Relative Ranking Research Articles

Ranking Magnetic Colloid Performance for Magnetic Particle Imaging and Magnetic Particle Hyperthermia

AbstractMagnetic particle imaging (MPI) is an emerging modality that can address longstanding technological challenges encountered with magnetic particle hyperthermia (MPH) cancer therapy. MPI is a tracer technology compatible with MPH for which magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) provide signal for MPI and heat for MPH. Identifying whether a specific MNP formulation is suitable for both modalities is essential for clinical implementation. Current models predict that functional requirements of each modality impose conflicting demands on nanoparticle magnetic properties. This objective here is to develop a measurement and ranking scheme based on end‐use performance to streamline evaluation of candidate MNP formulations. The measured MPI point‐spread function (PSF) and specific loss power (SLP) is combined to generate a single numerical value for comparison on a relative ranking scale, or figure of merit (FoM). 12 aqueous iron‐containing formulations are evaluated, including FDA‐approved (parenteral) iron‐containing colloids. MNPs with high (Synomag‐D70: 123.4), medium (Synomag‐D50: 63.2), and low (NanoXact: 0.147) FoM values are selected for in vivo validation of the selection scheme in subcutaneous 4T1 tumors. Results demonstrate that the proposed ranking accurately assessed the relative performance of MNPs for MPI and MPH. Data demonstrated that image quality and tumor temperature rise increased with FoM ranking, validating predictions. It isshown that the MPI signal correlated with MNP concentration in tissue. Computational heat transfer models anchored on tumor MPI data harmonized with experimental results to within an average of 2 °C when MNP content estimated from MPI data is included. Computational studies emphasized the importance of post‐injection MNP quantitation and MPI spatial resolution.

Scheduling Splitable Jobs on Identical Parallel Machines to Minimize Makespan using Mixed Integer Linear

The scheduling of parallel machines with and without a job-splitting property, deterministic demand,and sequence-independent setup time with the goal of minimizing makespan is examined in this work.For simultaneous processing by multiple machines, single-stage splitable jobs are broken into random(job) sections. When a job starts to be processed on a machine, an operator has to setup the machinefor an hour. By creating two Mixed Integer Linear Programming models, this work proposes amathematical programming strategy (MILP). A MILP model takes the job-splitting property intoaccount. Another model, however, does not include the job-splitting property. This study investigatesthe performance of the proposed models using Gurobi solver. These programs' numerical calculationsare based on actual problems in the Indonesian city of Bandung's plastics industry. On four identicalparallel injection molding machines, 318 jobs must be finished in 22 periods. The real schedulingmethod is contrasted with these two MILP models. The maximum workload imbalance, the maximumrelative percentage of imbalance, and the makespan of these three scheduling systems are used toevaluate their effectiveness. Without the job-splitting property, MILP can handle the real issue ofscheduling identical parallel machines on injection molding machines to reduce makespan, resultingin a 36% average decrease. The MILP model's job-splitting property can reduce makespan by anadditional 2.40%. The order of relative ranking is MILP with job-splitting property, MILP withoutjob-splitting property, and actual scheduling based on the makespan minimization, workloadimbalance, and relative percentage of imbalance.

Optimization of ore pillar recovery based on weighting combined with uncertainty measurement theory

Abstract Given the multi-objective nature and inherent uncertainty in evaluating ore pillar mining schemes, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and entropy method were applied to determine factor weights. A new combined weighting method was proposed to obtain more objective and accurate results. Seven quantitative and four qualitative indicators were selected based on various mining performance factors and grading standards. A combined weighting–uncertainty measurement theory evaluation model was then constructed, integrating weight values and confidence levels from the recognition criteria. This model was applied to evaluate three proposed schemes, determining their relative merits and ranking. The evaluation demonstrated that the combined weighting–uncertainty measurement model outperformed both the fuzzy theory and the TOPSIS method in delivering comprehensive, objectivity and reliable results for assessing ore pillar mining schemes.

