Relative Peak Power Research Articles

Assessing the Effect of Short-Term Interval Training on Acceleration Ability and Anaerobic Power of Novice Sprinters

Background. Acceleration ability and anaerobic power are critical determinants of sprinting performance, particularly for novice sprinters. Objectives. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of a four-week interval training program on acceleration ability and anaerobic power among novice sprinters. Materials and methods. A within-subjects quasi-experimental design was used to fulfil the study’s objectives. A total of fifteen participants (age: 20.5 ± 1.4 years) underwent baseline assessments of acceleration ability (50 m dash) and anaerobic power (Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test). The adopted progressive interval training protocol consisted of four weekly sessions conducted over a four-week period, focusing on striding, high knees, single-leg hops, curve sprints and double-leg jumps to enhance acceleration ability and anaerobic power. Results. Following the intervention, significant improvements were observed in acceleration ability over a distance of 10 m (pre: 2.14 ± 0.16 s, post: 2.02 ± 0.14 s, p < 0.05, Cohen’s d = 1.02) and 20 m segments (pre: 3.47 ± 0.23 s, post: 3.32 ± 0.20 s, p < 0.05, Cohen’s d = 0.78), indicating moderate to large effect sizes. However, no considerable enhancements were found in anaerobic power parameters (average power, maximum power, minimum power, fatigue index, relative peak power, and anaerobic capacity) at the post-intervention stage (p > 0.05). Conclusions. The study highlights the effectiveness of the interval training protocol in enhancing initial acceleration among novice sprinters, although it suggests a limited impact on anaerobic power within the study period. Further research should investigate the longer-term effects and tailored training approaches to optimize comprehensive sprint performance strategies.

The Effect of Post-Exercise Warm Water Immersion on Anaerobic Power Performance in College Students

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a short-term passive post-exercise heat acclimation (HA) protocol on anaerobic performance in college students. Methods: In total, 28 participants (age 22.3 ± 2.1 years, height 168 ± 9.1 cm, mass 71.5 ± 16.6 kg) volunteered and were randomly divided into either an intervention (INT) or control (CON) group. Both groups followed a consecutive two-day protocol, consisting of a 25 min submaximal cycle @ 50–60% heart rate reserve (HRR), followed by a 25 min hot water immersion (INT) or nothing (CON). All participants performed a 30 s Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) on four separate occasions—familiarization, pre-intervention, acutely post-intervention, and 24 h post intervention. The WAnT measured their peak power (W), relative peak power (W/kg), mean power (W), fatigue index (%), and total work (kJ). Results: From the results of the Factorial ANOVA, it was found that there were no significant differences, with no main effect for group (INT vs. CON) or time (Trials 1–4) and no significant interaction across all measured variables (p > 0.05). Conclusions: A two-day post-exercise passive HA protocol utilizing hot water immersion had no significant effect on the measurement of anaerobic performance in college students.

Wingate anaerobic test as a potential predictor of 500-m time in short track speed skating

ABSTRACT Short-Track Speed Skating (STSS) is an Olympic discipline in which anaerobic performance plays a central role. An established assessment tool for anaerobic performance in STSS athletes is the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT). The aim of this study was to investigate whether WAnT could be used as a predictor of sport-specific performance in the STSS 500-m races. Data from 72 German national STSS athletes (33 female, 39 male) were analysed retrospectively. The statistical analyses included descriptive procedures as well as linear mixed-model analyses. The results showed significant correlations between WAnT outcomes and 500 -m performance of STSS athletes. In male athletes, the coefficients were −0.40 for relative Mean Power (rMP) and −0.32 for relative Peak Power (rPP) (p < 0.001). For female athletes, the rMP showed no significant correlation whereas rPP was significantly correlated with a coefficient of −0.41 (p < 0.001). Marginal R2 values ranged between 0% and 12%. Conditional R2 reached up to 76% depending on sex and WAnT parameter investigated. In conclusion while WAnT can be regarded as a potential predictor of time in 500-m STSS races, it should be used in conjunction with other performance metrics and individualized assessments to better predict performance.

Change in sprint cycling torque is not associated with change in isometric force following six weeks of sprint cycling and resistance training in strength-trained novice cyclists.

