Relative Intensity Distribution Research Articles

Modeling of TeV Galactic Cosmic-ray Anisotropy based on Intensity Mapping in an MHD Model Heliosphere

Cosmic rays do not arrive at the Earth uniformly. Recent experiments have consistently observed small anisotropies with amplitudes of ∼0.2% in the arrival directions of cosmic rays at TeV energies. We perform the modeling of the cosmic-ray anisotropy at TeV energies using the intensity-mapping method based on Liouville’s theorem. This work indicates unrealistically small-scale ansiotropies with <∼10° angular scales in the distribution of the cosmic-ray relative intensity at the outer boundary of the heliosphere. We would possibly need to resolve an issue that the experimental data covers ten years while the Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model heliosphere used in this work is only a single snapshot at a certain moment. Performing the intensity-mapping for multiple snapshots of the MHD model heliosphere and taking the average of the results would improve the results of this work.

Fourier-transform spectroscopy and global deperturbation treatment of the A1Σu+ and b3Πu states of K2 in the entire bound energy range.

Rotationally resolved Fourier-transform spectra of laser-induced fluorescence A1Σu+∼b3Πu→X1Σg+ of K2 molecules were recorded and analyzed, yielding 4053 term values of the spin-orbit (SO) coupled A ∼ b complex of the 39K2 isotopologue with ∼0.01 cm-1 accuracy. Their compilation with 1739 term values from previously published sources allowed them to cover the energy range [9955, 17 436] cm-1 from the bottom of the lower-lying b3Πu state up to the vicinity of the atomic asymptote 4s2S12 + 4p2P12, with a rotational quantum number J ∈ [0, 149]. The experimental data were processed by a direct 6 × 6 coupled-channel (CC) deperturbation treatment, which accounted explicitly for both SO and electronic-rotational interactions between all six e-symmetry states: A1Σu+(0u+), b3Πu(0u+,1u,2u), c3Σu(1u), and B1Πu(1u). The initial parameters of the global deperturbation model have been estimated in the framework of abinitio electronic structure calculations applying multi-reference configuration-interaction and coupled-clusters methods. The interatomic potentials analytically defined for A and b states, as well as SO-splitting of the triplet b state and A ∼ b SO-coupling functions, have been particularly refined to fit the 5792 term values of the 39K2 isotopologue, whereas the rest parameters were fixed on their abinitio values. The resulting mass-invariant parameters of the 6 × 6 CC model reproduced the overall rovibronic term energies of the A ∼ b complex of 39K2 with accuracy, which is well within the experimental errors. The quality of the deperturbation analysis was independently confirmed by comparison with the present obtained 705 and 14 term values of respective 39K41K and 41K2 isotopologues, as well as by agreement between measured and predicted relative intensity distributions in long A ∼ b → X(vX) band progressions. This deperturbation analysis provided the refined dissociation energy Tdis = 17 474.569(5) cm-1 and the long-range coefficient C3Σ = 5.501(4) × 105 cm-1 Å3 relevant to the non-relativistic atomic limit 4s + 4p. The derived Tdis yielded the accurate well depth De = 4450.910(5) cm-1 for the ground X1Σg+ state, whereas the new C3Σ value yielded the improved estimates for atomic K(4p2P12;32) radiative lifetimes, τ12 = 26.67(3) and τ32 = 26.32(3) ns.

Top-class women's soccer performance: peak demands and distribution of the match activities relative to maximal intensities during official matches.

The aims of the current study were to determine the most demanding passages of match play (MDP) and the distribution of match activities relative to maximum intensities during official matches in top-class women soccer players. Twenty-eight women players competing in European championship and international UEFA competitions were monitored during 38 official matches (277 individual samples). Maximum relative (m · min-1) total distance (TD), high-speed running (HSRD), very high-speed running (VHSRD), sprint, acceleration and deceleration distances were calculated across different durations (1-5, 10, 15, 90 min) using a rolling average analysis. Maximum intensities (1-minpeak) were used as the reference value to determine the distribution of relative intensity across the whole-match demands (90-minavg). Time and distance higher than 90-minavg (> 90-minavg) were also calculated. MDP showed moderate to very large [effect size (ES): 0.63/5.20] differences between 1-minpeak vs all durations for each parameter. The relative (m · min-1) 1-minpeak was greater than 90-minavg of about +63% for TD, +358% for HSRD, +969% for VHSRD, +2785% for sprint, +1216% for acceleration, and +768% for deceleration. The total distance covered > 90-minavg was ~66.6% of the total distance covered during the 90-minavg for TD, ~84.8% for HSRD, ~97.4% for VHSRD, ~100% for sprint, ~99.1% for acceleration and ~98.2% for deceleration. The relative distance > 90-minavg was higher (P < 0.05) than the 90-minavg for each metric (ES: 2.22 to 7.58; very large). The present results may help coaches and sport scientists to replicate the peak demands during training routine in top-class women soccer players.

