Relative State Research Articles

An efficient quantum multiverse optimization algorithm for solving optimization problems

<p>Due to the recent trend of technologies to use the network-based systems, detecting them from threats become a crucial issue. Detecting unknown or modified attacks is one of the recent challenges in the field of intrusion detection system (IDS). In this research, a new algorithm called quantum multiverse optimization (QMVO) is investigated and combined with an artificial neural network (ANN) to develop advanced detection approaches for an IDS. QMVO algorithm depends on adopting a quantum representation of the quantum interference and operators in the multiverse optimization to obtain the optimal solution. The QMVO algorithm determining the neural network weights based on the kernel function, which can improve the accuracy and then optimize the training part of the artificial neural network. It is demonstrated 99.98% accuracy with experimental results that the proposed QMVO is significantly improved optimization compared with multiverse optimizer (MVO) algorithms.</p>

Pan(proto)psychism and the Relative-State Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

This paper connects the hard problem of consciousness to the interpretation of quantum mechanics. It shows that constitutive Russellian pan(proto)psychism (CRP) is compatible with Everett’s relative-state (RS) interpretation. Despite targeting different problems, CRP and RS are related, for they both establish symmetry between micro- and macrosystems, and both call for a deflationary account of Subject. The paper starts from formal arguments that demonstrate the incompatibility of CRP with alternative interpretations of quantum mechanics, followed by showing that RS entails Russellian pan(proto)psychism. Therefore, CRP and RS are mutually supportive. It then provides a unified ontological picture by combining CRP and RS. The challenge faced by CRP, the combination problem, can be resolved by adopting a RS version of quantum mechanics. Technically, this is achieved by a co-consciousness relation capable of explaining the difference between first-person and third-person perspectives. The hierarchical structure of the relation removes any concern on the structural mismatch between the physical and the phenomenal.

Érvek a kvantumfizika Everett-féle sokvilág-interpretációja mellett

A mikroszkopikus rendszerek leírására a kvantumfizika nagyon sikeresnek bizonyult. Ennek lényege, hogy a rendszert egy állapotfüggvény (hullámfüggvény) írja le, a fizikai mennyiséget pedig operátorral feleltetik meg. Ezeknek az operátoroknak a sajátértékei adják meg a mérés lehetséges értékeit és az ezekhez tartozó sajátállapotokat, továbbá a számítások során megkapjuk a különböző lehetőségek valószínűségeit is. A kvantumfizika eredeti interpretációja szerint a mérés elvégzésekor a sok lehetőség közül csak az egyik realizálódik, vagyis az eredeti állapotfüggvény összeomlik a megvalósuló sajátállapotba. Ezzel az elképzeléssel több elvi probléma is adódik, ezért aztán az utóbbi évtizedekben egyre népszerűbbé vált a sokvilág-interpretáció, amely szerint mindegyik lehetőség egyformán valódinak tekintendő. A matematikai formalizmust tekintve a két elképzelés megegyezik, különbség mindössze az eredmények értelmezésében van. Egyértelmű kísérleti bizonyíték tehát nehezen szerezhető, de ez mégsem lehetetlen. Számos érv van a sokvilág-interpretáció mellet, különösképpen ilyen a működő kvantumszámítógép létezése. A jelen cikk célja, hogy egyfajta hiánypótlásként ezeket a modern eredményeket és elveket magyar nyelven összefoglalja, kiegészítve azokat néhány érdekességgel.

Does the many-worlds interpretation hold the key to spacetime?

Does the many-worlds interpretation hold the key to spacetime?

History, Causation, and the Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

Abstract The Many-Worlds Interpretation (MWI) is a theory in physics which proposes that, rather than quantum-level events being resolved randomly as according to the Copenhagen Interpretation, the universe constantly divides into different versions or worlds. All physically possible worlds occur, though some outcomes are more likely than others, and therefore all possible histories exist. This paper explores some implications of this for history, especially concerning causation. Unlike counterfactuals, which concern different starting conditions, MWI concerns different outcomes of the same starting conditions. It is argued that analysis of causation needs to take into account the divergence of outcomes and the possibility that we inhabit a less probable world. Another implication of MWI is convergent history: for any given world there will be similar worlds which are the result of different pasts which are, however, more or less probable. MWI can assist in thinking about historical causation and indicates the importance of probabilistic causation.

Daily briefing: Why physicists love the many-worlds theory

Daily briefing: Why physicists love the many-worlds theory

The bizarre logic of the many-worlds theory

Robert P. Crease enjoys Sean Carroll’s foray into a 60-year-old theory. Robert P. Crease enjoys Sean Carroll’s foray into a 60-year-old theory.

