Relative Blood Volume Changes Research Articles

Changes in Relative Blood Volume during Hemodialysis: An Extensive US Cohort

Changes in Relative Blood Volume during Hemodialysis: An Extensive US Cohort

Refining hemodynamic correction in in vivo wide-field fluorescent imaging through linear regression analysis

Accurate interpretation of in vivo wide-field fluorescent imaging (WFFI) data requires precise separation of raw fluorescence signals into neural and hemodynamic components. The classical Beer-Lambert law-based approach, which uses concurrent 530-nm illumination to estimate relative changes in cerebral blood volume (CBV), fails to account for the scattering and reflection of 530-nm photons from non-neuronal components leading to biased estimates of CBV changes and subsequent misrepresentation of neural activity. This study introduces a novel linear regression approach designed to overcome this limitation. This correction provides a more reliable representation of CBV changes and neural activity in fluorescence data. Our method is validated across multiple datasets, demonstrating its superiority over the classical approach.

Relative Blood Volume Monitoring during Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: A Prospective Observational Study.

Hematocrit monitoring during continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) allows the continuous estimation of relative blood volume (RBV). This may enable early detection of intravascular volume depletion prior to clinical sequelae. We aimed to investigate the feasibility of extended RBV monitoring and its epidemiology during usual CRRT management by clinicians unaware of RBV. Moreover, we studied the association between changes in RBV and net ultrafiltration (NUF) rates. In a cohort of adult intensive care unit patients receiving CRRT, we continuously monitored hematocrit and RBV using a pre-filter noninvasive optical sensor. We analyzed temporal changes in RBV and investigated the association between RBV change and NUF rates, using the classification of NUF rates into low, moderate, or high based on predefined cut-offs. We obtained >60,000 minute-by-minute measurements in >1,000 CRRT hours in 36 patients. The median RBV change was negative (decrease) in 69% of patients and the median peak change in RBV was -9.3% (interquartile range: -3.9% to -14.3%). Moreover, the median RBV decreased from baseline by >5% in 40.2% of measurements and by >10% in 20.6% of measurements. Finally, RBV decreased significantly more when patients received a high NUF rate (>1.75 mL/kg/h) compared to low or moderate NUF rates (5.32% vs. 1.93% or 1.97%, p < 0.001). Continuous hematocrit and RBV monitoring during CRRT was feasible. RBV decreased significantly during CRRT, and decreases were greater with higher NUF rates. RBV monitoring may help optimize NUF management and prevent the occurrence of intravascular volume depletion.

The Changes in Relative Blood Volume during Dialysis Are Characterized by Ultrafiltration Rate and Predialysis Blood Test Values

Introduction: Continuous monitoring of relative blood volume (percentage BV) in hemodialysis (HD) is critical for determining dry weight and preventing intradialytic hypotension. However, the cause of the BV variation remains unknown. This research aimed to examine factors that influence the percentage BV. Methods: We devised a formula based on coefficients (“a,” “τ,” and “b”) to predict changes in percentage BV. “a” denotes a significant decrease in percentage BV in the early stages of HD. “τ” represents the transition from early to late phase of HD. “b” denotes the slope of the decrease in percentage BV in the late phase of HD. We measured the percentage BV in 18 patients with end-stage renal disease. The coefficients were estimated by fitting experimental data from patients using a least squares optimization algorithm. A correlation analysis of these parameters and patient predialysis data was performed. Results: Ultrafiltration rate (UFR) was found to be negatively correlated with “b” (r = −0.851, p < 0.01). However, UFR was not significantly related to “a.” Predialysis serum total protein level was negatively correlated with “a” (r = −0.531, p = 0.042). Predialysis serum albumin and predialysis sodium were not significantly correlated with “a” and “τ.” Plasma osmolarity did not have a significant relationship with “a” and “τ.” Discussion/Conclusion: UFR influenced the decrease in percentage BV in the late phase but did not influence the decrease of percentage BV in the early phase. “a” was associated with predialysis serum total protein level but not with plasma osmolality or predialysis sodium. This implies that colloid oncotic pressure is important for plasma refilling immediately after dialysis begins. During the change of percentage BV, the decrease in the early phase of dialysis was not related to UFR, but related to other parameters, especially predialysis total protein level. A decrease in the late phase of dialysis is related to UFR.

