Relative Contribution Of Volume Research Articles

Martensitic transformation, magnetic entropy, and adiabatic temperature changes in bulk and ribbon Ni48Mn39.5Sn12.5\u2212xInx (x\u2009=\u20092, 4, 6) metamagnetic shape memory alloys

Martensitic transformation, magnetic entropy, and direct adiabatic temperature changes in Ni48Mn39.5Sn12.5−xInx (x = 2, 4, 6) metamagnetic Heusler bulk and grain-constrained ribbon alloys were studied. All alloys showed a typical L21 structure in austenite and the 4O structure in martensite. Their relative volume contributions changed depending on In content. With increasing In concentration, the martensitic transformation temperature increased, whereas the Curie temperature of austenite decreased. The magnetic entropy change under magnetic field of 5 T attained maximum of 20 J/kgK in the bulk and 14.4 J/kgK in the ribbon alloys with the Ni48Mn39.5Sn8.5In4 nominal composition. The corresponding adiabatic temperature change under 1.7 T yielded 1.3 K for the Ni48Mn39.5Sn8.5In4 bulk alloy. Despite grain confinement, melt spinning was found to stabilize martensite phase. Changes observed were discussed with relation to strengthened covalency imposed by In substitution.Graphic abstract

Volume of systemic cancer therapy delivery and outcomes of patients with solid tumors: A systematic review and methodologic evaluation of the literature

BackgroundPatients undergoing complex cancer surgery have better outcomes when care is provided by high-volume surgeons and hospitals. It is not known whether this volume-outcome relationship extends to the systemic treatment of solid tumors. MethodsMEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Databases, Google Scholar and the online proceedings of ASCO and ESMO were searched up to October 2018. Elements of the scoring system proposed by Institute of Medicine to evaluate volume-outcome studies were used to evaluate the methodologic rigor of the literature. ResultsSixteen studies involving 441,890 patients were included. Cancer sites evaluated were testicular (N = 7), lung (N = 2), melanoma (N = 2), renal cell (N = 2), pancreas (n = 1), esophagogastric (N = 1), and cholangiocarcinoma (N = 1). Most studies adjusted for age and stage of disease (N = 14), but few did so for patient comorbidities (N = 7) or performance status (N = 1). Most studies evaluated volume as a categorical variable (N = 13) and used single-level regression (N = 11). No study provided an estimate of the relative contribution of volume to the variance in survival observed. Fourteen of 16 studies concluded that increasing volume was associated with better survival. The unadjusted, absolute improvement comparing the lowest to highest volume categories ranged from 1 % to 24 %. ConclusionThe available evidence suggests that volume of systemic therapy provision for solid tumors may be associated with improved survival. However, each study identified in this review contains such considerable methodologic shortcomings and/or unresolved confounding that estimation of an unbiased treatment effect is not possible. High quality research is needed prior to implementation of volume-based regionalization policies for systemic therapy.

Activity Intensity, Volume, and Norms: Utility and Interpretation of Accelerometer Metrics.

The physical activity profile can be described from accelerometer data using two population-independent metrics: average acceleration (ACC, volume) and intensity gradient (IG, intensity). This article aims 1) to demonstrate how these metrics can be used to investigate the relative contributions of volume and intensity of physical activity for a range of health markers across data sets and 2) to illustrate the future potential of the metrics for generation of age and sex-specific percentile norms. Secondary data analyses were conducted on five diverse data sets using wrist-worn accelerometers (ActiGraph/GENEActiv/Axivity): children (n = 145), adolescent girls (n = 1669), office workers (n = 114), premenopausal (n = 1218) and postmenopausal (n = 1316) women, and adults with type 2 diabetes (n = 475). Open-source software (GGIR) was used to generate ACC and IG. Health markers were (a) zBMI (children), (b) %fat (adolescent girls and adults), (c) bone health (pre- and postmenopausal women), and (d) physical function (adults with type 2 diabetes). Multiple regression analyses showed that IG, but not ACC, was independently associated with zBMI/%fat in children and adolescents. In adults, associations were stronger and the effects of ACC and IG were additive. For bone health and physical function, interactions showed associations were strongest if IG was high, largely irrespective of ACC. Exemplar illustrative percentile "norms" showed the expected age-related decline in physical activity, with greater drops in IG across age than ACC. The ACC and the IG accelerometer metrics facilitate the investigation of whether volume and intensity of physical activity have independent, additive, or interactive effects on health markers. In future studies, the adoption of data-driven metrics would facilitate the generation of age- and sex-specific norms that would be beneficial to researchers.

