Relative Importance Of Vision Research Articles

Olfactory Cues From Host- and Non-host Plant Odor Influence the Behavioral Responses of Adult Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) to Visual Cues.

While trapping methods for Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) have typically relied on fermentation volatiles alone or in association with a visual stimulus, the relative contribution of visual and olfactory stimuli to the food- and host-seeking behavior of D. suzukii is poorly understood. This study quantified the type of response exhibited by male and female D. suzukii to color and the effects that volatiles (fermentation, fresh fruit, and leaf) exert on the outcome. Seven-, four- and two-choice assays were used to quantify interactions between visual and olfactory cues. When no volatiles were present in a seven-choice assay, D. suzukii preferred red, black, and green pigments. Black and red were preferred when yeast odors were present, and black alone was the most attractive color when blueberry odor was present. A strawberry leaf terpenoid, β-cyclocitral, seemed to have overridden the flies' response to color. In four-choice assays, blueberry odor was more likely to interact synergistically with color than yeast or β-cyclocitral. This study demonstrates that D. suzukii modulates the response to multimodal sensory modalities (vision and olfaction) depending, to some extent, on the type of olfactory stimuli. Our findings also provide insight into the relative importance of vision as a function of odor quality in this invasive species.

Relative importance of vision and proprioception in maintaining standing balance in people with multiple sclerosis

BackgroundBalance impairment is common and a risk factor of falls in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative importance between vision and proprioception in maintaining standing body balance among individuals with MS compared with healthy individuals. MethodsThirty people with MS (the mean ± standard deviation of the Patient Determined Disability Steps: 3.62 ± 1.67 out of 8) and 25 healthy adults participated in this cross-sectional study. They underwent a static posturography test, consisting of three sensory feedback conditions: eyes open on a firm surface, eyes closed on a firm surface, and eyes open on a compliant surface. Their standing balance performance, quantified by the 95% confidence ellipse area and the total length of the center of pressure trajectory during each sensory condition, was calculated based on the ground reaction force data. The Romberg's quotient (the ratio of the center of pressure measurements on the firm surface between eyes open and eyes closed conditions) and proprioception quotient (the ratio of the center of pressure measurements with eyes open between firm and compliant standing surfaces) were calculated and compared between groups. ResultsPersons with MS demonstrated significantly larger postural sway under all three sensory conditions than their healthy counterparts. The reliance on the vision and proprioception systems in maintaining body balance was greater among people with MS compared to healthy adults. Both groups similarly relied more on the proprioceptive input to keep body balance than on the vision. ConclusionsLike healthy individuals, persons with MS rely more on proprioception to maintain body balance than vision. Our findings could provide preliminary reference for optimizing balance improving programs aimed at person with MS.

Walking with Visual Restrictions in Healthy Elderly and Young Adults

ABSTRACTVisual requirements for a simple walking task were evaluated for young and elderly persons to determine if, with normal aging, elderly subjects require more visual information. Ten young adults and 10 elderly people were asked to complete a simple walking task within predetermined pathway boundaries under two conditions of visual restriction. In the reactive condition, subjects automatically received a 200 ms flash of visual information at the halfway point of the walkway. For the predictive condition, subjects did not receive any visual information during the walking trial, but were equipped with an emergency button that would provide 200 ms of visual information whenever they needed it. For both experimental conditions, subjects received additional flashes of visual information if they stepped out of the walkway boundaries. Results showed that older persons stepped out of bounds more often in the reactive condition and gave themselves more visual cues than the younger subjects in the predictive condition. The relative importance of vision during locomotion seems to be higher in the elderly population when compared to young adults.

Relative importance of vision and olfaction for detection of estrus by bulls.

The objective of this experiment was to determine the relative importance of olfaction and visual observation of heifer mounting behavior to the detection of estrus by bulls. An observation pen was designed to allow the evaluation of the preference of five sexually experienced bulls under three sets of stimuli. The observation pen was 4 m x 17 m with a smaller enclosure (2 m x 4 m) at each end that housed either a pair of heifers in diestrus (D), a pair of heifers in estrus that were allowed to mount one another (EM), or a pair of heifers in estrus that were separated by an aluminum panel to prevent mounting behavior (E). The preference of bulls was determined between EM heifers compared to D heifers, EM heifers compared to E heifers, and E heifers compared to D heifers. Each bull was individually allowed 5 min inside the observation pen to demonstrate its preference. Preference was defined as the total time that bulls spent within 2.5 m of either pair of heifers. Each bull was subjected to 10 observation periods of each set of stimuli during a 4-mo period. Bulls preferred to be near EM heifers compared with either E or D heifers (P less than .05). However, the bulls demonstrated no preference (P greater than .05) for E heifers compared with D heifers. These data indicate that when physical contact is denied, bulls use visual observation of female homosexual behavior as the primary indicator of estrus and that olfaction alone provides insufficient stimuli for bulls to indicate preference toward heifers in estrus compared with heifers in diestrus.

Intermodality relations in localization in blind and sighted people

Developmental data were gathered on the relative importance of vision, audition, and proprioception in determining spatial direction in a conflict situation. Age trends did not support the hypothesis that information from different modalities becomes better differentiated with age. In a follow-up study, blind children of different ages were tested under auditory-proprioceptive conflict conditions. No age changes were found. The possibility of a visual involvement in auditory and proprioceptive localization is discussed.

The Relative Importance of Vision and the Chemical Sense in Anax Larvæ

The Relative Importance of Vision and the Chemical Sense in Anax Larvæ