Strong relationships exist between sprint cycling torque and isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) force production at one timepoint; however, the relationships between the changes in these measures following a training period are not well understood. Accordingly, this study examined the relationships in the changes of sprint cycling torque and IMTP force following six-weeks of sprint cycling and resistance training performed by strength-trained novice cyclists (n=14). Cycling power, cadence, torque and IMTP force (Peak force [PF]/torque, average and peak rate of force/torque development [RFD/RTD], and RFD/RTD from 0 to 100ms and 0-200ms) were assessed before and after training. Training consisted of three resistance and three sprint cycling sessions per week. Training resulted in improvements in IMTP PF (13.1%) andRFD measures (23.7%-32.5%), cycling absolute (10.7%) and relative (10.5%) peak power, peak torque (11.7%) and RTD measures (27.9%-56.7%). Strong-to-very strong relationships were observed between cycling torque and IMTP force measures pre- (r=0.57-0.84; p<0.05) and post-training (r=0.63-0.87; p<0.05), but no relationship (p>0.05) existed between training-induced changes in cycling torque and IMTP force. Divergent training-induced changes in sprint cycling torque and IMTP force indicate that these measures assess distinct neuromuscular attributes. Training-induced changes in IMTP force are not indicative of training-induced changes in sprint cycling torque.

A Single Bout of On-Ice Training Leads to Increased Interlimb Asymmetry in Competitive Youth Hockey Athletes.

Interlimb asymmetry (ILA) refers to an anatomical or physiological imbalance between contralateral limbs, which can influence neuromuscular function. Investigating the influence of neuromuscular fatigue on ILA may be critical for optimizing training programs, injury rehabilitation, and sport-specific performance. The purpose of this study was to determine if a single bout of ice hockey-specific exercise creates or exacerbates lower-limb ILA. Before and after an on-ice training session, 33 youth ice-hockey athletes (14.9 [1.7]y; 11 females) performed 3 repetitions of a maximal vertical countermovement jump (CMJ), an eccentric hamstring contraction, and maximal isometric hip adduction and abduction contractions. Force- and power-related variables were analyzed to determine limb-specific neuromuscular function. The on-ice session reduced maximal isometric hip adduction (left: 7.3% [10.3%]; right: 9.5% [9.6%]) and abduction (left: 4.9% [6.9%]; right: 5.0% [8.1%]) force, but did not impair (P ≥ .10) CMJ performance (jump height, relative peak power, braking duration, and total duration). After the on-ice session, ILA was greater for CMJ propulsive impulse (6.3% [2.9%] vs 5.1% [2.6%]), CMJ braking rate of force development (19.3% [7.6%] vs 15.2% [6.4%]), and peak isometric hip adduction force (6.7% [5.5%] vs 6.1% [4.1%]). In conclusion, hockey-specific exercise leads to increased ILA for multiple force-related metrics, which may be a compensatory mechanism to maintain bilateral task performance when fatigued.

Repeated Sprint Variations According to Circadian Rhythm at Different Menstrual Cycle Phases.

This study assessed the repeated sprint performance in relation to circadian rhythm during different menstrual cycle phases (MCP). Twelve volunteer eumenorrheic women team sport athletes performed 5×6-s cycling sprints in morning (9 am to 10 am) and evening (6 pm to 7 pm) sessions during the mid-follicular (FP, 6th-10th d) and luteal phases (LP, 19th-24th d). Body weight, oral body temperature, resting heart rate and lactate levels together with estradiol, progesterone and cortisol levels were determined before tests. Relative peak and mean power and performance decrements were determined as performance variables and maximum heart rate, lactate and ratings of perceived exertion were determined as physiological variables. Evening body temperatures were significantly higher. Cortisol levels were higher in the morning and in the FP. Resting lactate levels did not vary with MCP or time of day, but a significant MCP x time of day interaction was observed. Body weight showed no change according to time of day and MCP. There was no significant effect of MCP and time of day on performance and physiological variables, in contrast, maximum lactate values were notably higher in the evening. In conclusion, MCP and time of day need not be considered during repeated sprint exercises of eumenorrheic women athletes.

Caffeine Gum Improves Reaction Time but Reduces Composure Versus Placebo During the Extra-Time Period of Simulated Soccer Match-Play in Male Semiprofessional Players.

