFB1 contaminated diets decreased (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI during the whole experiment, whereas F/G during d 15 to 35 and d zero to 35 was reduced (P < 0.05). The mortality of ducks fed AFB1 contaminated diets increased (P < 0.05). Ducks fed AFB1 contaminated diets had greater (P < 0.05) relative weights of proventriculus and gizzard on d 14 as well as the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum on d 14 and 35. Feeding AFB1 contaminated diets increased (P < 0.05) crypt depth, villus width, and surface area in the duodenum on d 35 and villus height, villus width, and surface area in the jejunum on d 14. The activities of alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase in the jejunum brush border together with chymotrypsin and trypsin in the pancreas increased (P < 0.05) on d 14 with the inclusion of AFB1 contaminated maize. The jejunum villus became long and wide in ducks fed AFB1 contaminated diets. Taken together, the feeding of maize naturally contaminated with AFB1 caused adverse effects on growth performance and intestinal morphology, and altered digestive physiology and development.

Effect of Feed Form and Whole Grain Feeding on Gastrointestinal Weight and the Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni in Broilers Orally Infected.

Two independent trials were carried out to evaluate the effect of feed form, whole wheat (WW) and oat hulls (OH) addition on gastrointestinal (GIT) weight and Campylobacter jejuni colonization in orally infected birds. In Trial 1, there were six treatments factorially arranged with two feed forms (mash vs pellets), and three levels of WW from 1-21/22-42d: 0/0, 7.5/15%, 15/30%. Broilers were allocated in cages (3 birds/cage, 12 cages/treatment). In Trial 2, there were three treatments: a mash diet, a mash diet including WW (7.5% from 1–21 and 15% from 22-42d), and a third treatment including also 5%OH. Broilers were allocated in floor pens (1 pen with 30 birds/treatment). At 14d, all broilers in Trial 1 or 3 broilers/pen in Trial 2 were orally challenged with 1.5 x 105 cfu of C. jejuni ST-45 /. In Trial 1, birds fed pelleted diets consumed 13.5% more feed, gained 31% more weight, and presented 12.9% better feed conversion for the whole trial (P<0.05). Pelleting decreased the relative weight of GIT and gizzard and increased the relative weight of proventriculus (P<0.05). Mash diets decreased pH in the gizzard (P<0.05). Inclusion of WW decreased the relative weight of proventriculus, increased gizzard weight, and reduced pH in the gizzard (P<0.05). At 21d of age, mash tended to reduce C. jejuni compared to pellets (7.85 vs 8.27 log10cfu/g; P = 0.091) and WW inclusion at 7.5/15% reduced C. jejuni colonization when compared to lower and higher inclusion (P<0.05). In Trial 2, birds fed T3 (WW+OH) showed 1.38 log10cfu/g less than birds fed Control diet (P<0.05). In conclusion, despite of the clear morphological changes in the GIT derived of FF and WW inclusion, no clear reductions in C. jejuni populations in the ceca were observed. However, WW and OH inclusion to mash diets significantly reduced cecal C. jejuni colonization at 42 days.

Effects of rice husk diluted dietary switching on the phenotypic change of gastrointestinal tract in adult ganders

1. An experiment was conducted to test the directionality, scaling and reversibility of phenotypic responses of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of adult ganders to rice husk (RH) diluted dietary switching. 2. A total of 96 140-d-old ganders were acclimatised to a basal diet for 2 weeks. The birds were randomly assigned to 4 treatments. On d 1, diets in the experimental groups were switched from the basal diet to diets which contained 200, 400 or 600 g/kg RH by mass, with no RH in the basal diet. After 21 d, the diet of all the experimental birds was switched back to the basal diet until d 42. 3. Increasing RH content significantly increased feed intake, and a decreased trend appeared after diet-switching. The weights of geese fed on the 600 g/kg RH diet for 21 d reduced, and were significantly less than those of the other three groups, while body weights (BW) of the geese in all groups increased after diet-switching back to the basal diet. At d 21, significantly heavier relative weights of proventriculus, gizzard and all gut components, except duodenum, were observed in birds fed on a 600 g/kg RH diet, and significantly heavier relative weights of gizzard were observed in birds given a 400 g/kg RH diet. Thickness of the two gastric walls, gizzard length and all gut components lengths increased significantly in birds given a 600 g/kg RH diet compared with the other three groups. At d 42, no significant differences were noted in the relative weights or lengths of GIT, except for the caeca, which were significantly heavier in birds fed on 600 g/kg RH diet. 4. The results of the experiment were in accordance with the predictions of the hypothesis that there is matching between loads and capacities. The observed phenotypic responses were directional and scaled to the demands.