Oceanic heat transport into the Arctic under high and low hbox {CO}_2 forcing

Enhanced ocean heat transport into the Arctic is linked to stronger future Arctic warming and polar amplification. To quantify the impact of ocean heat transport on Arctic climate, it is imperative to understand how its magnitude and the associated mechanisms change in other climate states. This paper therefore assesses the ocean heat transport into the Arctic at 70^{circ }hbox {N} for climates forced with a broad range of carbon dioxide concentration levels, ranging from one-fourth to four times modern values. We focused on ocean heat transports through the Arctic entrances (Bering Strait, Canadian Archipelago, and Nordic Seas) and identified relative contributions of volume and temperature to these changes. The results show that ocean heat transport differences across the five climate states are dominated by heat transport changes in the Nordic Seas, although in the warmest climate state heat transport through the Bering Strait plays an almost equally important role. This is primarily caused by changes in horizontal currents owing to anomalous wind responses and to differential advection of thermal anomalies. Changes in sea ice cover play a prominent role by modulating the surface heat fluxes and the impact of wind stresses on ocean currents. The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and its associated heat transport play a more modest role in the ocean heat transport into the Arctic. The net effect of these changes is that the poleward ocean heat transport at 70^{circ }hbox {N} strongly increases from the coldest climate to the warmest climate state.

Assessment of the relative contribution of volume and concentration changes in Yttrium-90 labelled resin microspheres on ionization chamber measurements

Assessment of the relative contribution of volume and concentration changes in Yttrium-90 labelled resin microspheres on ionization chamber measurements

Prediction of diffusivity and conversion of n-decane and CO in coated Pt/γ-Al2O3 catalyst depending on porous layer morphology

The conversion in monolith reactors for automotive exhaust gas aftertreatment can be limited by diffusion in the catalytic layer. This is particularly important for monolith reactors with multiple coated layers. In this paper, we present detailed modeling methodology for prediction of effective diffusivity based on the actual structure of a porous coating (particle and pore size distributions). We demonstrate the approach on diffusion and oxidation of n-decane and CO in Pt/γ-Al2O3 layers typically used in diesel oxidation catalysts. To validate the model predictions experimentally, several layers were coated with uniform thickness on flat metal foils, and their macroporous structure was controlled by alumina particle size distribution, pore templates and compaction techniques. A multi-scale modelling approach was then applied to predict effective diffusivity and impact of the internal diffusion limitations on the achieved conversions. Diffusion of CO and n-decane was simulated on a micro-scale together with oxidation reactions in a 3D digitally reconstructed porous layer structure. The results were combined with a macroscopic 1D plug-flow model to calculate the reactor outlet conversions. Good agreement was achieved between the predicted and the measured conversions both for n-decane and CO oxidation. The predicted effective diffusion coefficients Deff through the tested Pt/γ-Al2O3 layers were 1.4, 3.6 and 6.4×10−6m2s−1 for CO at T=298K in compact, standard and macropore-templated sample, respectively. The corresponding diffusivities for n-decane were 0.53, 1.2 and 2.0×10−6m2s−1, respectively. The model quantified relative contributions of volume and Knudsen diffusion regimes to overall transport as well as temperature dependence of Deff.

Volumetric study of n-octyloxy-cyanobiphenyl (8OCB)

Volumetric measurements were carried out on n-octyloxy-cyanobiphenyl (8OCB) over temperatures from ambient to 150°C at pressures up to 200 MPa, encompassing the liquid, nematic and smectic liquid crystalline, and crystal states. From the step changes in volume at the transitions, the phase boundaries and the associated activation enthalpies and energies were determined. The results are consistent with prior studies that were limited to a narrower range of thermodynamic conditions. The thermodynamic potential parameter, Γ, found for the isotropic–nematic transition, =3.15, is significantly smaller than the scaling exponent γ (=4.4) that superposes the longitudinal relaxation times in the nematic state. From this non-equivalence, we conclude that the order parameter must vary with pressure along the clearing line. By comparing the phase behaviour of the nematic state for isochoric and isobaric conditions, the relative contribution of volume was determined to be less that the effect of thermal energy on the thermodynamic stability.