A unique but flexible space–time could challenge multiverse theories

In a previous paper (Guillemant et al., 2018), we have shown using a 2D billiard toy model that the propagation of uncertainties resulting from space–time discretization leads to a classical multiverse. In this one we estimate the growing law of the number of its branches, thanks to an original shock indexation method that permits a very fast comparison of trajectories. For different involved parameters we use random sets of infinitesimally perturbed initial conditions. From each set, we compute a collection up to hundred millions of different billiard histories. Our main result is the calculation of a Brownian saturation time when the number of branches begins to exceed the total number of billiard states. We discuss the possibility suggested by this result to change locally the paths of objects without changing their past and future histories and then subverting their global system. We conclude that a unique but flexible space–time could compete with the current many-worlds interpretation claiming that each branch is a different universe.

Univerza v Ljubljani

By internalizing Zen Buddhist teachings, the protagonists of Ruth Ozeki’s A Tale for the Time Being (2013) resolve their conflicts with the world and within themselves. The scenario echoes current theoretical interest in the Buddhist concept of no-self as a model of self that is suited to the postmodern condition. This article argues that since the fundamental Buddhist principles conceptually accommodate the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics—the key to the novel’s structure—and the metaphysical framework of postmodernity, Ozeki’s novel illuminates the empowering aspects of the fractal nature of postmodern selves, while charting the possibilities for their actualization. Keywords: Buddhism; digital cultures; empowerment; fractal subject; postmodernity

Primordial Universe with radiation and Bose–Einstein condensate

In this work we derive a scenario {in which} the early universe consists of {radiation fluid} and Bose-Einstein condensate. The possibility of gravitational self-interaction due to an attractive Bose-Einstein condensate is analyzed. The classical behavior of the scale factor of the universe is determined by a parameter associated with the Bose-Einstein fluid with bouncing or Big Crunch solutions. After we proceed to compute the finite-norm wave packet solutions to the Wheeler-DeWitt equation. The behavior of the scale factor is studied by applying the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. The quantum cosmological model is free from the singularities.

Probability in Two Deterministic Universes

How can probabilities make sense in a deterministic many-worlds theory? We address two facets of this problem: why should rational agents assign subjective probabilities to branching events, and why should branching events happen with relative frequencies matching their objective probabilities. To address the first question, we generalise the Deutsch-Wallace theorem to a wide class of many-world theories, and show that the subjective probabilities are given by a norm that depends on the dynamics of the theory: the 2-norm in the usual Many-Worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, and the 1-norm in a classical many-worlds theory known as Kent's universe. To address the second question, we show that if one takes the objective probability of an event to be the proportion of worlds in which this event is realised, then in most worlds the relative frequencies will approximate well the objective probabilities. This suggests that the task of determining the objective probabilities in a many-worlds theory reduces to the task of determining how to assign a measure to the worlds.

Black hole entropy, the black hole information paradox, and time travel paradoxes from a new perspective

ABSTRACTRelatively simple but apparently novel ways are proposed for viewing three related subjects: black hole entropy, the black hole information paradox, and time travel paradoxes. (1) Gibbons and Hawking have completely explained the origin of the entropy of all black holes, including physical black holes – nonextremal and in 3-dimensional space – if one can identify their Euclidean path integral with a true thermodynamic partition function (ultimately based on microstates). An example is provided of a theory containing this feature. (2) There is unitary quantum evolution with no loss of information if the detection of Hawking radiation is regarded as a measurement process within the Everett interpretation of quantum mechanics. (3) The paradoxes of time travel evaporate when exposed to the light of quantum physics (again within the Everett interpretation), with quantum fields properly described by a path integral over a topologically nontrivial but smooth manifold.

The direction of time and Boltzmann’s time hypothesis

This work explores Boltzmann’s time hypothesis, which associates the perceived direction of time flow with the second law of thermodynamics. We discuss mechanisms that can be responsible for the action of the second law, for directional properties of time and, ultimately, for the perception that past events cause future events. Special attention is paid to possibility of testing these mechanisms in experiments. It is argued that CP-violations known in particle physics may offer such an opportunity. Entropy-based analysis of decoherence and collapse during traditional quantum measurements and a time-symmetric version of Everett’s many-worlds interpretation are given in the appendix.

In defence of the self-location uncertainty account of probability in the many-worlds interpretation

We defend the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics (MWI) against the objection that it cannot explain why measurement outcomes are predicted by the Born probability rule. We understand quantum probabilities in terms of an observer's self-location probabilities. We formulate a probability postulate for the MWI: the probability of self-location in a world with a given set of outcomes is the absolute square of that world's amplitude. We provide a proof of this postulate, which assumes the quantum formalism and two principles concerning symmetry and locality. We also show how a structurally similar proof of the Born rule is available for collapse theories. We conclude by comparing our account to the recent account offered by Sebens and Carroll.

