Relative Impact Of Different Types Research Articles

The Relative Impact of Different Types of Military Sexual Trauma on Long-Term PTSD, Depression, and Suicidality.

Sexual assault and harassment in the U.S. military are very common. Military sexual trauma (MST) is defined as sexual assault or harassment experienced during military service; yet, the relative impact of sexual assault, harassment, and their combination is not well understood. Given the extent and potential severity of the long-term outcomes of MST, it is critical to evaluate the relative impacts of these types of MST on long-term mental health outcomes. Veterans (n = 2499; 54% female) completed self-report measures of experiences of sexual assault and harassment perpetrated by coworkers during military service, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and suicidality. Controlling for combat exposure, all types of MST experiences (Harassment Only, Assault Only, or Both) compared to No MST predicted greater severity of PTSD, depression, and suicidality after military service. Compared to Veterans with No MST, those who experienced Both Assault and Harassment reported significantly more severe PTSD, depression, and suicidality followed by Harassment Only, and then Assault Only. Data suggest that different types of MST experiences have an impact on long-term mental health outcomes, and the combination of Both sexual Assault and Harassment is particularly deleterious.

Interventions for improving mobility after hip fracture surgery in adults.

Interventions for improving mobility after hip fracture surgery in adults.

P01.01.A Lesion-Function Analysis from Multimodal Imaging and Normative Brain Atlases for Prediction of Cognitive Deficits in Glioma Patients

Abstract Background Cognitive deficits are common in glioma patients following multimodality therapy, but the relative impact of different types and locations of treatment-related brain damage and recurrent tumors on cognition is not well understood. Material and Methods In 121 WHO Grade III/IV glioma patients, structural MRI, O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine FET-PET, and neuropsychological testing were performed at a median interval of 14 months (range, 1-214 months) after therapy initiation. Resection cavities, T1-enhancing lesions, T2/FLAIR hyperintensities, and FET-PET positive tumor sites were semiautomatically segmented and elastically registered to a normative, resting state (RS) fMRI-based functional cortical network atlas and to the JHU atlas of white matter (WM) tracts, and their influence on cognitive test scores relative to a cohort of matched healthy subjects was assessed. Results T2/FLAIR hyperintensities presumably caused by radiation therapy covered more extensive brain areas than the other lesion types and significantly impaired cognitive performance in many domains when affecting left-hemispheric RS-nodes and WM-tracts as opposed to brain tissue damage caused by resection or recurrent tumors. Verbal episodic memory proved to be especially vulnerable to T2/FLAIR abnormalities affecting the nodes and tracts of the left temporal lobe. Conclusion In order to improve radiotherapy planning, publicly available brain atlases, in conjunction with elastic registration techniques, should be used, similar to neuronavigation in neurosurgery.

Interventions for preventing falls in Parkinson's disease.

Interventions for preventing falls in Parkinson's disease.

The Contributing Role of Family, School, and Peer Supportive Relationships in Protecting the Mental Wellbeing of Children and Adolescents

Globally, mental disorders are the leading cause of disability in children and adolescents. Previous research has demonstrated that supportive relationships are a key protective factor against poor mental health in children, particularly amongst those who have experienced adversity. However, fewer studies have examined the relative impact of different types of supportive relationships. The current study examined the association between level of family adult support, school adult support, and school peer support and mental wellbeing in a sample of children (age 8–15 years, N = 2,074) from schools in the UK. All three sources of support were independently associated with mental wellbeing. Analyses demonstrated a graded relationship between the number of sources of support and the odds of low mental wellbeing (LMWB), reflecting a cumulative protective effect. While all three sources of support were best, it was not vital, and analyses demonstrated a protective effect of school sources of support on LMWB amongst children with low family support. Peer support was found to be particularly important, with prevalence of LMWB similar amongst children who had high peer support (but low family and school adult support), and those who had high family and school adult support, (but low peer support), indicating that high peer support has an equivalent impact of two other protective factors. Findings from the study highlight the crucial context schools provide in fostering positive peer relationships and supportive teacher–student relationships to promote mental health and resilience for all children, including both those with and without supportive home environments.

Valuing water and wastewater service improvements via impact-weighted numbers of service failures

ABSTRACT Stated preference valuations of water and wastewater service improvements in Great Britain have been found to be highly variable across studies for similar units of service, driven primarily by a substantive dependence on the scope of service change offered to survey participants. The present paper motivates and describes a new approach that is simpler for survey participants and sidesteps the key problems caused by scope insensitivity. It relies on first deriving estimates of the relative impact of different types of service issue, and then using these to apportion a package valuation into valuations of individual service level improvements. The paper presents a case study that implements the new approach in a real business planning context and discusses the impact the new approach has on the valuation results obtained. We contend that the new approach has significant advantages over traditional discrete choice experiment approaches to water and wastewater service valuation and recommend it for future use in similar policy/planning contexts.