#4200 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN INTRADIALYTIC CENTRAL VENOUS OXYGEN SATURATION, RELATIVE BLOOD VOLUME, AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS

Abstract Background and Aims In maintenance hemodialysis patients, low central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) and small decline in relative blood volume (RBV) have been associated with adverse outcomes [1,2]. Here we explore the interactions between ScvO2 and RBV change in relation to all-cause mortality. Method We conducted a retrospective study in maintenance hemodialysis patients with central venous catheters as vascular access. During a 6-month baseline period, Crit-Line (Fresenius Medical Care, Waltham, MA) was used to measure continuously intradialytic ScvO2 and hematocrit-based RBV. We defined four groups per median change of RBV and median ScvO2. Patients with ScvO2 above median and RBV change below median were defined as reference. The follow up period was 3-years. We constructed a Cox proportional hazards model with adjustment for age, diabetes, and dialysis vintage to assess the association between ScvO2 and RBV and all-cause mortality during follow-up. Results Baseline comprised 5,231 dialysis sessions in 216 patients. The median RBV change was –5.5% and median ScvO2 was 58.8%. During follow-up, 44 patients (20.4%) died. Kaplan-Meier analysis is shown in Figure 1. In the adjusted model, all-cause mortality was highest in patients with ScvO2 below median and RBV change above median (HR 6.32; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.37 to 29.06), followed by patients with ScvO2 below median and RBV change below median (HR 5.04; 95% CI 1.14 to 22.35) and ScvO2 above median and RBV change above median (HR 4.52; 95% CI 0.95 to 21.36). Conclusion Concurrent combined monitoring of intradialytic ScvO2 and RBV change may provide additional insights into a patient's circulatory status. Patients with low ScvO2 and small changes in RBV may represent a specifically vulnerable group of patients at particularly high risk for adverse outcomes, possibly related to poor cardiac reserve and fluid overload.

#4261 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FLUID OVERLOAD AND AVERAGE PLASMA REFILL RATE IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS

Abstract Background and Aims Attaining the optimal balance between achieving adequate volume removal while preserving organ perfusion remains challenging in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (HD). Quantification of fluid status using bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) has become routine in many countries. Inadequate vascular space refill from the interstitial tissue (plasma refill rate, PRR) is the main contributing factor of hemodynamic instability during HD. We aimed to explore the association between fluid overload (FO) and plasma refill rate (PRR) in chronic HD patients. Method Pre-HD FO [l] was assessed once per subject by BIS (Body Composition Monitor; Fresenius Medical Care) in four urban HD dialysis clinics in the U.S. For each treatment within 30 days before and after the BIS measurement, we calculated the respective pre-HD FO by assuming that differences in pre-HD body weight were equivalent to differences in FO. We then used intradialytic hematocrit (measured with the Crit-Line® Monitor, Fresenius Medical Care) and ultrafiltration data to quantify the average PRR, normalized by body weight (Wang et al. Kidney360, 2023): To calculate the starting blood volume (BV), we first calculated the ending BV using the Nadler equation, followed by back-calculating the starting BV based on the cumulative change in relative BV. Plasma refill volume was calculated as the sum of the changes in blood volume and ultrafiltration volume; plasma refill volume was then divided by treatment time and estimated clinical dry weight to calculate the PRR [ml/kg/hr]. Results We analyzed 746 HD sessions from 79 patients (age 61 ± 15 years; 52 (66%) males; 41 (52%) black and 33 (42%) white). Across all HD sessions, PRR was positively associated with FO [slope estimate 0.92 (95% confidence interval 0.83 to 1.02) ml/kg/hr per 1 l of FO, P value &amp;lt; 0.0001] (Figure 1). This was also the case in subgroup analyses of fluid depleted (r = 0.94, P&amp;lt;0.001), normohydrated (r = 1.03, P&amp;lt;0.0001), and fluid overloaded subjects (r = 0.83, P&amp;lt;0.0001). Conclusion Across the entire fluid status spectrum, from fluid depletion to fluid overload, higher FO was associated with higher PRR on average (overall, an increase of 0.92 ml/kg/hr in PRR for each additional liter of FO). While patients with greater FO would be expected to better tolerate higher ultrafiltration rates, there is large inter-individual variability in PRR. Further investigation of the utility of PRR throughout HD may offer novel insights into fluid management and intradialytic symptom mitigation.