The impact of social status on the formation of collaborative ties and effort provision: An experimental study

We study whether competition for social status induces higher effort provision and efficiency when individuals collaborate with their network neighbors. We consider a laboratory experiment in which individuals choose a costly collaborative effort and their network neighbors. They benefit from their neighbors’ effort and effort choices of direct neighbors are strategic complements. We introduce two types of social status in a 2 × 2 factorial design: (1) individuals receive monetary benefits for incoming links representing popularity; (2) they receive feedback on their relative payoff ranking within the group. We find that link benefits induce higher effort provision and strengthen the collaborative ties relative to the Baseline treatment without social status. In contrast, the ranking information induces lower effort as individuals start competing for higher ranking. Overall, we find that social status has no significant impact on the number of links in the network and the efficiency of collaboration in the group.

Identification of a rank-based radiomic signature with individualized prognostic value for lung adenocarcinoma in a multi-cohort study

ObjectivesRadiomics provides an opportunity to evaluate cancer prognosis noninvasively. However, the susceptibility of the radiomic quantitative features to multicenter effects, leads to the clinical dilemma of the radiomic signatures. This study aimed to develop a radiomic signature to circumvent multicenter effects, achieving the individualized prognostic assessment of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). MethodsUsing computed tomography (CT) imaging of 234 stage I–IIIA LUAD patients derived from three public multicenter cohorts, we proposed a rank-based method that utilized the relative rank patterns of quantitative values between radiomic feature pairs within individual patients and established a feature pair signature for LUAD prognosis. We collected a new clinical cohort with 162 LUAD patients for independent validation. ResultsA rank-based radiomic signature, consisting of 12 feature pairs, was developed, and it could determine the mortality risk for an individual according to the rank patterns of 12 feature pairs within the patient’s CT imaging. The prognostic performance of the rank-based signature was effectively validated in the new clinical cohort (log-rank P = 0.0051, C-index = 0.73), whereas other signatures lost their prognostic ability across centers. The novel proposed radiomic nomogram significantly improved the prognostic performance of clinicopathological factors. The further radiogenomic analyses revealed the underlying biological characteristics (e.g., Stemness, Ferroptosis,’ECM’) reflected by the rank-based radiomic signature. ConclusionsThis multicenter study illustrates the accuracy and stability of the rank-based radiomic signature for LUAD prognosis, and demonstrates a unique advantage of clinical individualized application. The biological characteristics underlying the rank-based radiomic signature would accelerate its clinical application.

CORRUPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA: DOES DATA SUPPORT “GREASE THE WHEELS” OR “SAND THE WHEELS”?

The study investigated the relationship between corruption and economic growth in Nigeria using data from 1996 to 2020. The research employed the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) method and Granger causality tests. The FMOLS results indicated that both gross fixed capital formation and urbanization significantly and positively influence economic growth in Nigeria, whereas the corruption index has a negative and significant effect, aligning with the "sand the wheels" theory. The Granger causality analysis showed a unidirectional relationship, where gross fixed capital formation Granger-causes GDP growth rate, and GDP growth rate Granger-causes both the corruption index and the relative corruption ranking in Nigeria. Based on these results, the study recommends that policymakers prioritise transparency and good governance by implementing e-governance initiatives to reduce bureaucratic hurdles and opportunities for corruption. Furthermore, there should be consistent monitoring and thorough evaluation of the impact of anti-corruption strategies on economic growth and development to ensure their effectiveness.

Psychometric Properties of the PLAYself in a Cohort of Secondary School Student-Athletes.

Physical literacy is the motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge, and understanding, enabling individuals to value and take responsibility for engagement in physical activities for life. While tools exist to measure physical literacy in most populations, the psychometric properties of the Physical Literacy Assessment for Youth (PLAY) tool in an older adolescent age group are currently unknown. The purpose of this work was to determine the psychometric properties of the PLAY tool, specifically the PLAYself, in an older adolescent age group (~14-18 years). One hundred and fifty-one secondary school in-season student-athletes completed the PLAYself, with construct validity assessed using an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Results from the EFA yielded a 7-factor model across the three subsections (environment, physical literacy self-description, relative rankings of literacies) of the PLAYself, all with acceptable levels of internal consistency. The PLAYself produced acceptable estimates for construct validity and reliability, making it a useful tool for measuring physical literacy in secondary school student-athletes.

The impact of digital inequities on salivary gland cancer disparities in the United States.