This study aimed to determine whether caffeine gum influenced perceptual-cognitive and physical performance during the extra-time period of simulated soccer match-play. Semiprofessional male soccer players (n = 12, age: 22 ± 3years, stature: 1.78 ± 0.06m, mass: 75 ± 9kg) performed 120-min soccer-specific exercise on two occasions. In a triple-blind, randomized, crossover design, players chewed caffeinated (200mg; caffeine) or control (0mg; placebo) gum for 5min following 90min of soccer-specific exercise. Perceptual-cognitive skills (i.e.,passing accuracy, reaction time, composure, and adaptability) were assessed using a soccer-specific virtual reality simulator, collected pre- and posttrial. Neuromuscular performance (reactive-strength index, vertical jump height, absolute and relative peak power output, and negative vertical displacement) and sprint performance (15 and 30m) were measured at pretrial, half-time, 90min, and posttrial. Caffeine gum attenuated declines in reaction time (pre: 90.8 ± 0.8AU to post: 90.7 ± 0.8AU) by a further 4.2% than placebo (pre: 92.1 ± 0.8AU to post: 88.2 ± 0.8AU; p < .01). Caffeine gum reduced composure by 4.7% (pre: 69.1 ± 0.8AU to post: 65.9 ± 0.8AU) versus placebo (pre: 68.8 ± 0.8AU to post: 68.3 ± 0.8AU; p < .01). Caffeine gum did not influence any other variables (p > .05). Where caffeine gum is consumed by players prior to extra-time, reaction time increases but composure may be compromised, and neuromuscular and sprint performance remain unchanged. Future work should assess caffeine gum mixes with substances like L-theanine that promote a relaxed state under stressful conditions.

Anaerobic Performance Profiling in Elite Amateur Boxers.

While anaerobic fitness is highly important for the performance in Olympic (amateur) boxing, the relationship between anaerobic performance metrics is poorly understood, and profiling boxers according to their anaerobic capacity is still a challenge. With the current study in elite amateur boxers, we aimed to compare the metabolic and cardiovascular responses to different maximal tests and the intercorrelations between performance indices (peak and mean power, duration of the test, punching frequency) of several all-out tests and their correlation to physiological response metrics (blood lactate and heart rate, HR). Twelve male Olympic boxers performed a battery of tests, including 30 s Wingate cycling and arm cranking, boxing bag punching, steep uphill treadmill running to exhaustion, and progressive treadmill running VO2max test. Performance indices of different anaerobic tests were not closely correlated except for the duration of uphill running with body weight scaled (relative) peak and mean power produced during Wingate cycling test and absolute mean power of both Wingate tests. The number of punches landed on a bag per 30 s was associated only with relative power achieved during Wingate cycling test. HRpeak but not peak lactate response correlated strongly across exercise tasks. Finally, no correlation between the highly developed aerobic and anaerobic capacity, suggests a complex picture of the adaptation in elite amateur boxers.

A unique pseudo-eligibility analysis of longitudinal laboratory performance data from a transgender female competitive cyclist

Abstract Background and Aims The Union Cycliste Internationale has deemed transgender female athlete’s ineligible for the female category due to concerns about performance advantages. We conducted a follow-up analysis on laboratory-based performance indicators of sports performance using data from a longitudinally assessed transgender woman athlete undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). Methods We evaluated laboratory performance indicators in transgender and cisgender women athletes using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning, handgrip strength measurement, jump testing, and cardiopulmonary exercise. Additionally, we assessed a transgender sub-elite cyclist before and after undergoing GAHT. Results After one year of GAHT, the transgender athlete showed declines in handgrip strength (7–13 %), countermovement jump (23–29 %), and V̇O2max (15–30 %). After 3 months, several performance indicators (absolute handgrip, peak power, relative peak power, average power, relative average power, V̇O2max and relative V̇O2max) were above the mean of cisgender female athletes, while others (Relative handgrip, countermovement jump and relative countermovement jump) were below. Similar trends were observed at 6 months and 1 year. Summary This hypothetical analysis, although with limited evidence, suggests the transgender athlete could compete equitably in elite cycling events within the female category after one year of GAHT. Adjustments based on competition data would ensure fairness. Further analysis after an additional 12 months is recommended to assess the impact of 2 years of GAHT. An outright ineligibility for the female category for transgender women athletes would hinder a true assessment of performance fairness.