Influence of in situ oilsands development on occurrence of an avian peatland generalist and specialist

Demand for petroleum products is causing habitat loss, alteration, and fragmentation of boreal forests in western Canada. Associated exploratory and extraction activities from in situ oil sands leave a network of (1) permanent polygonal features (e.g., processing facilities, extraction sites, gravel pits); (2) permanent linear features (e.g., roads, pipelines); (3) temporary polygonal features (e.g., exploratory well sites); and (4) temporary linear features, (e.g., winter roads, seismic lines). We examined the impact of these different types of disturbances on the occurrence of a generalist, the Dark-eyed Junco (<em>Junco hyemalis</em>) and a peatland specialist, the Palm Warbler (<em>Setophaga palmarum</em>) for an in situ development-lease area in northeast Alberta, Canada. Our goal was, first, to determine if energy development features have positive, negative, or neutral effects on species occurrence, beyond the amount of habitat disturbed, and second, to identify the relative impact of different types of energy features. Permanent polygonal features negatively influenced both species, decreasing the odds of occurrence for Dark-eyed Juncos by 0.63 times and 0.44 times for Palm Warblers for every 10% increase in percent area. However, permanent linear features increased odds of occurrence for Dark-eyed Juncos by 1.73 times and Palm Warblers by 3.93 times. We speculate that permanent linear features increase vegetation heterogeneity or influence insect-prey availability through edge effects. Although permanent polygonal and linear features had opposite effects (negative and positive, respectively), they had a similar relative effect on occurrence for both species. There were no effects of temporary polygonal or linear features on occurrence for either species examined here. Whereas our understanding of birds in boreal peatland forests is limited, these results are consistent with studies that suggest permanent linear features have more substantive local scale impacts than temporary disturbances.

Mental health and school absenteeism in children with long-term physical conditions: A secondary analysis of the British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Surveys 2004 and 2007.

Children and young people (CYP) with long-term physical conditions (LTCs) are more likely to have poorer mental health and more school absenteeism compared with CYP with no LTCs. However, there is limited longitudinal research, and the extent to which these difficulties persist in CYP with LTCs is unknown. Furthermore, little is known about the relative impact of different types of LTC on mental health and absenteeism. We investigated cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of different LTCs with mental health and school absenteeism in a large (N=7977) nationally representative survey of CYP in Great Britain and its 3-year follow-up. Psychopathology was assessed using the parent-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and diagnosis of any psychiatric disorder using the Development and Wellbeing Assessment (DAWBA). Days absent and persistent absence (missing 10% or more of school days) were reported by parents. Compared with those with no LTCs, CYP with any LTC had higher SDQ total difficulties scores at baseline (adjusted mean difference 1.4, 1.1-1.6) and follow-up (1.1, 0.8-1.4) and were more likely to have a psychiatric disorder at baseline (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.59, 1.34-1.89) and follow-up (1.75, 1.44-2.12). Children with any LTC also missed more days of school at baseline (adjusted incidence rate ratio 1.47, 1.31-1.64) and follow-up (1.17, 1.00-1.36) and were more likely to be persistently absent (aOR baseline 1.78, 1.48-2.14; follow-up 1.27, 1.00-1.61). Neurodevelopmental disorders, migraines and atopic conditions were particularly strongly associated with both mental health and absenteeism. Children with LTCs had poorer mental health and more school absence than those with no LTCs. Clinicians should routinely enquire about mental health and school attendance in CYP with LTCs and should collaborate with families and schools to ensure these children are provided with sufficient mental health and educational support.

Lesion-Function Analysis from Multimodal Imaging and Normative Brain Atlases for Prediction of Cognitive Deficits in Glioma Patients.