Interactions between intradialytic central venous oxygen saturation, relative blood volume, and all-cause mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients.

In maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients, low central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2 ) and small decline in relative blood volume (RBV) have been associated with adverse outcomes. Here we explore the joint association between ScvO2 and RBV change in relation to all-cause mortality. We conducted a retrospective study in maintenance HD patients with central venous catheters as vascular access. During a 6-month baseline period, Crit-Line (Fresenius Medical Care, Waltham, MA) was used to measure continuously intradialytic ScvO2 and hematocrit-based RBV. We defined four groups per median change of RBV and median ScvO2 . Patients with ScvO2 above median and RBV change below median were defined as reference. Follow-up period was 3 years. We constructed Cox proportional hazards model with adjustment for age, diabetes, and dialysis vintage to assess the association between ScvO2 and RBV and all-cause mortality during follow-up. Baseline comprised 5231 dialysis sessions in 216 patients. The median RBV change was -5.5% and median ScvO2 was 58.8%. During follow-up, 44 patients (20.4%) died. In the adjusted model, all-cause mortality was highest in patients with ScvO2 below median and RBV change above median (HR 6.32; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.37-29.06), followed by patients with ScvO2 below median and RBV change below median (HR 5.04; 95% CI 1.14-22.35), and ScvO2 above median and RBV change above median (HR 4.52; 95% CI 0.95-21.36). Concurrent combined monitoring of intradialytic ScvO2 and RBV change may provide additional insights into a patient's circulatory status. Patients with low ScvO2 and small changes in RBV may represent a specifically vulnerable group of patients at particularly high risk for adverse outcomes, possibly related to poor cardiac reserve and fluid overload.

Relative Blood Volume Profiles Hours After Loop Diuretic Administration: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

BackgroundPlasma refill rates can be estimated by combining measurements of urine output with relative blood volume profiles. Change in plasma refill rates could guide decongestive loop diuretic therapy in acute heart failure. The objective of the study was to assess average relative blood volume profiles generated from 2 or 3 follow-up measurements obtained hours after loop diuretic administration in subjects with vs without baseline congestion. MethodsA systematic review was conducted of articles written in English, French, Spanish, and German, using MEDLINE (1964 to 2019), Cochrane Reviews (1996 to 2019), and Embase (1974 to 2019). Search terms included the following: diuretics, hemoconcentration, plasma volume, and blood volume. We included studies of adults given a loop diuretic with at least one baseline and one follow-up measurement. A single author extracted subject- or group-level blood volume measurements, aggregated them when needed, and converted them to relative changes. ResultsAcross all 16 studies that met the prespecified inclusion criteria, relative blood volume maximally decreased 9.2% (6.6% to 12.0%) and returned to baseline after 3 or more hours. Compared to subjects without congestion, those with congestion experienced smaller decreases in relative blood volume across all follow-up periods (P = 0.001) and returned to baseline within the final follow-up period. ConclusionsSingle doses of loop diuretics produce measurable changes in relative blood volume that follow distinct profiles for subjects with vs without congestion. Measured alongside urine output, these profiles may be used to estimate plasma refill rates—potential patient-specific targets for decongestive therapy across serial diuretic doses.