Acute inflammatory response following lower-and upper-body Wingate anaerobic test in elite gymnasts in relation to iron status.

Introduction: Artistic gymnastics is one of the most demanding sports disciplines, with the athletes demonstrating extremely high levels of explosive power and strength. Currently, knowledge of the effect of gymnastic training adaptation on exercise-induced inflammatory response is limited. The study aimed to evaluate inflammatory response following lower- and upper-body high-intensity exercise in relation to the iron status in gymnasts and non-athletes. Methods: Fourteen elite male artistic gymnasts (EAG, 20.6 ± 3.3years old) and 14 physically active men (PAM, 19.9 ± 1.0years old) participated in the study. Venous blood samples were taken before and 5min and 60min after two variants of Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT), upper-body and lower-body WAnT. Basal iron metabolism (serum iron and ferritin) and acute responses of selected inflammatory response markers [interleukin (IL) 6, IL-10, and tumour necrosis factor α] were analysed. Results: EAG performed significantly better during upper-body WAnT than PAM regarding relative mean and peak power. The increase in IL-6 levels after upper-body WAnT was higher in EAG than in PAM; the opposite was observed after lower-body WAnT. IL-10 levels were higher in EAG than in PAM, and tumour necrosis factor α levels were higher in PAM than those in EAG only after lower-body WAnT. The changes in IL-10 correlated with baseline serum iron and ferritin in PAM. Discussion: Overall, gymnastic training is associated with the attenuation of iron-dependent post-exercise anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion.

Neuromuscular Strength and Power Predict Musculoskeletal Injury and Attrition During Marine Corps Recruit Training.

Elevated rates of musculoskeletal injuries (MSIs) and attrition are documented in military recruit training. By identifying and addressing modifiable risk factors, the rate of successful training completion and military readiness can be enhanced. Despite their impact, the causes of MSIs and attrition among U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) recruits remain underexplored. This study investigates demographic, psychological, and physiological predictors of MSIs and attrition among USMC recruits. In this prospective cohort study, we evaluated USMC recruits at Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island and San Diego. Recruits were briefed and invited to volunteer. All recruits who were medically cleared to participate in recruit training were eligible to participate in the study. We gathered baseline data on potential predictors at the start of training, with follow-up data on MSIs and attrition collected post-training. Analyzed predictors encompassed dynamic and static strength measures from countermovement jumps, isometric mid-thigh pulls; and participant surveys. We employed multiple logistic regression to discern risk factors for MSI and attrition. Our study comprised 584 USMC recruits (183 female recruits, 19.49 ± 1.88 years, 160.10 ± 7.17 cm, 61.19 ± 8.05 kg; 401 males, 18.94 ± 1.92 years, 172.97 ± 7.26 cm, 73.86 ± 11.04 kg). We observed 193 MSIs in 135 recruits, with 80.31% affecting the lower extremity (LE). Notably, lower relative peak power (odds ratio [OR] 0.91 [0.89, 0.94], P < .001) and shorter eccentric deceleration duration (OR 0.99 [0.99, 1.00], P = .005) were significant predictors of MSIs. Specifically, for LE MSIs, similar trends were noted for relative peak power and eccentric deceleration duration, with additional risks associated with lower body mass index (OR 0.93 [0.86, 0.99], P = .036) and previous LE MSIs (OR 2.25 [1.18, 4.27], P = .013). Attrition was more likely with a reduced eccentric deceleration impulse (OR 0.98 [0.97, 0.99], P < .001) and prolonged time to peak force (OR 1.36 [1.17, 1.59], P < .001) and cigarette use (OR 2.12 [1.01, 4.43], P = .046). MSIs and attrition during USMC recruit training significantly undermine force readiness and escalate costs. Our research has pinpointed several modifiable risk factors, chiefly reduced muscular power and cigarette smoking. We advocate for neuromuscular training programs to bolster strength and power, integrated nutrition and exercise strategies for optimal body composition, and support for smoking cessation to alleviate the incidence of MSIs and curtail attrition. Initiating training with a gradual increase in activity intensity can provide a critical window to correct pre-existing neuromuscular imbalances and weaknesses, particularly those stemming from prior MSIs. Effectively addressing these risk factors is pivotal for diminishing the rates of MSIs and attrition among recruits, thereby enhancing overall military readiness and operational efficiency.