Technology and internet access have become increasingly integrated into healthcare as the primary platform for health-related information and provider-patient communication. Disparities in access to digital resources exist in the United States and have been shown to impact health outcomes in various head and neck malignancies. Our objective is to evaluate the associations of digital inequity on health outcomes in patients with salivary gland cancer (SGC). The Digital Inequity Index (DII) was developed using 17 census-tract level variables obtained from the American Community Survey and Federal Communications Commission. Variables were categorized as digital infrastructure or sociodemographic (e.g., non-digital) and scored based on relative rankings across all US counties. Scores were assigned to patients from the Surveillance-Epidemiology-End Results (SEER) database diagnosed with SGC between 2013 and 2017 based on county-of-residence. Regressions were performed between DII score and outcomes of surveillance time, survival time, tumor stage at time of diagnosis, and treatment modality. Among 9306 SGC-patients, increased digital inequity was associated with advanced-staging at presentation (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01-1.07, p = 0.033), increased odds of chemotherapy receipt (OR: 1.05, CI: 1.01-1.10, p = 0.010), and decreased odds of surgical intervention (OR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.91-0.98, p = 0.003) after accounting for traditional sociodemographic factors. Increased digital inequity was also associated with decreased surveillance time and survival periods. Digital inequity significantly and independently associates with negative health and treatment outcomes in SGC patients, highlighting the importance of directed efforts to address these seldom-investigated drivers of health disparities.

Synthesising a network of evidence on a seabird bycatch mitigation measure

AbstractRobust estimates of the relative efficacies of alternative management interventions are essential for developing evidence‐informed fisheries bycatch policy. Bycatch is a major threat to the conservation of albatrosses and other pelagic seabirds. Branchline weighting is one approach prescribed by regional fisheries management organisations and the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels to reduce seabird bycatch in pelagic longline fisheries. We used a Bayesian multilevel network meta‐regression modelling approach to conduct the first synthesis of available evidence to assess the relative efficacies at mitigating seabird bycatch of alternative pelagic longline weighting designs. Unlike conventional pairwise meta‐analysis, network meta‐analysis enables the simultaneous comparison of multiple interventions within a coherent modelling framework. There was a > 97% probability that all weighting designs significantly reduced seabird bycatch compared to a reference design with no weight within 5 m of the hook. Nonetheless, some weighting designs were significantly more effective at reducing seabird bycatch than others—for instance, the 2 designs with weights >60 g and >1 m from the hook performed the best with >93% probability that those 2 designs performed significantly better than 2 more commonly used designs with less weight but attached closer to the hook. These two best performing designs reduced seabird bycatch by ca 89% relative to the reference design. These relative efficacies and rankings, when combined with other performance criteria such as costs to commercial viability and crew safety, support robust evaluations of alternative bycatch management strategies.

Five decades of occupational cancer epidemiology.

In this discussion paper, we provide a narrative review of past and present occupational cancer studies in the journal with a viewpoint towards future occupational cancer research. We reviewed all references in the journal that mentioned cancer according to relevance to etiology, cancer type, agent type, study design, and study population. The Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health has published over 300 manuscripts on occupational cancer over the 50 past years. Although studies of cancer represent the primary health outcome in the journal overall, the relative ranking of cancer manuscripts has declined somewhat over time. A large body of evidence from studies of occupation and industry was apparent both in early research and continuing in recent years. There are several examples of the utility of pooled multi-country collaborative studies. Studies also took advantage of available high-quality national population and cancer registers in Nordic countries. There have been notable shifts in focus with regard to the cancer types examined, with increases in publications examining female breast cancer over the decades. The interplay of studies of occupational and environmental cancer has also been apparent. The journal offers a unique viewpoint to consider the evolution of occupational cancer evidence over time. Studies of occupational cancer have played a central role in global cancer hazard identification efforts. Although much has been gained, there remains a need for renewed global support for occupational cancer research. Concerted efforts will be needed to ensure a future robust evidence-base for occupational and environmental cancer worldwide.

Ecological and anthropogenic factors influencing the Summer habitat use of Bos gaurus and its conservation threats in Chitwan National Park, Nepal.