Simple SummaryThis prospective cross-sectional study utilized standard structural MR imaging and amino acid PET in conjunction with brain atlases of gray matter functional regions and white matter tracts, and elastic registration techniques to estimate the influence of the type and location of treatment-related brain damage or recurrent tumors on cognitive functioning in a group of well-doing WHO Grade III/IV glioma patients at follow-up after treatment. The negative impact of T2/FLAIR hyperintensities, supposed to be mainly caused by radiotherapy, on cognitive performance far exceeded that of surgical brain defects or recurrent tumors. The affection of functional nodes and fiber tracts of the left hemisphere and especially of the left temporal lobe by T2/FLAIR hyperintensities was highly correlated with verbal episodic memory dysfunction. These observations imply that radiotherapy for gliomas of the left hemisphere should be individually tailored by means of publicly available brain atlases and registration techniques.Cognitive deficits are common in glioma patients following multimodality therapy, but the relative impact of different types and locations of treatment-related brain damage and recurrent tumors on cognition is not well understood. In 121 WHO Grade III/IV glioma patients, structural MRI, O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine FET-PET, and neuropsychological testing were performed at a median interval of 14 months (range, 1–214 months) after therapy initiation. Resection cavities, T1-enhancing lesions, T2/FLAIR hyperintensities, and FET-PET positive tumor sites were semi-automatically segmented and elastically registered to a normative, resting state (RS) fMRI-based functional cortical network atlas and to the JHU atlas of white matter (WM) tracts, and their influence on cognitive test scores relative to a cohort of matched healthy subjects was assessed. T2/FLAIR hyperintensities presumably caused by radiation therapy covered more extensive brain areas than the other lesion types and significantly impaired cognitive performance in many domains when affecting left-hemispheric RS-nodes and WM-tracts as opposed to brain tissue damage caused by resection or recurrent tumors. Verbal episodic memory proved to be especially vulnerable to T2/FLAIR abnormalities affecting the nodes and tracts of the left temporal lobe. In order to improve radiotherapy planning, publicly available brain atlases, in conjunction with elastic registration techniques, should be used, similar to neuronavigation in neurosurgery.

The use of mixed modeling to evaluate the impact of treatment integrity on learning

Treatment integrity, or the degree to which an intervention is implemented as intended, is a critical feature of skill acquisition tasks. Single‐case design consistently demonstrates that low treatment integrity slows or inhibits learning, but the relative impact of different types of instructional errors, or the presence of multiple errors, is less clear. The present study utilized a multilevel modeling approach to evaluate the impact of type of error (omission versus omission and commission) and error component (reinforcer delivery versus feedback) on learning. Findings revealed that learning outcomes worsened based on the type of error and as the complexity of errors increased; more specifically, participants performed better when only a single type of error occurred and when only a single error component was manipulated. Additionally, individual characteristics contributed to learning outcomes, highlighting the use of multilevel modeling as a helpful tool to supplement single‐case design. The differential impact of integrity errors on learning may be due to timing of errors (i.e., commission errors more likely to occur early in learning) or how errors affect reinforcement schedule versus discriminative control.

Review of Leadership Styles in Perspective of Dynamic Capabilities: An Empirical Research on Managers in Manufacturing Firms

Firms need to adapt to changes in both their internal and external environments and create new systems that let them focus on new trends, identify improvements, try to guess their potential impact on their management and manufacturing system. They try to learn quickly how to implement changes to their standard operating procedures. A wide range of factors affects this procedure. To achieve this, they should be managed by modern leaders. The purpose of this research is to investigate the leadership dimensions and a related framework for assessing leadership styles, in relation to the context in which the leader works in dynamic environment. Furthermore, the purpose of this study was to examine the relative impact of different types of leadership on firms’ dynamic capabilities. Research is reported on data from a large sample of leaders and managers (n 214) from a range of private manufacturing organizations in West of Turkey. Content analyses, one of the methods of quality analysis, and MAXMaps were performed in context of top-down &amp;amp;bottom-up confirmation method. SPSS and Maxqda analyses program was used to analyze data. The results show that agile and transformational leaders can enhance firms’ dynamic capabilities indirectly or indirectly by creating an organizational atmosphere where employees and followers are encouraged, motivated, inspired to be a role model, open to change, and innovation. However, it was found that the link between dynamic capabilities of a firm and hubristic and autocratic leadership was slightly positive.

Social Support and Health in Diabetes Patients: An Observational Study in Six European Countries in an Era of Austerity.