Unsupervised Machine Learning inCountermovement Jump andIsometric Mid-Thigh Pull Performance Produces Distinct Combat andPhysical Fitness Clusters inMale andFemale U.S. Marine Corps Recruits.

Several challenges face the U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) and other services in their efforts to design recruit training to augment warfighter mobility and resilience in both male and female recruits as part of an integrated model. Strength and power underpin many of the physical competencies required to meet the occupational demands one might face in military. As the military considers adopting force plate technology to assess indices of strength and power, an opportunity presents itself for the use of machine learning on large datasets to deduce the relevance of variables related to performance and injury risk. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether cluster analysis on baseline strength and power data derived from countermovement jump (CMJ) and isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) adequately partitions men and women entering recruit training into distinct performance clusters. The secondary aim of this study is then to assess the between-cluster frequencies of musculoskeletal injury (MSKI). Five hundred and sixty-five males (n = 386) and females (n = 179) at the Marine Corps Recruit Depots located at Parris Island and San Diego were enrolled in the study. Recruits performed CMJ and IMTP tests at the onset of training. Injury data were collected via medical chart review. Combat fitness test (CFT) and physical fitness test (PFT) results were provided to the study team by the USMC. A k-means cluster analysis was performed on CMJ relative peak power, IMTP relative peak force, and dynamic strength index. Independent sample t-tests and Cohen's d effect sizes assessed between-cluster differences in CFT and PFT performance. Differences in cumulative incidence of lower extremity %MSKIs were analyzed using Fisher's exact test. Relative risk and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were also calculated. The overall effects of cluster designation on CMJ and IMTP outcomes ranged from moderate (relative peak power: d = -0.68, 95% CI, -0.85 to -0.51) to large (relative peak force: d = -1.69, 95% CI, -1.88 to -1.49; dynamic strength index: d = 1.20, 95% CI, 1.02-1.38), indicating acceptable k-means cluster partitioning. Independent sample t-tests revealed that both men and women in cluster 2 (C2) significantly outperformed those in cluster 1 (C1) in all events of the CFT and PFT (P < .05). The overall and within-gender effect of cluster designation on both CFT and PFT performance ranged from small (d > 0.2) to moderate (d > 0.5). Men in C2, the high-performing cluster, demonstrated a significantly lower incidence of ankle MSKI (P = .04, RR = 0.2, 95% CI, 0.1-1.0). No other between-cluster differences in MSKI were statistically significant. Our results indicate that strength and power metrics derived from force plate tests effectively partition USMC male and female recruits into distinct performance clusters with relevance to tactical and physical fitness using k-means clustering. These data support the potential for expanded use of force plates in assessing readiness in a cohort of men and women entering USMC recruit training. The ability to pre-emptively identify high and low performers in the CFT and PFT can aid in leadership developing frameworks for tailoring training to enhance combat and physical fitness with benchmark values of strength and power.

The effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion and sports performance in female athletes during different phases of the menstrual cycle

Sodium Bicarbonate (SB) is recognised as an effective ergogenic aid for enhancing high-intensity exercise capacity and performance. However, the lack of consistency in scientific research findings involving female participants and SB, attributed to the variations in hormonal profiles during the menstrual cycle (MC), has led to a disproportionate focus on studies exclusively conducted in a male population. Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to assess the effects of SB ingestion and sports performance in female athletes during different phases of the MC. There is currently no evidence showing whether different phases of the MC would enhance exercise performance following SB ingestion. Given this gap in the literature, it yet remains unclear that if different hormonal fluctuations throughout the MC affected absorption, nutrient capacity, or exercise performance, the stimulating effect of buffering agents could be further enhanced in future research, by identifying optimal administration strategies of SB, as well as investigating if different phases of the MC impacted exercise performance, however this is still unknown. Methods: In a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial, six eumenorrheic female athletes will complete four all-out 30-second sprints on the Wattbike, each separated by a 5-minute recovery period after receiving either 0.3g/kg body mass (BM) of SB or a placebo containing plain flour in enteric coated capsules. Performance variables collected across the duration of the experimental trials are, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), peak power output (PPO), relative peak power (RPP), heart rate (HR), anaerobic capacity (AC), and fatigue index (FI). Experimental trials will be performed in each of the following two phases of a participant’s individually characterised MC: (i) the follicular phase and (ii) the luteal phase. MC phase will be determined by using a set of home ovulation strips for the whole duration of the study. In order to control any dietary variables, participants are asked to record a 24-hour food diary for the days prior to exercise testing and are encouraged to replicate identical food and fluid intake on the day prior to experimental testing to ensure a similar metabolic state. The development of this study in this area of research could greatly enhance our understanding of how the MC and the ingestion of SB may impact female athletes and performance outcomes. Furthermore, this study would provide valuable insights into the potential impact of different MC phases on athletes and help optimise their training and performance strategies.