School's out for summer-Differences in training characteristics between adolescent biathletes of different performance levels.

The purpose of this study was to retrospectively describe the longitudinal changes of training variables in adolescent biathletes based on performance level. Thirty biathletes (15 men and 15 women) were included in the study and categorized as either national level biathletes (NLB, n = 21) or national team biathletes (NTB, n = 9). Retrospective training data was collected from training diary covering the biathletes' four years (Y1-Y4) as student-athletes at upper secondary school. Training data was divided into physical and shooting training variables. A linear mixed-effect model was used for comparing the difference of the performance group and year of upper secondary school on training characteristics. The NTB group achieved a greater annual training volume than the NLB group, especially during Y4 (594±71 h·y-1 vs 461±127 h·y-1, p < 0.001), through an increase in duration of each session and by completing more weekly training volume during the general phase (13.7±4.6 vs 10.0±4.9 h·w-1, p = 0.004). No difference was observed in relative training intensity distribution between the groups. The total number of shots fired was also greater for the NTB (9971±4716 vs 7355±2812 shots·y-1, p = 0.003). There was an equal frequency in illness and injury for both the NLB and NTB. Accordingly, the results of the present study describe longitudinal changes of biathlon training in adolescent biathletes that also may affect performance development.

High-order orbital angular momentum mode conversion based on a chiral long period fiber grating inscribed in a ring core fiber.

A chiral long period fiber grating (CLPFG) was designed according to the phase-matching condition and conservation law of angular momentum, and was inscribed in a ring core fiber (RCF). This CLPFG was used to directly excite the ±2nd- and ±3rd-order orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes. The coupling efficiency of the OAM mode is up to 98.7% and the insertion loss is within 0.5 dB. The uniformity of the annular mode intensity distribution, polarization characteristics, and the mode purity of coupled OAM modes were investigated in detail. Results show that the coupled high-order OAM modes possess a relative uniform annular intensity distribution, its mode purity is up to 93.2%, and the helical phase modulation is independent on the polarization state of incident light. These results indicate that the RCF-based CLPFG is an ideal OAM mode converter for future high-capacity optical fiber communication systems.

Optimization of Light Field for Generation of Vortex Knot

The theory of knots and links focuses on the embedding mode of one or several closed curves in three-dimensional Euclidean space. In an electromagnetic field system, all-optical knots or links composed of phase or polarization singularities have been verified theoretically and experimentally. Recent studies have shown that robust topological all-optical coding can be achieved by using optical knots and links. However, in the current design of optical knots and links based on phase or polarization singularities, the amplitude of light between adjacent singularities is relatively weak. This brings great pressure to detection of optical knots and links and limits their applications. Here, we propose a new optimization method in theory. Compared with the existing design methods, our design method improves the relative intensity distribution of light between adjacent singularities. We verify the feasibility of our design results in experiments. Our study reduces the detection difficulty of optical knots and links, and has a positive significance for promotion of applications of optical knots and links.

Intensities of KCs [formula omitted] band system up to dissociation threshold: an interplay between spin-orbit, hyperfine and rovibronic coupling effects