Any modification of the Born rule leads to a violation of the purification and local tomography principles

Using the existing classification of all alternatives to the measurement postulates of quantum theory we study the properties of bi-partite systems in these alternative theories. We prove that in all these theories the purification principle is violated, meaning that some mixed states are not the reduction of a pure state in a larger system. This allows us to derive the measurement postulates of quantum theory from the structure of pure states and reversible dynamics, and the requirement that the purification principle holds. The violation of the purification principle implies that there is some irreducible classicality in these theories, which appears like an important clue for the problem of deriving the Born rule within the many-worlds interpretation. We also prove that in all such modifications the task of state tomography with local measurements is impossible, and present a simple toy theory displaying all these exotic non-quantum phenomena. This toy model shows that, contrarily to previous claims, it is possible to modify the Born rule without violating the no-signalling principle. Finally, we argue that the quantum measurement postulates are the most non-classical amongst all alternatives.

Daily briefing: Why the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics is seductive, but wrong

Daily briefing: Why the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics is seductive, but wrong

On Some Metaphysical Problems of Many Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

Despite its enormous practical success, many physicists and philosophers alike agree that the quantum theory is full of contradictions and paradoxes which are difficult to solve consistently. Even after 90 years, the experts themselves still do not all agree what to make of it. The area of disagreement centers primarily around the problem of describing observations. Formally, the so-called quantum measurement problem can be defined as follows: the result of a measurement is a superposition of vectors, each representing the quantity being observed as having one of its possible values. The question that has to be answered is : how this superposition can be reconciled with the fact that in practice we only observe one value. How is the measuring instrument prodded into making up its mind which value it has observed? Among some alternatives to resolve the above QM measurement problem, a very counterintuitive one was suggested by Hugh Everett in his 1955 Princeton dissertation, which was subsequently called the Many-Worlds Interpretation of QM (MWI). In this paper, we will not discuss all possible scenarios to solve the measurement problem, but we will only shortly discuss Everett’s MWI, because it has led to heated debates on possibility of multiverses, beyond the Universe we live in. We also discuss two alternatives against MWI proposal: (a) the so-called scale symmetry theory , and (b) the Maxwell-Dirac isomorphism. In last section, we also discuss shortly MWI hypothesis from philosophical perspective.

Objective and Subjective Solomonoff Probabilities in Quantum Mechanics

Algorithmic probability has shown some promise in dealing with the probability problem in the Everett interpretation, since it provides an objective, single-case probability measure. Many find the Everettian cosmology to be overly extravagant, however, and algorithmic probability has also provided improved models of subjective probability and Bayesian reasoning. I attempt here to generalize algorithmic Everettianism to more Bayesian and subjectivist interpretations. I present a general framework for applying generative probability, of which algorithmic probability can be considered a special case. I apply this framework to two commonly vexing thought experiments that have immediate application to quantum probability: the Sleeping Beauty and Replicator experiments.

Counterpart Theory and Its Applications

<p><em>Inspired by the many-worlds interpretation in quantum theory, </em><em>I present the concepts of “nousor” and the theory of counterpart, by which </em><em>I make a metaphysical argument that the existence of other parallel worlds could be brought to light by dreams, </em><em>and</em><em> </em><em>that </em><em>counterparts in different wor</em><em>l</em><em>ds can exchange information through the nousor containing information packets</em><em> to ensure the oneness of counterparts</em><em>. Many worlds and all lives there follow the </em><em>rules which are permanent and can not be violated</em><em>. Based on the counterpart theory, I propose a new view on the origin and meaning of </em><em>d</em><em>éjà vu, Planck’s problem</em><em>, and actual dreams, to</em><em> offer a novel way of thinking and a problem-solving paradigm. Governments should collect citizen’s dreams and use group dreams as a critical indicator to predicate catastrophes. </em></p>

Is the Quilted Multiverse Consistent with a Thermodynamic Arrow of Time?

Theoretical achievements, as well as much controversy, surround multiverse theory. Various types of multiverses, with an increasing amount of complexity, were suggested and thoroughly discussed in literature by now. While these types are very different, they all share the same basic idea: our physical reality consists of more than just one universe. Each universe within a possibly huge multiverse might be slightly or even very different from the others. The quilted multiverse is one of these types, whose uniqueness arises from the postulate that every possible event will occur infinitely many times in infinitely many universes. In this paper we show that the quilted multiverse is not self-consistent due to the instability of entropy decrease under small perturbations. We therefore propose a modified version of the quilted multiverse which might overcome this shortcoming. It includes only those universes where the minimal entropy occurs at the same instant of (cosmological) time. Only these universes whose initial conditions are fine-tuned within a small phase-space region would evolve consistently to form their "close" states at present. A final boundary condition on the multiverse may further lower the amount of possible, consistent universes. Finally, some related observations regarding the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics and the emergence of classicality are discussed.