Effects of oregano and garlic essential oils on performance, carcase, organ and blood characteristics and intestinal microflora of broilers

The experiment was conducted to determine the individual and combined effects of oregano and garlic essential oils on performance, carcase, organ and blood characteristics and intestinal microflora of broilers. Four starter and grower diets were formulated to provide a similar nutrient profile with the exception of using two feed additives or a combined addition of these additives. The diets were supplemented with: no essential oil (control), oregano essential oil at 300mg/kg, garlic essential oil at 300mg/kg and oregano essential oil at 150mg/kg+garlic essential oil at 150mg/kg. All chicks were fed starter diets from 0 to 21days of age and experimental grower diets from 21 to 42days of age. Body weights of broilers at 42days were not affected by garlic oil and both essential oil combinations; however, oregano essential oil supplementation significantly decreased body weights. There were no differences in feed intake and feed conversion efficiency. Carcase yields and relative weights of proventriculus, gizzard, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, cecum liver, pancreas, spleen, heart and bursa, the concentrations of serum cholesterol, triglicerid and viscosity, Total organism, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus spp., and Coliform counts in the ileum were not affected by treatments. Clostridium counts were significantly decreased in birds from oregano oil, garlic oil and oregano oil+garlic oil compared with that of birds from control.

Effects of different sources of dietary non-starch polysaccharides on the growth performance, development of digestive tract and activities of pancreatic enzymes in goslings

1. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different sources of dietary non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) on growth performance, development of gastrointestinal tract, and activities of pancreatic enzymes in goslings from 0 to 21 d of age. 2. A total of 100 one-day-old White Roman female goslings were selected and randomly divided into 5 dietary treatment groups. Each group had 4 replicate cages (100 × 60 × 58 cm) of 5 goslings. Goslings in each group were given one of 5 isoenergetic and isonitrogenous semi-purified diets. Experimental diets were designed to contain 90 g/kg of different sources of dietary NSP from maize (control), barley hull, rice bran, wheat bran, or pectin, respectively, and 97·4 g/kg NSP were supplied by soybean meal. 3. The goslings receiving the pectin diet had significantly higher viscosity in intestinal digesta than the other treatment diets. However, the daily feed intake, daily weight gain, and feed conversion ratio of goslings in the pectin group were significantly lower than those given the other diets. 4. The relative weights of proventriculus, gizzard, liver and pancreas, as well as the relative weights and lengths of various intestinal segments in the goslings that received the pectin diet, were significantly higher than those receiving the other diets. The specific activities (SA) of amylase, lipase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin in the pancreatic tissue of goslings in the pectin group were significantly lower than those in the other groups. 5. Goslings given a soluble NSP source (pectin) diet tended to exhibit inhibited growth and decreased activity of pancreatic enzymes. However, compared with maize, the inclusion of insoluble NSP sources from barley hull, rice bran, and wheat bran did not negatively affect growth and also were not significantly different among the treatment diets.

Níveis de arginina e lisina digestíveis na dieta de frangos de corte na fase pré-inicial