Dietary relationships among coexisting anuran amphibians: a worldwide quantitative review

Anuran amphibians have traditionally been considered suitable model organisms for community ecology studies. In this paper, we review and quantitatively re-analyze the original studies published on dietary relationships among anuran communities worldwide. We re-analyzed 33 independent communities from all continents, including data on prey numbers and/or prey volumes. All datasets underwent null model re-analysis using two randomization algorithms. In addition, logistic regression models were used to identify specific assemblage patterns. We discovered three main patterns: (1) one particular algorithm (RA2, which replaces every cell in the matrix with one randomly chosen, but retains the zero structure of the matrix) performed much better at uncovering community structure; (2) nonrandom structure was more likely to occur in tropical than in nontropical regions; (3) prey volume was a better descriptor of dietary relationships than prey number when attempting to detect nonrandom structure. We showed that: pattern (1) depended on both the overall generalist nature of the anurans in general and on the mathematical properties of RA2; pattern (2) was consistent with theoretical attributes of tropicality; and pattern (3) was due to the intrinsic ecological properties of generalist organisms, which forage more or less opportunistically on prey of very different sizes; hence, when prey number is used as a diet descriptor, there is a risk of approximating different prey taxa that make different relative volume contributions to the overall diet as being of similar relevance .

Volume effects on the glass transition dynamics

The role of jamming (steric constraints) and its relationship to the available volume is addressed by examining the effect that certain modifications of a glass-former have on the ratio of its isochoric and isobaric activation enthalpies. This ratio reflects the relative contribution of volume (density) and temperature (thermal energy) to the temperature-dependence of the relaxation times of liquids and polymers. We find that an increase in the available volume confers a stronger volume-dependence to the relaxation dynamics, a result at odds with free volume interpretations of the glass transition.

Volume and temperature as control parameters for the dielectric α relaxation of polymers and molecular glass formers

Methods of analysing the dielectric α relaxation and equation-of-state data for supercooled glass-forming materials, to determine the relative contribution of volume and temperature, are illustrated using measurements on poly[(o-cresyl glycidyl ether)–co-formaldehyde] (PCGE). The ratio E V /E P = 0.66 of apparent activation energies and the ratio |α τ |/α P = 1.7, of the thermal expansivities, evaluated at τ = 1 s and P = 0.1 MPa respectively, reveal that for PCGE the volume and temperature both exert a substantial influence on the relaxation times. In this regard, PCGE is similar to other polymers and non-associated molecular liquids for which such analyses have been carried out. This means that the underlying bases of both free-volume and thermal activation models are not correct. The exceptional behaviour is that of hydrogen-bonded liquids, such as polyalcohols, for which competing effects minimize the sensitivity to pressure, whereby temperature becomes the dominant control variable.

Segmental‐ and normal‐mode dielectric relaxation of poly(propylene glycol) under pressure

AbstractDielectric measurements were obtained on poly(propylene glycol) (molecular weight: 4000 Da) at pressures in excess of 1.2 GPa. The segmental (α process) and normal‐mode (α′ process) relaxations exhibited different pressure sensitivities of their relaxation strengths, as well as their relaxation times. Such results are contrary to previous reports, and (at least for the dielectric strength) can be ascribed to the capacity for intermolecular hydrogen‐bond formation in this material. With equation‐of‐state measurements, the relative contributions of volume and thermal energy to the α‐relaxation times were quantified. Similar to other H‐bonded liquids, temperature is the more dominant control variable, although the effect of volume is not negligible. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 3047–3052, 2003

Effect of volume changes on segmental relaxation in siloxane polymers.

From dielectric relaxation and equation-of-state measurements on polymethylphenylsiloxane and polymethyltolylsiloxane, the relative contributions of volume and thermal energy to the temperature dependence of the segmental relaxation times are quantified. In both polymers, volume exerts a substantial effect, being almost as significant as thermal energy. A possible consequence of this prominent role of volume in governing the segmental dynamics is the finding that the relaxation times, measured for a series of temperature at various (fixed) pressures, can be expressed as a single function of the volume normalized by the volume at the glass transition temperature. A similar result is found for the (isothermal) relaxation times measured at various pressures.