IntroductionSupport from individual social networks, community organizations and neighborhoods is associated with better self-management and health outcomes. This international study examined the relative impact of different types of support on health and health-related behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsObservational study (using interviews and questionnaires) in a sample of 1,692 type 2 diabetes patients with 5,433 connections from Bulgaria, Greece, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Outcomes were patient-reported health status (SF-12), physical exercise (RAPA), diet and smoking (SDCSCA). Random coefficient regression models were used to examine linkages with individual networks, community organizations, and neighborhood type (deprived rural, deprived urban, or affluent urban).ResultsPatients had a median of 3 support connections and 34.6% participated in community organizations. Controlled for patients’ age, sex, education, income and comorbidities, large emotional support networks were associated with decrease of non-smoking (OR = 0.87). Large practical support networks were associated with worse physical and mental health (B = -0.46 and -0.27 respectively) and less physical activity (OR = 0.90). Participation in community organizations was associated with better physical and mental health (B = 1.39 and 1.22, respectively) and, in patients with low income, with more physical activity (OR = 1.53).DiscussionParticipation in community organizations was most consistently related to better health status. Many diabetes patients have individual support networks, but this study did not provide evidence to increase their size as a public health strategy. The consistent association between participation in community organizations and health status provides a clear target for interventions and policies.

The Association between Norms and Actions&lt;br&gt;The Case of Men’s Participation in Housework&lt;br&gt;

Gender and family researchers are often puzzled by the differences between gender norms and actual behaviour. For example, many previous studies have shown that since the 1970s, attitudes have changed toward more modern gender role beliefs. However, this is generally not reflected in behaviour, this being especially true for men’s involvement in housework and care work. In this paper, we analyse to what extent gender norms correspond with men’s participation in housework. We examine in particular cooking, vacuum-cleaning and doing the laundry, because these activities reflect pronounced variation in norms and actions with regard to modern and traditional gender role attitudes. Going beyond previous research, which assesses the general influence of norms on practices, we investigate the relative impact of different types of gender ideologies, namely the strength with which respondents endorse (1) the male provider and female homemaker model, (2) women’s employment, (3) employment as men’s primary role, and (4) men’s participation in unpaid work. Our empirical findings indicate that positive attitudes towards male contributions to housework are a key predictor of men’s housework.

Effectiveness of intervention for grammar in school-aged children with primary language impairments: A review of the evidence

This article summarizes the evidence as regards the effectiveness of therapy for grammar for school-aged children with language impairments. I first review studies focusing on specific areas of grammar (both expressive and receptive targets) and then studies aiming to improve language more generally, several of which focus more on the effectiveness of different methods of delivery. I conclude that while there is a growing body of evidence in this area, there are still many gaps. The most concerning gap is the small amount of evidence of effectiveness of intervention for children with receptive as well as expressive language impairments. The evidence to date seems to indicate that these children need specialist, intensive help in order to make progress with their language. Further research is also needed to consider the relative impact of different types of interventions (or their combination) on children of different ages and with different language profiles, including establishing the most effective and/or cost-effective methods of delivery of these interventions.

Life Satisfaction and Income Comparison Effects in Turkey

This paper evaluates the relative impact of different types of benchmarks such as internal and external comparisons on subjective well-being in Turkey. There are few studies on life satisfaction for Turkey and they mostly focus on the impact of socio-demographic effects on subjective well-being. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate how reference group’s self-reported life satisfaction is related to the level of consumption; as well as the level of internal and external comparisons and other socio-economic factors. The paper relies on the Life in Transition Survey (EBRD 2011), a survey conducted in late 2010 jointly by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the World Bank. The survey includes 1,003 observations for Turkey. The emphasis of the paper is based on the concept of income comparisons—both to others in the relevant reference group and to oneself in the past (evaluation) and future (expectation). The main findings are; in addition to household consumption, internal and external comparisons have significant impact on life satisfaction. The impact of comparisons is asymmetric: in most cases under-performing one’s benchmark has a greater effect than out-performing it.

Predictors of health‐related quality of life in patients with chronic liver disease

Patient-reported outcomes like health-related quality of life (HRQL) have become increasingly important for full assessment of patients with chronic liver diseases (CLD). To explore the relative impact of different types of liver disease on HRQL as well as predictors of HRQL domains in CLD. Our HRQL databases with Short-Form 36 (SF-36) data were used. Scores for each of SF-36 scales (PF - physical functioning, RP - role functioning, BP - bodily pain, GH - general health, VT - vitality, SF - social functioning, RE - role emotional and MH - mental health, MCS - mental component score, PCS - physical component score) were compared between different types of CLD as well as other variables. Complete data were available for 1103 CLD patients. Demographic and clinical data included: age 54.2 +/- 12.0 years, 40% female, 761 (69%) with cirrhosis. Analysis revealed that age correlated significantly (P < 0.05) with worsening HRQL on every scale of the SF-36. Female patients had more HRQL impairments in PF, RP, BP, GH, VT and MH scales of SF-36 (Delta scale score: 6.6-10.7, P < 0.05). Furthermore, cirrhotic patients had more impairment of HRQL in every scale of SF-36 (Delta scale score: 6.6-43.0, P < 0.05). In terms of diagnostic groups, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients showed more impairment of HRQL. Analysis of this large CLD cohort suggests that a number of important clinicodemographic factors are associated with HRQL impairment. These findings contribute to the full understanding of the total impact of CLD on patients' health.

