Relative Temperature Changes Research Articles

Dehydrin Client Proteins Identified Using Phage Display Affinity Selected Libraries Processed With Paired-End Phage Sequencing

The late embryogenesis abundant proteins (LEAPs) are a class of noncatalytic, intrinsically disordered proteins with a malleable structure. Some LEAPs exhibit a protein and/or membrane binding capacity and LEAP binding to various targets has been positively correlated with abiotic stress tolerance. Regarding the LEAPs' presumptive role in protein protection, identifying client proteins (CtPs) to which LEAPs bind is one practicable means of revealing the mechanism by which they exert their function. To this end, we used phage display affinity selection to screen libraries derived from Arabidopsis thaliana seed mRNA with recombinant orthologous LEAPs from Arabidopsis and soybean (Glycine max). Subsequent high-throughput sequencing of DNA from affinity-purified phage was performed to characterize the entire subpopulation of phage retained by each LEAP ortholog. This entailed cataloging in-frame fusions, elimination of false positives, and aligning the hits on the CtP scaffold to reveal domains of respective CtPs that bound to orthologous LEAPs. This approach (paired-end phage sequencing) revealed a subpopulation of the proteome constituting the CtP repertoire in common between the two dehydrin orthologs (LEA14 and GmPm12) compared to bovine serum albumin (unrelated binding control). The veracity of LEAP:CtP binding for one of the CtPs (LEA14 and GmPM12 self-association) was independently assessed using temperature-related intensity change analysis. Moreover, LEAP:CtP interactions for four other CtPs were confirmed in planta using bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. The results provide insights into the involvement of the dehydrin Y-segments and K-domains in protein binding.

Seasonal indoor air quality, self-reported health and comfort amongst tenants living at Danish multi-family social housing sites

Studies have identified seasonal differences between the indoor environment and residents’ comfort, as well as an association between indoor air quality (IAQ) and residents’ overall health. Furthermore, measured IAQ is not always aligned with perceived IAQ. The HOME-Health study is a cross-sectional study with seasonal measurements of IAQ amongst residents living in social housing. The aim is to describe and analyse measured and perceived IAQ, and residents’ health symptoms. We found a lower relative humidity, temperature (TP) and air change level (h−1) level, and a higher carbon dioxide (CO2) level during winter compared to summer. In general, higher IAQ levels were measured in apartments with increased crowdedness. The inability to be able to create cross ventilation increased TP, and a larger number of rooms decreased TP. Overall, there was no clear alignment between measured and perceived IAQ, but we found a trend that higher CO2-levels led to a perception of poor IAQ especially during summer. Overall, draught and thermal discomfort were the most common complaints. Self-reported humidity was increased during winter and was associated with nasal and respiratory symptoms, whereas self-reported humidity during summer was associated with fatigue and dermal symptoms. Findings show challenges with IAQ in Danish social housing that are associated with negative health issues.

Continuous Drive Friction Welded Al/Cu Joints Produced Using Short Welding Time, Elevated Rotational Speed, and High Welding Pressures.

The present study aimed to enhance the efficiency and efficacy of the Al/Cu joint production process implemented by the company VEMID Ltd., Jagodina, Serbia, by attaining sound joints within a very short welding time. For this purpose, the present study aimed at investigating the accuracy and the quality of the continuous drive friction welding (CDFW) process, as well as the optimum combination of CDFW parameters with highest joint efficiency in terms of investigated properties. The accuracy was estimated through an analysis of temperature-time curves recorded during CDFW using an infrared camera. The quality was evaluated through an investigation of the properties of Al/Cu joints produced using different friction (66.7, 88.9, and 133.3 MPa) and forging (88.9, 222.2, and 355.6 MPa) pressures and a constant total welding time (4 s) and rotational speed (2100 rpm). Thermal imaging with an infrared camera demonstrated that the actual total welding time was 15% longer compared to the nominal value. This was attributed to the slow pressure response of the pneumatic brake system. The relative changes in the maximum surface temperature (TMS) during the CDFW process corresponded to changes in welding pressures, indicating the potential of the thermal imaging method for monitoring and assessing this process. A preliminary investigation demonstrated that Al/Cu joints produced using welding pressures less than 88.9 MPa often displayed the presence of non-joined micro-regions at the Al/Cu interface and a significant thickness of interfacial Al2Cu (up to 1 µm). However, when friction pressure was set at 66.7 MPa, an increase in the forging pressure to 222.2 MPa eliminated the presence of non-joined micro-regions and reduced the thickness of Al2Cu to 0.5 µm on the average level. These Al/Cu joints achieved the highest joint efficiencies in terms of strength (100%) and ductility (61%). They exhibited an electrical conductivity higher than 92% of the theoretical value. A further increase in any welding pressure produced similar or deteriorated properties, accompanied by an increase in the consumption of raw materials and energy. Such turn of events was counterproductive to the original goal of increasing the efficiency and efficacy of the CDFW process.