Acute effects of eccentric overload training with different loading doses in male sprinters

ObjectiveThe primary objective of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of two doses (Dose1 and Dose2,D1 and D2) of inertial Flywheel Eccentric Overload (FEOL), Eccentric Hook (EH), and High-intensity Half Squat (HHS) on muscle explosiveness in male sprinters. MethodsTwenty-one sub-elite male sprinters were randomly assigned to three groups: the FEOL group (n=7), the EH group (n=7), and the HSS group (n=7),Measurements of athletes' explosive jumps (CMJ, SJ, SLJ) heights, relative peak power indices, and 30-m sprint times were collected before and 6 min after the intervention. ResultsAt D1 loading dose, CMJ, SJ jump height, and relative peak power increased significantly (p < 0.05) after HHS training intervention, while there was no significant change in FEOL and EH training (p > 0.05). At D2 loading dose, CMJ, SJ jump height, and relative peak power increased significantly (p < 0.01) after FEOL and EH training intervention, but at D2HHS intervention, these indexes tended to decrease (p < 0.05). None of the three training protocols significantly improved SLJ performance (p > 0.05). CMJ vertical jump height and relative peak power were significantly higher after D2FEOL and D2EH interventions than after D1HHS (P < 0.05). ConclusionD1HHS, D2FEOL and D2EH3 intervention methods can all improve the performance of sub-elite athletes in the 30-m test, CMJ test and SJ test. in the CMJ test, FEOL training demonstrated a higher acute augmentation effect compared to EH training.

Effect of a high carbohydrate pre-exercise meal on metabolic and performance-related parameters in male athletes following two different strategies to improve fat utilization: An exploratory examination

The purpose of this additional examination of a larger intervention was to determine the effects of a carbohydrate-rich pre-exercise meal on metabolic and performance-related parameters in a group of male endurance athletes, who had previously followed either a high fat low carbohydrate (HFLC; n = 6) or high carbohydrate low glycaemic (LGI; n = 6) diet for 4 weeks. Participants continued their regular training routine during the intervention. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER), lactate concentrations ([La−]), substrate oxidation rates at rest and during a cycle ergometry with incremental workload were determined in the fasted state and 2 h after consuming a carbohydrate-rich (2 g per kg of body mass) pre-exercise meal. Power output at lactate thresholds, peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak), absolute and relative peak power during the incremental test were assessed. After consuming the pre-exercise meal, both groups showed increased levels of RER, [La−] and carbohydrate oxidation at rest and during the incremental test (p < 0.05; Cohen’s d > 0.8), and an improved V̇O2peak (p < 0.05; Cohen’s d > 0.5). Rm ANOVA revealed significant group differences in metabolic parameters. Despite meaningful baseline differences ([La−]: p = 0.133; ηp2 = 0.185; RER: p = 0.037; ηp2 = 0.367; carbohydrate oxidation: p = 0.041; ηp2 = 0.355) upregulation of carbohydrate metabolism was more pronounced in the LGI subgroup compared to the HFLC group after 4-weeks intervention, in both fasted ([La−]: p = 0.130; ηp2 = 0.214; RER: p = 0.001; ηp2 = 0.713; carbohydrate oxidation: p = 0.001; ηp2 =0.684) and postprandial states ([La−]: p = 0.036; ηp2 =0.369; RER: p = 0.001; ηp2 =0.705; carbohydrate oxidation: p = 0.001; ηp2 =0.665). Peak power during the final incremental test was slightly higher in the LGI subgroup compared with the HFLC subgroup (p = 0.320; ηp2 = 0.100). In this group of male endurance athletes, a LGI diet seemed to result in more favourable performance metrics as compared to a HFLC diet despite increases in carbohydrate availability before undertaking the performance test likely due to the ability to sustain higher workloads in training.