Gaur (Bos gaurus) is listed as a vulnerable species in the IUCN Red List of threatened species due to the rapid population decline caused by human pressures in their habitats. To develop successful conservation plans, it is essential to understand the relationship between Gaur and their habitats. This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing Gaur habitat use and identify and rank conservation threats in Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Using line transect surveys, we recorded Gaur's presence via direct sightings and indirect signs (dung, footprints, horns) over an area of 176 km2 in July and August 2022. We used binary logistic regression models to determine the collected ecological and anthropogenic factors influencing the occurrence of Gaur and the relative whole-site threat ranking method to rank conservation threats. The results revealed that the probability of Gaur occurrence increases with moderate to high canopy cover, riverine and Shorea robusta dominated forests, and nearest distance to road/path/firelines, while decreasing with the presence of predators. Uncontrolled fire, invasive species, human disturbances, and climate change were ranked as the most prevailing threats to Gaur in our study area. Conservation managers should implement effective habitat management interventions, such as construction of waterhole, firelines maintenance, grassland management, and control of invasive species in the potential habitats, to safeguard and maintain the sustainability of Gaur populations and associated herbivores. Future studies should consider larger geographical settings and multiple seasons, and habitat suitability assessments should be conducted to determine current and future suitable habitat refugia for Gaur and other threatened wildlife species at the landscape level.

The Impact of Peer Performance and Relative Rank on Managerial Career Attainment: Evidence from College Students

The Impact of Peer Performance and Relative Rank on Managerial Career Attainment: Evidence from College Students

Hybrid machine learning framework for multi-well trajectory optimization in an unconventional field

The well placement problem in the petroleum industry is usually solved by integrating an optimizer with a reservoir simulation model. This is a time-consuming approach requiring thousands of simulation runs depending on the complexity of the reservoir system. This paper introduces two well placement optimization models: a Fast-Marching Model (FMM) based on fluid flow physics and a Hybrid Model integrating reservoir simulations and FMM results with a gradient boosting algorithm. These models prioritize speed and accuracy when integrated with genetic algorithm optimization, demonstrated using a synthetic unconventional field. From 290 randomly selected locations across the synthetic unconventional field, simulation runs were performed to determine cumulative gas production and used as ground truth. Using reservoir properties at these locations as inputs, Relative Opportunity Ranking (ROR) maps were generated using the FMM and Hybrid Model approaches. The ROR maps were then linked with a genetic algorithm to determine optimal well locations, iteratively updating ROR maps with penalty maps until all wells were appropriately placed. Results indicated that the standalone FMM generated ROR maps were highly correlated with the simulation results. Time complexity analysis revealed that both models were significantly faster than traditional methods, with the FMM independent of simulation and the Hybrid Model requiring only about 290 simulation runs. Ultimately, these models have shown tremendous potential for integration into current reservoir engineering workflows, reducing decision-making times in both greenfield and brownfield scenarios.

The contribution of movement to social network structure and spreading dynamics under simple and complex transmission.

The structure of social networks fundamentally influences spreading dynamics. In general, the more contact between individuals, the more opportunity there is for the transmission of information or disease to take place. Yet, contact between individuals, and any resulting transmission events, are determined by a combination of spatial (where individuals choose to move) and social rules (who they choose to interact with or learn from). Here, we examine the effect of the social-spatial interface on spreading dynamics using a simulation model. We quantify the relative effects of different movement rules (localized, semi-localized, nomadic and resource-based movement) and social transmission rules (simple transmission, anti-conformity, proportional, conformity and threshold rules) to both the structure of social networks and spread of a novel behaviour. Localized movement created weakly connected sparse networks, nomadic movement created weakly connected dense networks, and resource-based movement generated strongly connected modular networks. The resulting rate of spreading varied with different combinations of movement and transmission rules, but-importantly-the relative rankings of transmission rules changed when running simulations on static versus dynamic representations of networks. Our results emphasize that individual-level social and spatial behaviours influence emergent network structure, and are of particular consequence for the spread of information under complex transmission rules.This article is part of the theme issue 'The spatial-social interface: a theoretical and empirical integration'.