Volume quantification of chest wall motion in dogs.

We employed high-speed multisliced X-ray-computed tomography to determine the relative volume contributions of rib cage (delta Vrc) and diaphragmatic motion (delta Vdi) to tidal volume (VT) during spontaneous breathing in 6 anesthetized dogs lying supine. Mean values were 40 +/- 6% (SE) for delta Vrc and 62 +/- 8% of VT for delta Vdi. The difference between VT and changes in thoracic cavity volume was taken to represent a change in thoracic blood volume (2 +/- 3% of VT). To estimate how much of delta Vrc was caused by diaphragmatic contraction and how much of delta Vdi was caused by rib cage motion, delta Vrc and delta Vdi were determined during bilateral stimulation of the C5-C6 phrenic nerve roots in the apneic dog and again during spontaneous breathing after phrenicotomy. Thoracic cavity volume (Vth) measured during hypocapnic apnea was consistently larger than Vth at end expiration, suggesting that relaxation of expiratory muscles contributed significantly to both delta Vrc and delta Vdi during spontaneous inspiration. Phrenic nerve stimulation did not contribute to delta Vrc, suggesting that diaphragmatic contraction had no net expanding action on the rib cage above the zone of apposition. Spontaneous breathing after phrenicotomy resulted in small and inconsistent diaphragmatic displacement (8 +/- 4% of VT). We conclude that the diaphragm does not drive the rib cage to inflate the lungs and that rib cage motion does not significantly affect diaphragmatic position during spontaneous breathing in anesthetized dogs lying supine.

Relative volume changes of the rib cage and abdomen during prephonatory chest wall posturing

<h2>Summary</h2> This study attempted to shed further light on the nature of prephonatory chest wall posturing by means of an investigation of the relative volume changes of the rib cage and abdomen during such posturing in normal young adult men and women. A new form of relative-volume chart was devised that enabled graphic display of the data in terms of selected ranges of relative volume contributions of the rib cage and abdomen. Choice of these ranges, reflected as contiguous segments on the devised chart, was based on differences in functional significance among them. On the basis of the results obtained, it was concluded that prephonatory chest wall posturing is a behavior that varies within and among subjects and is characterized by a wide range of relative volume contributions of the rib cage and abdomen

To breathe or not to breathe—That is the question: An investigation of speech breathing kinematics in world class Shakespearean actors

<h2>Summary</h2> Anteroposterior diameter changes of the rib cage and abdomen were recorded during respiratory and speaking activities in four adult subjects, three men and one woman, all of whom had extensive dramatic training and experience and were earning their livelihood as professional actors. Data were charted to solve for lung volume, and volume displacements of the rib cage and abdomen. The more vigorous and louder monologue performances by the professional actor subjects differed from other speaking and reading activities in the following parameters of lung volume, separate volumes, relative volume contributions, and the frequent use of respiratory phase transitions. Novice actor subjects' monologue performances are compared to the monologue performances of the professional actor subjects.

Body type and speech breathing.

Diameter changes of the rib cage and abdomen were recorded during tidal breathing and speech production in 12 adult male subjects grouped on the basis of prominence on three body type components: relative fatness, relative musculoskeletal development, and relative linearity. Data were charted to solve for lung volume, volume displacements of the rib cage and abdomen, and muscular mechanism. Tidal breathing differed across subject groups with regard to depth, rate, and chest wall configuration. Subjects rated high in relative fatness breathed deeper, slower, and with a greater chest wall deformation from relaxation than did other subjects. Speech breathing differed across subject groups with regard to relative volume contributions of the rib cage and abdomen, abdomen excursions, rib cage paradoxing, and chest wall configuration. Subjects rated high in relative fatness demonstrated substantial abdomen contributions to lung volume change, large abdomen excursions, frequent rib cage paradoxing, and marked chest wall deformations from relaxation. By contrast, subjects rated high in relative linearity demonstrated large rib cage contributions to lung volume change, small abdomen excursions, and slight chest wall deformations from relaxation. Subjects rated high in relative musculoskeletal development generally represented a mixture of characteristics of the other two subject groups in their speech breathing performance. Functional differences are discussed in relation to possible underlying mechanism and inferences are drawn concerning evaluation and management of individuals with speech breathing disorders.