Multispectral raster-scanning optoacoustic mesoscopy differentiate lesional from non-lesional atopic dermatitis skin using structural and functional imaging markers

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and pruritic skin inflammatory disease causing a significant burden to health care management and patient’s quality of life. Seemingly healthy skin or non-lesional sites on AD patients still presents skin barrier defects and immune response, which can develop to AD at a later stage. To investigate further the balance between the epidermal barrier impairment and intrinsic immune dysregulation in AD, we exploited multispectral Raster-Scanning Optoacoustic Mesoscopy (ms-RSOM) to image lesional and non-lesional skin areas on AD patients of different severities non-invasively to elucidate their structural features and functional information. Herein, we demonstrate the objective assessment of AD severity using relative changes in oxygen saturation (δsO2) levels in microvasculature along with other structural parameters such as relative changes in epidermis thickness (δET) and total blood volume (δTBV) between the lesional and non-lesional areas of the skin. We could observe an increasing trend for δsO2 and δTBV, which correlated well with the subjective clinical Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) for evaluating the severity. Notably, δET showed a decreasing trend with AD severity, indicating that the difference in epidermal thickness between lesional and non-lesional area of the skin decreases with AD severity. Our results also correlated well with conventional metrics such as trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) and erythrosine sedimentation rate (ESR). We quantified the δsO2 and δET changes to objectively evaluate the treatment response before and four months after treatment using topical steroids and cyclosporine in one severe AD patient. We observed reduced δsO2 and δET post treatment. We envision that in future, functional and structural imaging metrics derived from ms-RSOM can be translated as objective markers to assess and stratify the severity of AD and understand the function of skin barrier dysfunctions and immune dysregulation. It could also be employed to monitor the treatment response of AD in regular clinical settings.

Differential control of blood flow in masseter and biceps brachii muscles during stress

ObjectiveThe present study aimed to compare sympathetic hemodynamic effects in masticatory and limb muscles in response to different stressors. DesignTwelve healthy participants were subjected to a randomized series of stressors, including cold pressor test (CPT), mental arithmetic test, apnea, isometric handgrip (IHG) and post-handgrip muscle ischemia (PHGMI), while in the supine position. Spatially-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy was used to measure relative changes in blood volume and oxygenation (TOI) of the resting masseter and biceps muscles. Cardiac output, heart rate, and arterial blood pressure (ABP) were also monitored. ResultsExcept apnea, all tests increased ABP. Different response patterns were observed in the 2 muscles: TOI significantly increased during contralateral IHG (1.24 ± 1.17%) but markedly decreased during CPT (−4.84 ± 4.09%) and PHGMI (−6.65 ± 5.31%) in the biceps muscle, while exhibiting consistent increases in the masseter (1.88 ± 1.85%; 1.60 ± 1.75%; 1.06 ± 3.29%, respectively) (p < 0.05). ConclusionsThe results allow us to infer differential control of blood flow in head and limb muscles. In general, the masseter appears more prone to dilatation than the biceps, exhibiting opposite changes in response to painful stimuli (CPT and PHGMI). Several mechanisms may mediate this effect, including reduced sympathetic outflow to the extracranial vasculature of the head, generally exposed to lower hydrostatic loads than the rest of the body.

Feasibility of Dialysate Bolus-Based Absolute Blood Volume Estimation in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients.

BackgroundAbsolute blood volume (ABV) is a critical component of fluid status, which may inform target weight prescriptions and hemodynamic vulnerability of dialysis patients. Here, we utilized the changes in relative blood volume (RBV), monitored by ultrasound (BVM) upon intradialytic 240 mL dialysate fluid bolus-infusion 1 h after hemodialysis start, to calculate the session-specific ABV. With the main goal of assessing clinical feasibility, our sub-aims were to (i) standardize the BVM-data read-out; (ii) determine optimal time-points for ABV-calculation, “before-” and “after-bolus”; (iii) assess ABV-variation.MethodsWe used high-level programming language and basic descriptive statistics in a retrospective study of routinely measured BVM-data from 274 hemodialysis sessions in 98 patients.ResultsRegarding (i) and (ii), we automatized the processing of RBV-data, and determined an algorithm to select the adequate RBV-data points for ABV-calculations. Regarding (iii), we found in 144 BVM-curves from 75 patients, that the average ABV ± standard deviation was 5.2 ± 1.5 L and that among those 51 patients who still had ≥2 valid estimates, the average intra-patient standard deviation in ABV was 0.8 L. Twenty-seven of these patients had an average intra-patient standard deviation in ABV <0.5 L.ConclusionsWe demonstrate feasibility of ABV-calculation by an automated algorithm after dialysate bolus-administration, based on the BVM-curve. Based on our results from this simple “abridged” calculation approach with routine clinical measurements, we encourage the use of multi-compartment modeling and comparison with reference methods of ABV-determination. Hopes are high that clinicians will be able to use ABV to inform target weight prescription, improving hemodynamic stability.