Decision-Making Framework for Improving Bank Performance in Emerging Markets: The Analysis of AHP-TOPSIS and AHP-GRA Models

Abstract This study utilizes the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in combination with the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) models to thoroughly assess the performance of banks in China, India, Pakistan, and Thailand. The integrated results offer significant insights into the relative rankings of various banks in each country. In China, Bank of China Ltd (BOC) emerges as the top performer, setting a benchmark for others. Similarly, in India, the State Bank of India is consistently identified as the leading bank. The National Bank of Pakistan stands out as the top performer in Pakistan. In Thailand, despite minor deviations in results, Kasikornbank PCL (KBANK) consistently shows strong performance. The alignment of results between AHP-TOPSIS and AHP-GRA underscores the reliability of both models, providing stakeholders and decision-makers with a comprehensive understanding of bank performance. This enables them to identify benchmarks, leverage strengths, and address areas for improvement within each country’s banking sector.

Variability and Diversity Studies Using Morpho-physiological Traits in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Irrigated and Rainfed Conditions

A study was conducted at Rice and Wheat Research Centre, Malan and Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CSK HPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India during October, 2013 to May, 2014 to identify traits for developing reliable selection criteria and conduct diversity analysis. In the present investigation, fifty-six diverse wheat genotypes were evaluated in an alpha-design using various yield attributes and drought indices under irrigated and moisture-stress environments over three environments in two locations. Results from the study indicated significant differences for almost all the traits under all three environments and pooled environments. Variability studies showed high phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variability with high heritability coupled with high genetic advance for seedling vigour under irrigated conditions as well as under moisture-stress conditions along with membrane stability index, dry matter accumulation and grain yield. On the basis of low DSI and high DRI values and relative ranking of morpho-physiological traits, seven genotypes HPW 368, NI 5439, CM 33, CM 19, HPW 236, CM 11 and HPW 349 have been found to be moisture-stress tolerant. Association studies showed that grains spike-1, harvest index, thousand grain weight, excised leaf water loss and days to 75% maturity are most important traits for selection of tolerant genotypes. On the basis of D2 statistics, 56 genotypes were grouped into twelve main clusters and genotypes HPW 277, HPW 297 and NIAW 1415 were found superior as well as diverse for most of the traits. Hence, these genotypes can be used in breeding programmes aimed at enhancing drought tolerance.

Emotional design and evaluation of children’s furniture based on AHP-TOPSIS

Children’s physical and mental health development is highly related to furniture and integrating the emotional design concept into children’s furniture design helps cultivate children’s personalities and promote healthy growth. The model framework of children’s furniture emotional design was constructed from the instinctive level, behavioral level, and reflective level. The comprehensive weight of the design factors was calculated using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and three schemes were designed according to the priority of the design factors. The evaluation matrix was constructed by combining the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), and the distances of each scheme from the positive and negative ideal solutions were calculated, and the optimal scheme was selected according to the relative proximity ranking of the three schemes. The experimental results verified the importance of the reflective level in the three levels of the emotional design theory and emphasized the key role of emotional design in children’s furniture. Therefore, the evaluation system based on AHP and TOPSIS is feasible, which can effectively reduce the influence of subjective factors, make the design decision more scientific, and provide a new reference approach for furniture design.

First line therapy in stage IV BRAF mutated colorectal cancer

IntroductionThe molecular profile of colorectal cancer (CRC) plays a crucial role in understanding patient prognosis and treatment response. Within CRC, a distinct subgroup can be identified by the presence of the BRAF V600E mutation. This specific mutation, classified as Class I of BRAF mutations, is known to be associated with a poor prognosis and resistance to standard therapy. To determine the most effective treatment approach for this specific subgroup of CRC, we conducted a network meta-analysis (NMA) to compare various pharmacological interventions and evaluate their relative effectiveness in BRAF-mutated CRCs. Materials and methodsOn July 31, 2023, we conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Embase. The inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) reporting of outcomes in patients with BRAF-mutated CRC who underwent first-line chemotherapy; 2) reporting of survival information as hazard ratios (HR); and 3) publication in English. The data were combined using HRs for overall and progression-free survival (OS and PFS) using random-effects models. NMA was performed under the Bayesian framework, utilizing the GeMTC package. The relative rankings of the treatments were determined using SUCRA scores. ResultsA total of 16 studies were included. When compared to standard chemotherapy (CT) doublets (such as FOLFOX or FOLFIRI), none of the comparison arms demonstrated a gain in OS. CT doublet + bevacizumab did not show significant superiority over either CT doublet alone or 5FU/capecitabine + bevacizumab. FOLFOXIRI and FOLFOXIRI + bevacizumab did not show superiority over any other treatment schedule that was compared. CT doublets + bevacizumab had the highest SUCRA score (0.87), followed by single-agent fluoropyrimidines + bevacizumab (0.61), and FOLFOXIRI (0.56). Regarding PFS, no regimen was found to be superior to the combination of CT doublet plus bevacizumab. However, FOLFOXIRI + bevacizumab + atezolizumab showed a tendency towards better results (HR = 0.26, 95 % CI 0.05–1.1). ConclusionsOur review suggests that a CT doublet with bevacizumab is the most favorable option for OS. However, a reasonable alternative could be a triplet CT without bevacizumab.