The relative intensity distribution in the rotationally resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectra belonging to the E(4)1Σ+→(a3Σ1+,X1Σ+) band systems of the KCs molecule was analyzed. The experimental intensities in doublet P,R progressions assigned to spin-allowed E→X and spin-forbidden E→a transitions up to their common ground dissociation limit were described in the framework of a coupled-channels (CC) deperturbation model applied for the interacting X1Σ+ and a3Σ+ states. The CC intensity simulation was based solely on fixed electronic structure parameters as functions of the internuclear distance R, namely: accurate empirical potential energy curves for all three states, ab initio estimates for matrix elements A(R) of the hyperfine structure (HFS), and transition dipole moments dEX(R) and dEa(R). A comparison between the measured intensities and their theoretical counterparts demonstrates a strong competition between different intramolecular interactions. A weak spin-orbit coupling of the upper E(4)1Σ+ state with the remote 3Π states is responsible for appearance of the E→a vibrational bands for the intermediate va-values. In turn, the HFS coupling between X1Σ+ and a3Σ+ states leads to peculiarities in E→(X,a) intensities, which are pronounced for high vX/a-values in the vicinity of K(42S)+Cs(62S) dissociation threshold. Both adiabatic ro-vibrational and non-adiabatic electronic-rotational interactions explain the abrupt deviation of some observed P/R intensity ratios from the expected Hönl-London factors.

Study of diffractive fringes caused by tool marks for fast axis collimators fabricated by precision glass molding.

Aspheric cylindrical lenses, including fast axis collimators (FACs), are commonly used to collimate laser beams in the fast axis direction. Precision glass molding (PGM) is applied in the production of these optical lenses due to its high accuracy and efficiency. However, the profile errors and surface topography transferred from the mold reduce the optical performance of aspheric cylindrical lenses. In this paper, the surface errors of a FAC fabricated by combining ultraprecision diamond cutting and precision glass molding are analyzed. An optical simulation model is then established to qualitatively analyze the effects of tool marks on the optical defects, and the numerical calculations are carried out to determine the relative intensity distribution of light spots. Experiments are conducted to verify the theoretical results, which prove that the tool marks cause diffractive fringes and that the geometric parameters of the tool marks that are caused by cutting conditions affect the distribution of the fringe line defects. Finally, the critical conditions to eliminate diffractive fringes and improve the optical performance of the FAC are determined based on the experimental results.

Plume characteristics of polymeric material doped with different metal particles under pulsed laser irradiation

The polymer emerges as a promising propellant for laser propulsion, which is expected to achieve high specific impulse and momentum coupling coefficient. However, the low laser absorptivity of polymer deteriorates its further application. Metals can improve the laser absorption of laser energy, contributing to better propulsion performance. This paper investigated the influence of different alloy particles (Cu-Zn, Al-Si, Ni-Ti, Co-Cr) on the plume characteristics of polymeric material under laser irradiation. The plume images, length, area, and relative intensity distribution of the doped sample were analyzed and compared. It is found that each alloy particle could contribute to the stable and massive formation of the ablation plume. When laser irradiates these doped samples, an obvious jet was generated from the ablation surface, and there was an additional expansion cluster at the end of the jet. Compared to other samples, the target filled with Al-Si witnessed the maximal plume length of 13 cm, expansion velocity of 26 m/s, and plume area of 33 cm2. Besides, the higher doping ratio contributed to the larger plume length while the smaller plume area in general, but the doping ratio had little effect on the plume length and area for the short laser-material interaction process.

Systematical Analysis on angular Distribution of Bremsstrahlung radiation in microtron MT-22

The systematic analysis has been made the measurement results of the relative angular distribution of gamma quantium with 11-22 MeV energy which is induced by bremsstrahlung within 2-3 g/cm optimal geometrical region of target nucleus. We are shown that relative intensity distribution of gamma radiation with energy 11-22 MeV, induced by stopped electrons with various thicknesses at heavy and lighter target nucleus as an exponential form within angular region 0°-14o

Cytology, transcriptomics, and mass spectrometry imaging reveal changes in late-maturation elm (Ulmus pumila) seeds

During seed maturation, the seed deposits storage compounds (starches, oils, and proteins), synthesizes defense compounds, produces a seed coat, initiates embryo dormancy, and becomes desiccated. During the late-maturation stage, seed storage compound contents and compositions change dramatically. Although maturation has been extensively studied in model species and crops, it remains less well characterized in woody perennial plants. In this study, we conducted morphological and cytological observations, transcriptome profiling, and chemical constituent analysis of elm (Ulmus pumila L.) seeds during the late-maturation stage. Light and electron microscopy revealed that closely packed yet discrete lipid bodies frequently surrounded the densely stained protein bodies, and the protein bodies became irregular or even partially disintegrated at the end of seed development. RNA-seq detected substantial transcriptome changes during the late-maturation stage, and pathway enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes were associated with phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, plant–pathogen interactions, and hormone signal transduction. Furthermore, we used mass spectrometry imaging to detect the relative intensity and spatial distribution of fatty acids, phospholipids, and waxes in elm seeds. Our findings provide a framework for understanding the changes in cytological features and chemical composition during the final stage of elm seed development, and a detailed reference for seed development in woody plants.