Impact of the nature of the capillary wall on plasma refilling during hemodialysis.

Our aim was to clarify the impact of the nature of the capillary wall, defined by the contribution of large (LP), small (SP), and ultrasmall (UP) pores, on plasma refilling in a hemodialysis session. This study included data from 78 patients. The relative blood volume change (ΔBV%) was monitored using a Crit-Line monitor. A bioimpedance device was used to measure extracellular and intracellular fluid volumes, and the excess fluid mass (MExF) was calculated. We simulated blood volume change (sΔBV%) based on a three-pore model. Hydraulic permeability of the capillary wall (LpS) and fractional contribution of LP to LpS (αLP) were determined by fitting sΔBV to ΔBV. The total refilling volume (TVref) was calculated from the total ultrafiltration volume and total blood volume change. Values were standardized to a body surface area of 1.73 m2 and are denoted by the subscript BSA. LpS and αLP were 3.09 (2.32, 4.68) mL/mmHg/min and 0.069 (0.023, 0.109), respectively. The standardized regression coefficient (β) of the ultrafiltration rate (UFRBSA) and initial excess fluid mass (MExF,BSA,0) by multiple linear regression analysis of TVref,BSA without (Model 1) and with (Model 2) αLP were as follows: UFRBSA, 0.714/<0.001 (β/p); MExF,BSA,0, 0.247/<0.001 (Model 1); UFRBSA, 0.799/<0.001; MExF,BSA,0, 0.066/0.237; and αLP, -0.327/<0.001 (Model 2). The impact of volume overload (MExF,BSA,0) on plasma refilling became insignificant with the addition of αLP in the model, suggesting that the nature of the capillary wall described by inter-endothelial gaps (LP) may have a greater impact on plasma refilling than volume overload.

Spatiotemporal processing in photoplethysmography for skin microcirculatory perfusion imaging.

Technological advances in the real-time visualization of cutaneous microcirculation aim to realize benefits including high-resolution imaging, suppressed noise, and robust temporal coherence. Photoplethysmography (PPG), a noninvasive technique that measures single or multiple points of relative blood volume changes in blood vessels under the skin, shows potential as a signal candidate for visualizing blood vessels and tracking blood flow. However, challenges still remain, such as extracting/image reconstruction of the blood vessel/flow signal in a precise frequency window (<0.2 Hz) from a noisy image that is caused by the loss of spatial coherence of the light source in a turbid biological tissue. We attempted to overcome this challenge by adopting a combination of direct-contact-type, lens-less, conformable imagers and singular value decomposition (SVD) in this study. We focused on the numerical analysis of SVD for discriminating the tissue and vein blood flow in PPG for reconstructing blood fluidic images, followed by a complete demonstration of skin microcirculation blood tracking in the vessel visualization process when applying our lens-less, conformable, wearable imagers.