Effectiveness of low to moderate potency topical corticosteroids for phimosis resolution in children: results of a network meta-analysis.

The use of topical corticosteroids (TCSs) has become an efficient, less-invasive treatment for phimosis. Whether any significant difference in efficacy exists between TCSs based on their potency is unclear. Electronic databases were searched up to March 2024 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the use of any type or concentration of TCSs with placebo or no treatment in boys with any degree of physician diagnosed phimosis. A random-effects network meta-analysis (NMA) using a consistency model within a frequentist approach was employed. The primary outcome was partial or complete resolution of phimosis reported as a pooled risk ratio (RR) with 95% CI. Relative ranking was assessed with surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) probabilities. Seventeen RCTs, containing 2057 participants were identified. NMA suggested that, compared with control, the high (RR 3.19 (95% CI 1.42 to 7.16), moderate (RR 2.68 (95% CI 1.87 to 3.83) and low (RR 3.05 (95% CI 1.63 to 5.71) potency TCSs statistically significantly increased complete or partial clinical resolution of phimosis. The SUCRA plot revealed that high potency (SUCRA = 0.76) was ranked first followed by low and moderate TCSs. When we assessed comparative efficacy among TCSs based on potency, none of the classes were superior to others. The certainty of the evidence for an effect of moderate potent TCSs was that of moderate GRADE quality. Moderate to low potency TCSs are of comparable therapeutic effect in the treatment of phimosis to that of highly potent formulations. More high-quality RCTs are warranted.

SDSS-IV MaNGA: Stellar rotational support in disk galaxies vs. central surface density and stellar population age

Abstract We investigate how the stellar rotational support changes as a function of spatially resolved stellar population age ($\rm D_n4000$) and relative central stellar surface density (ΔΣ1) for MaNGA isolated/central disk galaxies. We find that the galaxy rotational support indicator $\lambda _{R_\mathrm{e}}$ varies smoothly as a function of ΔΣ1 and $\rm D_n4000$. $\rm D_n4000$ vs. ΔΣ1 follows a ‘J-shape’, with $\lambda _{R_\mathrm{e}}$ contributing to the scatters. In this ‘J-shaped’ pattern rotational support increases with central $\rm D_n4000$ when ΔΣ1 is low but decreases with ΔΣ1 when ΔΣ1 is high. Restricting attention to low-ΔΣ1 (i.e, large-radius) galaxies, we suggest that the trend of increasing rotational support with $\rm D_n4000$ for these objects is produced by a mix of two different processes, a primary trend characterized by growth in $\lambda _{R_\mathrm{e}}$ along with mass through gas accretion, on top of which disturbance episodes are overlaid, which reduce rotational support and trigger increased star formation. An additional finding is that star forming galaxies with low ΔΣ1 have relatively larger radii than galaxies with higher ΔΣ1 at fixed stellar mass. Assuming that these relative radii rankings are preserved while galaxies are star forming then implies clear evolutionary paths in central $\rm D_n4000$ vs. ΔΣ1. The paper closes with comments on the implications that these paths have for the evolution of pseudo-bulges vs. classical-bulges. The utility of using $\rm D_n4000$-ΔΣ1 to study $\lambda _{R_\mathrm{e}}$ reinforces the notion that galaxy kinematics correlate both with structure and with stellar-population state, and indicates the importance of a multi-dimensional description for understanding bulge and galaxy evolution.