Abstract 11438: Texture Analysis Identifies Differences in Cardiac Magnetic Resonance T1 Maps of Pediatric Heart Transplant Patients with Rejection

Introduction: Graft rejection is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in pediatric heart transplant recipients, despite surveillance by endomyocardial biopsy (EMB). Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) T1 mapping has shown potential for noninvasive diagnosis of rejection. However, variability in normative T1 values across field strengths, vendors, and individual scanners limits the utility of absolute T1 values to diagnose rejection across institutions. Texture analysis is an emerging method for quantifying spatial distribution of relative voxel intensities rather than using the absolute voxel intensities themselves and may serve as an additional method for evaluating T1 maps. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that T1 maps from patients with rejection would exhibit differences in texture features from patients without rejection. Methods: This study included 19 cases from 17 pediatric transplant patients (mean age 11.8 ± 5 year, graft age 5.9 ± 4.7 years, 41% female) who underwent CMR imaging and EMB. 8 short axis slices of breath-held T1 mapping using Modified Look-Locker Inversion (MOLLI) recovery on 1.5T Siemens scanner were obtained. Left ventricular myocardium was semiautomatically segmented from T1 maps, excluding the blood pool and epicardial myocardium. Image texture analysis was performed on a single mid-ventricular slice from each case. Rejection was defined as acute cellular rejection (biopsy grade 1R or higher) or negative biopsy with decreased function requiring treatment. T-test analysis was performed to compare differences in texture analysis between patients with and without rejection. Results: Analysis of T1 maps showed differences (p-value ≤ 0.10) between patients with and without rejection in texture features of energy (0.062 ± 0.012 vs 0.091 ± 0.051), entropy (4.59 ± 0.23 vs 4.23 ± 0.60), and variance (0.031 ± 0.005 vs 0.025 ± 0.009). Discussion: In this small pilot study, texture analysis identified differences in tissue character between patients with and without graft rejection. Evaluation of tissue character via texture analysis may provide an additional method for diagnosis of rejection, given the variability in normative T1 values across institutions.

Fourier-transform spectroscopy and relativistic electronic structure calculation on the [formula omitted] state of KCs

The Ti:Saphire laser operated within 13800 - 11800 cm−1 range was used to excite the c3Σ+ state of KCs molecule directly from the ground X1Σ+ state. The laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectra of the c3Σ+→a3Σ+ transition were recorded with Fourier-transform spectrometer within 8000 to 10000 cm−1 range. Overall 673 rovibronic term values belonging to both e/f-components of the c3Σ+(Ω=1±) state of 39KCs, covering vibrational levels from v = 0 to about 45, and rotational levels J∈[11,149] were determined with the accuracy of about 0.01 cm−1; among them 7 values for 41KCs. The experimental term values with v∈[0,22] were involved in a direct point-wise potential reconstruction for the c3Σ+(Ω=1±) state, which takes into account the Ω-doubling effect caused by the spin-rotational interaction with the nearby c3Σ+(Ω=0−) state. The analysis and interpretation were facilitated by the fully-relativistic coupled cluster calculation of the potential energy curves for the B1Π, c3Σ+, and b3Π states, as well as of spin-forbidden c−X and spin-allowed c−a transition dipole moments; radiative lifetimes and vibronic branching ratios were calculated. A comparison of relative intensity distributions measured in vibrational c→a LIF progressions with their theoretical counterparts unambiguously confirms the vibrational assignment suggested in [J. Szczepkowski, et al., JQSRT, 204, 133–137 (2018)].