Blood Volume Monitoring: A Clinical Tool to Guide Ultrafiltration in Volume Control and Optimisation of Intradialytic Blood Pressure

The importance of extracellular volume control and avoidance of volume overload has been well documented in relation to the management of patients with chronic haemodialysis. Chronic volume overload results in poorly controlled hypertension, increased cardiovascular events, and increased all-cause mortality. Traditional methods of dry weight assessment have relied on clinical assessment to guide volume status. The challenge of achieving the balance between dry weights and preventing intradialytic complications is a formidable one. In order to achieve this, reproducible and sensitive methods are desirable to aid objective quantification of volume status. One such method is by the use of blood volume monitoring, which is achieved by real-time calculation of changes in relative blood volume via a cuvette placed in the arterial blood-line, which can be used to guide ultrafiltration targets during the haemodialysis session. This review article examines the use of blood volume monitoring as a tool to guide ultrafiltration during dialysis and to examine the current evidence to supports its use in assessing dry weight and in preventing intradialytic hypotension events.

Monitoring relative blood volume changes during hemodialysis: Impact of the priming procedure.

The monitoring of relative blood volume (RBV) changes during hemodialysis is increasingly used to evaluate the effect of dialyzer ultrafiltration on intravascular volume to guide the removal of excess fluid in a manner that maintains hemodynamic stability of the patient. RBV monitoring is typically based on an optical or acoustic sensor placed in the arterial blood line that measures a marker of hemoconcentration, such as hematocrit, hemoglobin, or total blood protein. However, the accuracy of RBV monitors and the impact of their clinical use remain the subject of ongoing debate. Here, we show that, depending on the procedure of filling the extracorporeal circuit with the patient's blood at the beginning of the dialysis session, theindications of an RBV monitor may be misleading as to the actual changes of the intravascular volume. When the blood is first pumped into the dialyzer, the priming fluid (saline) that fills the circuit may be either infused into the patient or disposed of to a drain bag. In the latter case, the intravascular volume is suddenly reduced, which is not accounted for by RBV monitors that track only the subsequent reductions in blood volume due to dialyzer ultrafiltration. Weanalyzed this general aspect of RBV monitoring using model-based simulations and showed quantitatively how RBV changes calculated using hematocrit differ depending on the priming procedure.

Photoplethysmography (PPG) Scheming System Based on Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filter Design in Biomedical Applications

Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive technique that measures relative blood volume changes in the blood vessels close to the skin. This research work intends to design a real-time filtering system. There are two main parts in this heart rate detection system: the data-gathering portion and real-time processing. Both processing includes preprocessing and filtering in which PPG signals derive from the pulse sensor in the data-gathering stage. It filters from PPG signal in real-time processing. In the data-gathering stage, the PPG signal is first derived from the pulse sensor, and then it is preprocessed to remove noise and enhance the signal quality to collect the paired-pulse index (PPI). After the signal has been preprocessed, the PPI is extracted from the signal, and this signal with features is collected as a data point to give an input signal for Raspberry Pi to draw the heat rate plot. In this system implementation, the pulse sensor is used to detect the heart-beat information of blood stream. This computer-aided system may also help patients save their time being spent waiting for doctors’ decisions. Biomedical analysis, digital signal processing, image processing, and data analysis become important factors for the automatic diagnosis system.

Abstract 14688: Relative Blood Volume Change After Single Doses of a Loop Diuretic to Assess Volume Status: A Patient Level Meta-analysis

Background: In patients with congestive heart failure administration of an intravenous diuretic results in increased urine production and, depending on the volume status, an immediate change in relative blood volume (RBV). Changes in RBV are already applied clinically to monitor fluid removal and better guide diuresis in patients who undergo peripheral ultrafiltration. Using individual level patient data, we explored whether it is possible to measure changes in RBV after a single intravenous dose of loop diuretic through the measurement of serial hematocrit values. Based on normally occurring variation in volume-stable patients, the smallest change in RBV that would be detectable by routine serial hematocrits ranges from 6.4% to 8.6%. Methods and Results: Electronic databases were queried for articles that contained predefined MeSH terms in order to identify all studies in which patients received intravenous diuretics. The 764 studies that met our entry criteria were systematically reviewed and manually screened. We then conducted a meta-analysis from 14 studies that provided individual, patient-level data from at least 2 time points: just before and within 3 hours of administration of an intravenous loop diuretic. We found that among a total of 240 patients, RBV decreased by 11% (95% CI 10 to 12%) at 2 hours after an intravenous loop diuretic was given (Figure); there was no significant difference in this finding based on whether or not patients had heart failure. Conclusion: We found that anticipated RBV change with single doses of intravenous loop diuretics exceeds the smallest detectable change in RBV that can be obtained by serial hematocrits. This implies that routine hematocrits can be used to track RBV change across serial doses of intravenous loop diuretics, potentially providing a target for a dry interstitium in acute heart failure.