Does Total Playing Time Affect the Neuromuscular, Physiological, and Subjective Recovery of Futsal Players during a Congested Period?

The aims of this study were to analyze the effects of a congested period (three games in four days) on countermovement (CMJ) jump-landing metrics, heart rate variability (HRV), and total recovery quality (TQR) score in under-19 male futsal players, and to detect the differences between those who played for more minutes (HIGHMIN) and less minutes (LOWMIN). Fourteen youth futsal players (age: 17.5 ± 0.5 years; body mass: 70.2 ± 8.5 kg; height: 1.80 ± 0.1 m) participated. HRV, TQR questionnaire, and CMJ metrics (i.e., CMJ height, relative peak power (PPREL), eccentric and concentric impulse, braking time, and time to peak force) were registered. A linear mixed model and effect sizes (ESs) were used to assess the differences between groups and days. Considering the total sample, a significant decrease was found in the PPREL and TQR score (p = 0.001-0.013 and ES = 0.28-0.99) on Days 2, 3, and 4 when compared to Day 1. HIGHMIN group presented a significant decrease in PPREL on Day 3 (p = 0.004; ES: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.39-2.65) when compared to Day 1, and in the TRQ score on Day 3 (p = 0.002; ES: 1.98; 95% CI: 0.18-2.46) and 4 (p = 0.003; ES: 2.25; 95% CI: 0.52-3.38) when compared to Day 1. Non-significant differences were found for the rest of the metrics and in the group LOWMIN. In summary, neuromuscular performance (i.e., CMJ PPREL) and subjective recovery were impaired in players with higher playing minutes during a match-congested period when compared to those with less on-court time.

Relationship Between Individual and Composite FMS™ Scores with the Anthropometric and Physical Characteristics of Elite Touch (Rugby) Players

Abstract Purpose To describe and compare the movement patterns, anthropometric and physical characteristics of male and female Touch players; and examine the relationships between Functional Movement Screening (FMS™) scores and the anthropometric and physical characteristics. Methods This was a cross-sectional study with 35 elite Touch players (18 males, age = 24.7 ± 4.9 years; 17 females, age = 26.7 ± 5.2 years). Anthropometric (stature, body mass) and physical characteristics (sprint times, glycolytic change-of-direction test, and countermovement jump (CMJ) flight time and peak power) were assessed alongside movement patterns using the FMS™ battery. Data were analysed for between-sex differences (independent t-test, Mann–Whitney U) and relationships (Spearman’s correlation coefficient). Results Between-sex differences in body mass (t = 6.082, P &lt; 0.001), stature (t = 9.247, P &lt; 0.001), CMJ flight time (t = 3.576, P = 0.001), relative CMJ peak power (t = 6.578, P &lt; 0.001), 10 m sprint time (t = 15.861, P &lt; 0.001), glycolytic change of direction test time (t = − 11.831, P &lt; 0.001) and Yo–Yo IR1 (t = 6.842, P &lt; 0.001) were observed. There were minimal differences for deep squat (Z = − 1.036, P = 0.443), in-line lunge (Z = − 1.284, P = 0.303), shoulder mobility (Z = − 0.173, P = 0.883), trunk stability push-up (Z = − 0.896, P = 0.483) and rotary stability (Z = − 1.537, P = 0.273). The correlation between total and individual FMS™ scores with anthropometric and physical characteristics ranged from trivial-to-moderate (r = − 0.502 to 0.488). Conclusion The lack of difference for the FMS™ composite score and small-to-trivial differences in individual scores allows a comparison between mixed populations within Touch. Whilst many of the correlations were trivial-to-small, there were differences between sexes in the associations and evidence that improvements in functional deficiencies could translate into improved physical performance.