Non-invasive temperature monitoring in fixed-bed reactors by electrical capacitance tomography

Abstract Knowledge of the temperature distribution in fixed-bed reactors is of great importance for process control and optimization in many processes of the chemical industry. The state of the art is defined by invasive measuring methods for temperature measurement in such reactors. However, all invasive methods influence both the structure of the fixed-bed and the flow conditions and thus falsify the measurement results compared to real undisturbed conditions in a fixed-bed, above all with regard to the radial temperature profile. In addition, the temperature distribution in the entire reactor is usually derived from a few discrete measuring points based on a model, which sometimes results in large deviations from reality. In this article, electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is explored as an alternative, non-invasive measurement method to monitor the temperature distribution inside fixed-bed reactors. The method exploits the temperature dependence of the effective bulk permittivity of the reactor filling. By way of an example, this dependence has been investigated in this work for two different hydrogenation catalysts. A temperature-resistant ECT sensor has been designed to perform measurements under the influence of temperature. The investigations show that, with the aid of ECT, it is possible to detect relative temperature changes in the region of interest with the materials examined.

Disk Images of Neutral Temperature From the Global‐Scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) Mission

AbstractObservations of far‐ultraviolet (FUV) dayglow by the Global‐scale Observations of Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission provide an opportunity for quantifying the global‐scale response of the thermosphere to solar extreme‐ultraviolet variability and geomagnetic activity. Relative temperature changes can be measured by monitoring changes in the rotational structure observed in molecular nitrogen Lyman‐Birge‐Hopfield (LBH) band emissions. We present a new technique for deriving effective neutral temperatures from GOLD FUV observations using optimal estimation fits to spectra containing LBH band emissions. We provide an overview of the theoretical basis for the GOLD Level 2 TDISK algorithm. Effects on derived effective neutral temperatures from instrument artifacts and particle background are reviewed. We also discuss GOLD Level 1C DAY and Level 2 TDISK data products and present representative examples of each. We show that effective neutral temperatures vary with local time, exhibit a strong dependence on season and solar zenith angle, and correlate strongly with geomagnetic and solar activity. Finally, we present results from a preliminary data product validation that show good agreement with coincident GOLD exospheric temperatures and predictions from a global reference atmospheric model.

Creating a more strategic small molecule biophysical hit characterization workflow

To confirm target engagement of hits from our high-throughput screening efforts, we ran biophysical assays on several hundreds of hits from 15 different high-throughput screening campaigns. Analyzing the biophysical assay results from these screening campaigns led us to conclude that we could be more strategic in our biophysical analysis of hits by first confirming activity in a thermal shift assay (TSA) and then confirming activity in either a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay or a temperature-related intensity change (TRIC) assay. To understand how this new workflow shapes the quality of the final hits, we compared TSA/SPR or TSA/TRIC confirmed and unconfirmed hits to one another using four measures of compound quality: quantitative estimate of drug-likeness (QED), Pan-Assay Interference Compounds (PAINS), promiscuity, and aqueous solubility. In general, we found that the biophysically confirmed hits performed better in the compound quality metrics than the unconfirmed hits, demonstrating that our workflow not only confirmed target engagement of the hits but also enriched for higher quality hits.