Improvement of Photoresponse Properties of Self-Powered ITO/InP Schottky Junction Photodetector by Interfacial ZnO Passivation

A self-powered ITO/ZnO/InP heterojunction photodetector has been demonstrated with a 10-nm ZnO interfacial layer deposited by atomic layer deposition as a hole-blocking layer. The presence of a valence band offset between InP and ZnO enhances the photocurrent. The valence band offset between InP and ZnO creates a sufficient barrier for hole movement. Low surface recombination under 520-nm laser irradiation produced maximum photoresponsivity of 44.2 mAW−1 with an illumination power of 1 µW at zero bias. The ZnO-passivated self-powered photodetector shows fast response and improved photo-detecting properties. Furthermore, the highly sensitive photodetectors are demonstrated to record the heart pulse wave by measuring relative changes in blood volume of the finger vessels.

Hemodialysis crossover study using a relative blood volume change-guided ultrafiltration control compared with standard hemodialysis: the BV-UFC study

BackgroundIt has been difficult to sufficiently achieve body-fluid management using blood volume (BV) monitor during hemodialysis (HD) with constant ultrafiltration (UF) rate. Recently, a relative BV change-guided UF control (BV-UFC) system was developed by combining the concepts of an automatic feedback system that could control the UF rate and profile with real- time monitoring of relative changes in BV (%ΔBV). However, this system has limited application in the clinical setting. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to perform the crossover study on HD with BV-UFC compared to standard HD in terms of hemodynamic stability during HD.MethodsForty-eight patients entered an 8-week crossover period of standard HD or HD with BV-UFC. Prevalence of intradialytic hypotension (IDH) as a primary outcome and changes in blood pressure (BP), differences in %ΔBV, and achievement of the target ultrafiltration volume as secondary outcomes were compared. IDH was defined as a reduction in systolic BP ≥20 mmHg from the baseline value at 10 min after HD initiation.ResultsNo significant differences were found in the prevalence of IDH, frequency of intervention for symptomatic IDH, and achievement of the target ultrafiltration volume between the groups. The %ΔBV was significantly fewer (-12.1 ± 4.8% vs. -14.4 ± 5.2%, p <0.001) in the HD with BV-UFC than that in the standard HD.ConclusionsHD with BV-UFC did not reduce the prevalence of IDH compared with standard HD. The relief of a relative BV reduction at the end of HD may be beneficial in patients undergoing HD with BV-UFC.Trial RegistrationUMIN, UMIN000024670. Registered on December 1, 2016.

Relative blood volume changes during haemodialysis estimated from haemoconcentration markers

Relative blood volume (RBV) monitoring is frequently used in haemodialysis patients to help guide fluid management and improve cardiovascular stability. RBV changes are typically estimated based on online measurements of certain haemoconcentration markers, such as haematocrit (HCT), haemoglobin (HGB) or total blood protein concentration (TBP). The beginning of a haemodialysis procedure, i.e. filling the extracorporeal circuit with the patient’s blood (with the priming saline being infused to the patient or discarded) may be associated with relatively dynamic changes in the circulation, and hence the observed RBV changes may depend on the exact moment of starting the measurements. The aim of this study was to use a mathematical model to assess this issue quantitatively. The model-based simulations indicate that when the priming saline is not discarded but infused to the patient, a few-minute difference in the moment of starting RBV tracking through measurements of HCT, HGB or TBP may substantially affect the RBV changes observed throughout the dialysis session, especially with large priming volumes. A possible overestimation of the actual RBV changes is the highest when the measurements are started within a couple of minutes after the infusion of priming saline is completed.