Effect of Network Quality on Player Departure Behavior in Online Games

Understanding the impact of network conditions on player satisfaction, which is one of the major concerns of network game designers, is a popular research topic. Of the various ways to gauge user satisfaction, in this paper, we focus on how network quality affects a player's decision to leave a game prematurely. To answer this question, we analyze a 1,356-million-packet trace from a large commercial massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) called ShenZhou Online. We show that both network delay and network loss significantly affect a player's decision to leave a game prematurely. It is feasible to predict whether players will quit prematurely based on the network conditions they experience. The proposed model can determine the relative impact of different types of network impairment. For our traces, the degrees of player intolerance to network delay, delay jitter, client packet loss, and server packet loss are in the proportion of 1:2:4:3 approximately. The model can also be used to make system design decisions. Through simulations, we show that by prioritizing server processing according to the goodness of network conditions, employing dejitter buffers, or replacing TCP with a more lightweight transport protocol, the probability of premature departure can be significantly reduced. In this way, we demonstrate how our model of players' network experience provides feedback for the design of online games.

Network composition, collaborative ties, and upgrading in emerging-market firms: Lessons from the Argentine autoparts sector

What types of relational and institutional mechanisms shape knowledge flows and the upgrading capabilities of emerging-market firms in the face of economic liberalization? We analyze the Argentine autoparts sector to distinguish the relative impact of different types of network relationships on a firm's process and product upgrading. A few social ties to international assemblers appear to be most beneficial for local suppliers, although they may be insufficient to compensate fully for the negative effect of being located in a lower tier. Supplier–customer relationships that are part of regular, disciplined discussions for product and process improvements appear to be especially beneficial for upgrading.

Gender differences in exposure to co-worker and public-initiated violence: Assessing the impact of work-related violence and aggression in police work

Policing has traditionally been considered a male-dominated and hazardous occupation, which has called into question its suitability for women. More recent research, however, suggests that policing necessitates skills and attributes that are not gender specific. The nature and extent of violence experienced by police personnel is widely debated, particularly in relation to the (1) type of violence experienced, whether physical or psychological, (2) source, including public and co-worker-initiated violence and (3) gender differences in exposure and their consequences. A total of 581 frontline police officers (495 males and 86 females) from a UK police force participated in this study, which examines gender differences in the frequency and impact of exposure to violence. It was predicted that females would be less exposed to violence from the general public but to higher levels of violence from their co-workers. It was also predicted that co-worker violence would have more negative consequences than public initiated violence for both groups and that these consequences would be more detrimental among females. The results suggest that no such gender differences exist in the frequency of exposure to both public and co-worker-initiated violence. There are, however, some minor gender differences in the relative impact of different types of exposure to violence on well-being. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

The Impact of Leadership on Student Outcomes: An Analysis of the Differential Effects of Leadership Types

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relative impact of different types of leadership on students' academic and nonacademic outcomes. Research Design: The methodology involved an analysis of findings from 27 published studies of the relationship between leadership and student outcomes. The first meta-analysis, including 22 of the 27 studies, involved a comparison of the effects of transformational and instructional leadership on student outcomes. The second meta-analysis involved a comparison of the effects of five inductively derived sets of leadership practices on student outcomes. Twelve of the studies contributed to this second analysis. Findings: The first meta-analysis indicated that the average effect of instructional leadership on student outcomes was three to four times that of transformational leadership. Inspection of the survey items used to measure school leadership revealed five sets of leadership practices or dimensions: establishing goals and expectations; resourcing strategically; planning, coordinating, and evaluating teaching and the curriculum; promoting and participating in teacher learning and development, and ensuring an orderly and supportive environment. The second meta-analysis revealed strong average effects for the leadership dimension involving promoting and participating in teacher learning and development and moderate effects for the dimensions concerned with goal setting and planning, coordinating, and evaluating teaching and the curriculum. Conclusions and Implications for Research and Practice: The comparisons between transformational and instructional leadership and between the five leadership dimensions suggested that the more leaders focus their relationships, their work, and their learning on the core business of teaching and learning, the greater their influence on student outcomes. The article concludes with a discussion of the need for leadership research and practice to be more closely linked to the evidence on effective teaching and effective teacher learning. Such alignment could increase the impact of school leadership on student outcomes even further.