Effects of different work-to-rest ratios of high-intensity interval training on physical performance and physiological responses in male college judo athletes

ObjectiveThis study aimed to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with work-to-rest ratios of 2:1 and 3:1 on physical performance and physiological responses in male college judo athletes. MethodsForty-eight male college judo athletes were randomly assigned to one of three groups. One used HIIT with a 2:1 work-to-rest ratio (2:1 group), another used HIIT with a 3:1 work-to-rest ratio (3:1 group), while a control group (CG) continued its regular training program as before. Subjects completed two training sessions per week for 6 weeks. The participants completed the Modified Agility T-test, 30-m sprint, medicine ball put, countermovement jump, 20-m multistage shuttle run test, and 30-s Wingate test before and after the training, and blood lactate measurements at 3, 5, 10, and 15 min after the 30-s Wingate test were taken before and after the training. ResultsThe 2:1 group (p = 0.010, d = 0.88 (large)) and 3:1 group (p = 0.002, d = 0.46 (small)) showed significant improvements in VO2max estimated by the 20-m multistage shuttle run test in comparison with pre-test. The 3:1 group had a significant difference in agility in comparison with the CG post-training (p = 0.004). Peak power (PP) and relative peak power (PP/kg) significantly improved in the 3:1 group (p < 0.05) compared to the pre-test. Blood lactate values at the fifth minute (p = 0.029) after the Wingate test in the 3:1 group were significantly decreased compared to the pre-test. ConclusionOur findings suggest that HIIT with the 3:1 and 2:1 work-to-rest ratios can improve aerobic power, and HIIT with a 3:1 work-to-rest ratio can improve absolute and relative peak power.

Mechanical differences between three block jump approaches in NCAA DII college volleyball players

The purpose of the study was to examine the kinematics and kinetics differences between three common block approaches used in volleyball games: (1) shuffle block, (2) chicken wing block, and (3) swing block, from a fixed distance of 1.8 m. Ten female collegiate volleyball players from NCAA DII participated in the study. They performed, in a randomized order, a total of 18 blocks equally distributed among the three block types. Noraxon MyoResearch 3 software was used to analyze the block approaches. The statistical analysis was performed by running a Repeated Measurement ANOVA on Jamovi statistical software 2.3.24. The results showed that there was a significant main effect for time to take off, jump height, max knee flexion angles, peak power, relative peak power, net impulse, reactive strength index, max rate of force development, peak force, and relative peak force between the three types of blocks (p &lt; .05). While max valgus knee angles and max flexion hip angles did not show any effect (p &gt; .5). To cover a distance of 1.8m, it was clear that shuffle block was the weakest option for good block performances, while chicken wing and swing blocks were similar in many aspects. Both chicken wing and swing blocks can be used to elevate the block effectiveness of volleyball players compared to shuffle block.

Three sessions of repeated sprint training in normobaric hypoxia improves sprinting performance

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impacts of three-session repeated sprint training conducted in normobaric hypoxia with 48-h intervals on sprint performance, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scores. A total of 27 moderately trained male university students voluntarily took part in this study. In this single-blind placebo-controlled study, subjects were assigned into normobaric hypoxia (FiO2: 13.6%; HYP), normobaric normoxia (FiO2: 20.9%; PLA), and control group (CON). The HYP and PLA groups underwent three repeated sprint training sessions (a total of four sets of five times 5-s sprints with a 5-min rest between sets and a 30-s rest between each sprint) on a cycle ergometer in normobaric hypoxia or normoxia conditions. Pre- and post-tests were performed 72 h before and after the training period. Three participants were excluded from the study, and the data from twenty-four participants were analyzed. Contrary to what was observed in the pre and post tests, no time and condition interactions were observed in the relative peak power output (PPO), mean power output (MPO), percentage of sprint decrement score (Sdec%), and RPE parameters. Time effect was found in all observed variables respectively; relative PPO (F = 5.784, p = 0.045, η2 = 0.74), relative MPO (F = 3.927, p = 0.042, η2 = 0.66) and large time effect found for Sdec% (F = 11.430, p = 0.046, 0.83), and RPE (F = 14.990, p = 0.008, η2 = 0.96). A notable increase in relative peak power output (PPO) and mean power output (MPO) was observed in the post-test in comparison to the pre-test values, indicating statistical significance. The increase in PPO was in HYP 13.44% (p = 0.006), in PLA 7.48% (p = 0.264) and in CON 2.66% (p = 0.088). The decrease in Sdec% was in HYP -13.34%% (p = 0.048), PLA -10.54 (p = 0.577) and CON -4.83 (p = 0.644) at post-test. The results show that although there were no statistical differences between the groups, notable differences in performance-related variables were observed in the HYP group after 3 sessions of repetitive sprint training in hypoxia.