Avaliaram-se o desempenho, a digestibilidade e retenção de nutrientes e o desenvolvimento de órgãos de frangos de corte na fase pré-inicial (1 a 7 dias de idade) alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de lisina e arginina digestíveis. Um total de 352 pintos AgRoss machos foram distribuídos em um arranjo fatorial 2 &lt;FONT FACE=Symbol&gt;´&lt;/FONT&gt; 3 composto de dois níveis de lisina digestível (1,056 e 1,305%) e três níveis de arginina digestível (1,305; 1,459 e 1,613%), com quatro repetições de 11 aves. O ganho de peso diário não foi afetado pelas dietas, porém, houve efeito quadrático dos níveis de arginina sobre a conversão alimentar de 1 a 7 dias e de 1 a 21 dias de idade e efeito linear sobre o consumo de alimento no período de 1 a 21 dias de idade. O peso relativo do proventrículo + moela reduziu à medida que o nível de arginina digestível aumentou para o nível de 1,305% de lisina digestível aos 14 dias de idade. Os valores do coeficiente de digestibilidade dos nutrientes e retenção de MS e N foram melhores nos menores níveis de lisina digestível. Os níveis de 1,40 a 1,46% de arginina digestível podem ser utilizados em dietas para frangos de corte na fase pré-inicial, mas, à medida que aumenta o conteúdo de lisina da dieta, deve-se manter a relação desse aminoácido com arginina.

Efeito da temperatura ambiente sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de frangos de corte dos 22 aos 42 dias

Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar o efeito da temperatura ambiente sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de frangos de corte no período de 22 a 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 336 frangos machos da linhagem Avian Farm (peso médio inicial de 624 g) distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (temperaturas ambientais - 16, 20, 25 e 32ºC, o primeiro constituído de 12 repetições e os demais, de 24 repetições), todos com quatro aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos influenciaram o ganho de peso e os consumos de ração e energia metabolizável, que aumentaram de forma quadrática até as temperaturas estimadas de 24,4; 19,1; e 19,1ºC, respectivamente. A conversão alimentar também variou de forma quadrática, melhorando até a temperatura estimada de 26,3ºC. Os tratamentos influenciaram os rendimentos de carcaça e peito, que variaram de forma linear com o aumento da temperatura de 16 até 32ºC. O rendimento de coxa sofreu efeito quadrático, aumentando até a temperatura estimada de 19,4ºC. Os pesos absolutos de coração, fígado e moela e os pesos relativos de coração e moela também foram influenciados pelas temperaturas, sendo maiores em temperaturas mais baixas (16ºC) e menores nas mais elevadas (32ºC). O peso relativo de fígado aumentou de forma linear com a elevação da temperatura de 16 a 32ºC. No entanto, os pesos absoluto e relativo de proventrículo não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. Os melhores resultados de ganho de peso e dos pesos absolutos de carcaça, peito e coxa foram obtidos quando nas aves criadas em ambientes com temperatura de 24 a 26,3ºC. Temperaturas ambientais abaixo ou acima destes valores influenciam negativamente o ganho de peso e os pesos absolutos de carcaça, peito e coxa.

The Development of Gastrointestinal Tract and Pancreatic Enzymes in White Roman Geese

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the development of gastrointestinal tract and activities of pancreatic enzymes in White Roman geese. Thirty developing embryos at the 22th, 24th and 26th day of incubation and at hatching, and sixteen or eight goslings, half males and half females, at the 1, 3, 7 or 11, 14, 21 and 28 days of age were sampled, respectively. The weights of the yolk, gastrointestinal tract and intestinal length, and the activities of pancreatic enzymes were measured. Residual yolk weight decreased rapidly during late incubation and was nearly depleted at 3 days of age. The protein and energy contents in the residual yolk of goslings at 3 days of age were significantly (p<0.05) less than those at the late incubation. From 6 days before hatching to 28 days of age, the absolute weights of gizzard, proventriculus, liver, pancreas, small intestine and large intestine in goslings increased by 48, 457, 94, 2334, 89 and 76 times, respectively. The relative weights of proventriculus, gizzard, liver, pancreas, small intestine and large intestine reached peaks at 3, 3, 14, 14, 11 and 11 days of age, respectively, and then decreased gradually. However, the relative lengths of small intestine and large intestine reached peaks at 3 days of age and at hatching, respectively. The activities of pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin increased sharply from hatching to 14 day of age, and then decreased gradually until 21 days of age. The activity and specific activity of pancreatic amylase were increased following by age and peaked at 7 to 11 and 21 days of age, respectively. The activity and specific activity of pancreatic lipase reached a plateau from 11 to 28 days of age. These results indicate that the gastrointestinal tract and activities of pancreatic enzymes developed more rapidly than body weight through the early growing period of goslings. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2005. Vol 18, No. 6 : 841-847)