The distribution of match activities relative to the maximal intensities in elite soccer players: implications for practice

ABSTRACT To determine the distribution of match-activities relative to maximum-intensities during official match in elite soccer players. One hundred and forty-eight Italian Serie A soccer players were monitored during 46 official matches (680 individual-samples). Total distance (TD), high-speed running (HSR), very high-speed running (VHSR), sprint, acceleration and deceleration were calculated. Maximum-intensities (1-minpeak) were used as the reference value to determine the distribution of relative intensity across the whole-match demands (90-minavg). Time and distance higher than 90-minavg (>90-minavg) were also calculated. The relative (m·min−1) 90-minavg vs1-minpeak was 59.6(4.4)% for TD, 26.2(4.4)% for HSR, 16.0(3.5)% for VHSR, 9.3(2.3)% for sprint, 19.2(4.6)% for acceleration and 15.4(5.2)% for deceleration. Total distance covered >90-minavg was ~61.4(5.0)% for TD, ~68.6(1.9)% for HSR, ~80.2(1.3)% for VHSR, ~95.7(0.4)% for sprint, ~75.5(1.3)% for acceleration and ~64.0(2.6)% for deceleration. With the exception of small [ES: 0.50 (0.26 to 0.73)] difference for acceleration, the relative distance >90-minavg was largely to very largely (ES: 1.64 to 7.78) higher (P< 0.05) than the 90-minavg for each metric. While no between-position difference (P> 0.05) was found for total minutes >90-minavg, between-position differences (P< 0.05) for the total distance >90-minavg were retrieved across each metric. The distribution of the activities relative to maximal intensities could assist coaches for soccer training prescriptions.

Linear programming produces greater, earlier and uninterrupted neuromuscular and functional adaptations than daily-undulating programming after velocity-based resistance training

This study aimed to compare the effect of linear (LP) and daily-undulating (DUP) programming models on neuromuscular and functional performance using the velocity-based resistance training (VBRT) approach. Thirty-two resistance trained men were randomly assigned into 2 groups: LP (n = 16) or DUP (n = 16). Both training groups completed an 8-week VBRT intervention using the full squat exercise, only differing in the relative intensity (% 1RM) distribution during the training program. Changes produced by each periodization model were evaluated using the following variables: estimated 1RM; average mean propulsive velocity (MPV) attained for all absolute loads common to Pre-test and Post-test; average MPV attained against absolute loads lifted faster than 1 m•s−1; average MPV attained against absolute loads lifted slower than 1 m•s − 1; countermovement jump (CMJ) and fatigue test. Moreover, CMJ and 1RM parameters were evaluated weekly to analyze their evolution along the training program. LP and DUP strategies significantly improved all performance variables analyzed (p<0.001), except the fatigue test in the DUP group. Significant "time x group" interactions were observed in all strength variables and fatigue test in favour of the LP group. In addition, pre-post effect size (ES), percentages of change and weekly comparisons showed higher improvements in the LP group (ES=0.54–2.49, ∆=9.5–60.4%) compared to DUP (ES=0.40–1.65, ∆=5.5–27.2%). Based on these findings, the LP appears to stand as a more effective strategy than DUP to achieve greater, earlier and uninterrupted neuromuscular and functional adaptations in VBRT interventions.

Tackling the FeO orange band puzzle in meteor and airglow spectra through combined astronomical and laboratory studies

ABSTRACT The iron oxide ‘orange arc’ bands are unambiguously detected in persistent meteor trains, meteor wakes, and clouds, as well as in the terrestrial airglow. In contrast to the majority of other astronomically important diatomic molecules, theoretical simulation of the FeO rovibronic spectra is not feasible due to the extremely condensed and strongly perturbed multiplet structure of its excited states. In this work, the time-evolution of the laser-induced breakdown spectra (LIBS) of high-purity iron recorded in air at high temperature and impact conditions is used to mimic the FeO pseudo-continuum emission observed during meteor events and the terrestrial night airglow. The relative intensity distributions in the structural continuum of the LIBS spectra are measured at 530–660 nm and a plasma temperature of 1500–6500 K. The anomalous increase of the intensity observed at 620–640 nm and temperature &amp;lt; 2000 K could be attributed to the emission of higher oxides of iron as explained by the conducted thermodynamic and kinetic modelling of iron burning in the atmosphere.

