Relative Distance Ratio Research Articles

Influences of new high-rise buildings on visual preference evaluation of original urban landmarks：a case study in Shanghai, China

ABSTRACTNewly-built high-rise buildings exert an unneglectable influence on the original urban outer spatial form. The visual preference evaluation of this influence can be taken as a key reference factor for the evaluation of public acceptance in the course of urban modernization. This paper sets two representative buildings of Shanghai as the research objects: The Oriental Pearl Radio & TV Tower, serving as the original urban landmark, and Shanghai Tower, representing the newly-built high-rise building. Relative height ratio, relative mass ratio, and relative distance ratio of the two buildings at different viewpoints are set as the physical properties. Eight key observation sites were selected as the viewpoints where photos of the two buildings were taken. Then, photo stimulation experiments were conducted with participants and the results were analyzed. The analytical results indicate that newly-built high-rise buildings exert certain influence not only on the urban outer spatial form centering around original urban landmarks, but on the potential change of urban viewpoints as well. The value ranges of relevant physical properties are also influential to visual preference evaluation. Height ratio (0.75, 1.00) and (1.50, 1.71), mass ratio (0.75, 1.10), and distance ratio (0.60, 0.78), the visual preference evaluation would be scored comparatively higher.

Failure Mechanism of Brass with Three V‐Notches Characterized by Acoustic Emission in In Situ Three‐Point Bending Tests

The purpose of this study is to characterize the V pre‐notched specimens with different relative depth ratio and the relative distance ratio by the AE signals in in situ three‐point bending tests. Simultaneously, during the bending process, the V pre‐notched specimen is in situ monitored by the opto‐digital microscope. In order to analyze the depth of V‐notch and the distance between the side V‐notches and the middle V‐notch effect on the specimens, a finite element analysis model is built by ABAQUS. Combining the in situ images, the AE signals and the finite element analysis (FEA) results, it is found that the experiment results are consistent with the FEA results. It is demonstrated that the amplitude of AE signals can effectively characterize the crack initiation, crack growth, and crack fast instability fracture.

電気的易動度が遅いｐａｎｃｒｅａｔｉｃ型（ｓｌｏｗ‐Ｐ）アミラーゼバリアント

Four types of the hereditary variant human amylase (AMY) of pancreatic (P) origin have been reported as slow-P, dominant-P2, dominant-P2S, and dominant-P2MS by AMY isoenzyme on cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis. Since 1990, we examined 84, 084 samples for serum and urine AMY isoenzymes, and found AMY bands which showed slower migration than P1-AMY, the main band of P-AMY, in 24 serum samples. These bands did not react with the anti-human salivary (S)-type AMY activity inhibitory monoclonal antibody, suggesting that these bands seemed to be derived from P-type AMY. When slow-P AMY bands were classified by the relative distance ratio of slow-P AMY and P1-AMY bands to P1-AMY and S1-AMY bands, it was found that there were 3 variants. The slow-P AMY variants were for convenience' sake named slow-P1 AMY (mean±1SD of the relative distance ratio: 0.518±0.043), slow-P2 AMY (0.635±0.024), and slow-P3 AMY (0.985±0.022) progressively from the anode side. The frequency of 3 slow-P AMY variants in Japanese is estimated at 0.007% (6/84, 084) for slow-P1 AMY, 0.019% (16/84, 084) for slow-P2 AMY, and 0.002% (2/84, 084) for slow-P3 AMY. At present, however, there is no evidence that these bands are genetic variants because pancreatic juice from patients and their family lines have not yet been examined.

Crown structure in western hemlock, Douglas-fir, and grand fir in western Washington: horizontal distribution of foliage within branches

Horizontal distribution of foliage within individual branches was explored for three major tree species (western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), and grand fir (Abiesgrandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.)) in the Pacific Northwest. Weibull, β, normal, and Johnson's SB distributions were assessed for their ability to conform to the empirical foliage distributions. Moment-based parameter recovery and parameter prediction methodologies were applied. On the basis of the rank of individual branch χ2-values, the β distribution performed best under parameter recovery, while Johnson's SB distribution was best in terms of total sum of χ2-values. Overall, few differences between the four distributions were observed. A system of moment-based parameter prediction equations was developed from branch dimensional and positional measures. The prediction equations showed that the ratio of relative distance from the stem to mean foliage density increased with increasing branch size. This relative increase was enhanced with increasing depth into crown for western hemlock, but not for Douglas-fir or grand fir. Again, the β distribution, based on predicted moments, followed most closely the empirical distributions on the basis of the ranks of χ2-values. The normal distribution was the best in terms of total sum of χ2-values. As expected, moment-based parameter recovery produced smoothed distributions that followed more closely the observed empirical distributions; however, parameter prediction provides a methodology for predicting distributions when empirical moments are not available. No significant (p > 0.05) differences in horizontal foliage distribution were found between sites or fertilization treatments.