Motor equivalence in respiratory subsystem control for speech

Motor equivalence coordination in the speech motor systeM has been defined as a neural control process superimposed over several potentially independent speech gestures to ensure their complementary contribution to achieve a common goal [O. Hughes and J. H. Abbs, Phonetica 33, 199–221 (1976)]. The respiratory subsystem has not been specifically examined with regards to motor equivalence. Of particular relevance are the coordinated movements of the rib cage (RC) and abdomen (AB) in achieving lung volume changes. RC and AB movements were transduced in naive subjects via a variable inductance transduction system which provided a measure of relative volume contributions. Intraoral air pressure and speech audio signals were recorded simultaneously as indices of alveolar pressure. These data were analyzed to determine the muscle forces required to achieve a targeted alveolar pressure at various lung volumes as well as the relative volume contributions of the RC and AB. The results of these analyses provided substantial evidence for the operation of motor equivalence in the movement coordination of the respiratory subsystem. These findings will be discussed relative to respiratory subsystem biomechanics and their implication for the complex motor system adjustments required during speech. [Supported by NICDH Grant.]

The human ventilatory response to stimulation by transient hypoxia.

1. The detailed pattern of transient changes in breathing pattern has been studied following a brief hypoxic stimulus (three breaths of nitrogen) in nine healthy subjects. All showed an increase in ventilation of which the magnitude and relative contributions of volume and frequency varied between subjects. 2. Ventilation, tidal volume, inspiratory, expiratory and total breath time were recorded or derived breath-by-breath; for each of these variables, several test sequences were time-averaged at half-second intervals for each individual; similarly, time-averages were obtained for percentage changes from base line over all nine subjects. 3. There ws an increase in inspiratory time accompanying the increasing tidal volume, in all but two subjects. This was statistically significant over all subjects, and in five individuals. Frequency changes were the resultant of alterations in the two phases; when total breath duration decreased it was always linked to a decrease in expiratory time. 4. Further analysis of the initial part of the response suggests that an increase of the duration of an inspiration may be the first change allowing an increase in tidal volume, before the 'drive' increases; this may be a dynamic feature of the control system whatever the nature and site of action of the stimulus.

MEASUREMENT OF THE RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF RIB CAGE AND ABDOMEN/DIAPHRAGM TO TIDAL BREATHING IN MAN

A simple mathematical model of the chest wall was constructed so that during tidal breathing the relative volume contributions of the rib cage and abdomen/diaphragm could be measured in man, using four mercury-in-rubber strain gauges around the trunk. From the dimensions of the trunk and the change in circumference determined by the four gauges, the separate contributions of rib cage and abdomen/diaphragm could be determined using a purpose-built analog computer. The system was evaluated in 13 laboratory personnel, and in 13 other subjects before and after anaesthesia. There was a linear relationship between tidal volumes computed and measured at the mouth, over the residual volume to (FRC + 1 litre) range, with an error of +/- 8%. The relative contribution of rib cage to tidal breathing showed a large scatter from 5 to 42% with a non-significant tendency to decrease with age.

Kinematics of the Chest Wall during Speech Production: Volume Displacements of the Rib Cage, Abdomen, and Lung

The chest wall has been treated as a two-part kinematic system comprised of the rib cage and diaphragm-abdomen in parallel, and wherein the volume displaced by each part is linearly related to the motions of points within it. Using measurements of changes in anteroposterior diameters of the rib cage and abdomen, we studied subjects in upright and supine postures during several respiratory maneuvers and utterance tasks. Results are charted in relative motion diagrams (rib cage vs abdomen), which include the relaxed configuration of the chest wall and departures therefrom during utterances. For conversation, reading, and singing, lung volume events were restricted to the midvolume range and were dependent upon body posture and utterance loudness. Relative volume contributions of the two parts differed for subjects and utterances and ranged from all rib cage displacement to all abdominal displacement. During utterances, the chest wall was distorted from its relaxed configuration, and differently so in the two postures studied. Potential mechanisms responsible for these distortions are discussed. We conclude that the distortions observed constitute a “volume platform” or posturing of the chest wall, off of which the speaker produces speech but does not significantly further distort the system in providing the changes in driving pressure required for typical utterances.