An Optimization Model for Environmental Ergonomics Assessment in Bioproduction of Food SMEs

Environmental ergonomics in bioproduction of food Small Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) become a concern and need to be optimized. An optimization model was developed using a Genetic Algorithm (GA). The weight of an Artificial Neural Network Model was used as a fitness function for GA. The research objectives were: 1) To design an environmental ergonomic assessment system for bioproduction of Food SMEs, 2) To develop an optimization model for environmental ergonomic assessment using a Genetic Algorithm. GA is utilized to search optimal set points of environmental ergonomics based on the predicted fitness values. Each chromosome of GA represents the environmental ergonomics value. The parameters were heart rate, bioproduction temperature, distribution of bioproduction relative humidity and light intensity. The target of the optimization model was the bioproduction temperature set points. The research result indicated the model generated optimum values of environmental ergonomics parameter in bioproduction of food SMEs. The parameters could be used to provide standard workplace environment for the sustainability of food SMEs.

Measurement of the radiation dose distribution in EAST hall based on thermoluminescence dosimeter

The spatial distribution of relative intensity of neutron dose and gamma-ray dose in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) machine hall were measured by multiple thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) during second experimental campaign of 2019. This activity has been performed twice, the first measurement lasted 5 days and adopted 64 pieces of dosimeters, the second time lasted 10 days and employed 100 pieces of dosimeters. These dosimeters were arranged on the ground plane outside the tokamak device with different positions to obtain the radiation dose distribution of the deuterium plasma and activated radionuclide. Generally speaking, the radiation dose decreased with the increase of radial distance. However, the measurement results of TLDs showed that the variation trends of normalized neutron dose and normalized gamma-ray dose with the increase of radial distance were unsymmetrical and not always under the attenuation law in the radial distribution of EAST ports. Some large scale of equipment and the thick concrete shielding wall had significant effect on the dose distribution. Both radiation intensity of neutron and gamma-ray raised slightly near the equipment and shielding wall in generally. Furthermore, statistics of measurements from multiple dosimeters showed that there was a certain correlation between the normalized gamma-ray dose and normalized neutron dose.

The branching ratio of intercombination [formula omitted]transitions in the RbCs molecule: Measurements and calculations

We observed the A1Σ+∼b3Π→a3Σ+/X1Σ+laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) of the RbCs molecule excited from the ground X1Σ+state by the Ti:Sapphire laser. The LIF spectra from the common perturbed levels of the singlet-triplet A ∼ b complex was recorded by the Fourier-transform (FT) spectrometer with the instrumental resolution of 0.03 cm−1. The relative intensity distribution in the rotationally resolved A∼b→a3Σ+(va)/X1Σ+(vX)progressions was measured, and their branching ratio was found to be about of 1÷5×10−4in the bound region of the a3Σ+and X1Σ+states. The experiment was complemented with the scalar- and full-relativistic calculations of the A/b−X/atransition dipole moments (TDMs) as functions of internuclear distance. The relative systematic error in the resulting ab initio TDM functions evaluated for the strong A−Xtransition was estimated as few percent in the energy region, where the experimental LIF intensities are relevant. The relative spectral sensitivity of the FT registration system, operated with the InGaAs diode detector and CaF beam-splitter, was calibrated in the range [6 500, 12 000] cm−1by a comparison of experimental intensities in the long A ∼ b → X(vX) LIF progressions of the K2 and KCs molecules with their theoretical counterparts evaluated using the ab initioA−XTDMs. Both experimental and theoretical transition probabilities can be employed to improve the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage process, a → A ∼ b → X, which is exploited for a laser assembling of ultracold RbCs molecules.

The photon vortex beam in rotating medium

In this paper, we demonstrate that there are vortex beam solutions for the photon in the rotating medium. By constructing the photon wave function with Riemann–Silberstein vector, we derive the dynamic equation of the photon in moving medium from the Maxwell equations and the non-relativistic Minkowski relations. In case of the stationary state, the dynamic equation of the photon can be written as a Dirac-like equation, where the velocity of the medium plays the role of a vector potential. By giving the medium different forms of rotating velocity fields, we obtain different vortex beam solutions of the photon, such as the diffracting and non-diffracting Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beam solutions via proper approximations. For the diffracting LG beam solution, we acquire a new term arising from the medium rotation that can change the Gouy phase, and then accordingly predict the rotation behavior of the photon interference pattern. In addition, the rotation of the medium can lead to the change of the relative intensity distribution of the interference pattern. Furthermore, our theory predicts the existence of the Landau levels of transverse photon energy in the nondiffracting LG beam solution.