Data-driven prediction of inter-layer process condition variations in laser powder bed fusion

The pressing problem of laser powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) is the inability to predict and mitigate undesired process conditions in a build. This study aims to develop an efficient and geometric-agnostic prediction tool for the variations of the average meltpool temperature of each layer given a laser scanning path. The approach is a data-driven model based on defined physics-based features and measurement data from a two-color coaxial photodiode system. Although the coaxial photodiode system cannot measure absolute meltpool temperature, it can measure relative changes in the meltpool temperature if the process is performed in the shallow or no-keyhole regimes, the focus of this study. Once trained, the model can predict meltpool temperature variations before the start of the build process for a part geometry which had not yet been printed. The results show that variations in the layer average meltpool temperature can be predicted with the average coefficient of determination (r2) score of 0.65. Furthermore, the method shows the significance of considering the effect of surrounding parts on the average meltpool temperature profile of an observed part. For part geometries investigated in this study, the model shows the information from at least 40 previous layers is needed to enable sufficient and stabilized prediction performance.

Pressure dependence of phase transformation, thermal expansion and barocaloric property in a polycrystalline Ni54Mn23Ga23 alloy

An experimental investigation was conducted to understand the influence of hydrostatic pressure on phase transition, thermal expansion and barocaloric property of a polycrystalline Ni54Mn23Ga23 alloy. Two pressure ranges of 0–1.28 GPa and 0–0.74 GPa were selected for thermal expansion and barocaloric property measurements due to the different test limits of instrumentals. The pressure dependence of fourteen parameters was studied systematically. It was found that the sample experiences a martensitic transformation (MT) near room temperature and the response of MT peak temperature (TM) to pressure is about 15.89 K/GPa. The phase transition strain (λtr), transformation width (ΔTtr) relative volume change (|ΔV/V|) and maximum adiabatic temperature change (ΔTad)max increase linearly with pressure and their shifting rates are about 0.071 %/GPa, 7.5 K/GPa, 0.211 %/GPa and 12.2 K/GPa, respectively. Simultaneously, applying hydrostatic pressure can also enhance the barocaloric property of the sample, leading to a large increase in the absolute value of the maximum entropy change (|ΔS|max), the refrigerating capacity (RC) and their reversible values. On cooling, the sensitivities of the reversible RC and its proportion to pressure are around 185.52 J/kg GPa and 16.7 %/GPa, respectively. Finally, the average linear expansion coefficient (αave) of both martensite and austenite phases keeps unchanged while in the MT region it decreases from -99.84×10–6/K to -86.04×10–6/K with increasing pressure from 0 to 1.28 GPa. These findings indicate that applying hydrostatic pressure can effectively adjust the phase transformation, thermal expansion and barocaloric property of Ni-Mn-Ga alloys, which are meaningful for their application in solid-state refrigeration.

Impact of relative temperature changes on vegetation growth in China from 2001 to 2017

Currently, studies on vegetation are limited to absolute temperature changes, with insufficient attention directed to the intricate and complex connections between relative temperature (Tr) changes and vegetation productivity. This study analyzed the impact of Tr change on vegetation growth by estimating the effects of temperature change, CO2 levels, and precipitation on the vegetation index. The analysis used changes in temperature ordination as a sign of Tr change and employed ridge regression analysis, trend analysis, correlation analysis, and contribution methods. The results indicated that the mean trend of Tr change in China was negative, suggesting that the rate of Tr decreased as compared to the rate of Tr increase, leading to most regions in China becoming relatively colder. Regions experiencing a decrease in Tr were more favorable to vegetation growth due to stable temperatures, while regions with increasing Tr faced intensified water stress and inhibitory effects on vegetation, except in cold regions with sufficient precipitation. Overall, Tr in China had a beneficial impact on the vegetation index, with a lesser effect compared to CO2 and precipitation, but more than temperature, highlighting the significance of Tr in promoting vegetation growth. This study expanded the understanding of the impact of global warming on vegetation by incorporating the novel idea of Tr change and quantifying its consequences for vegetation.

Magnetic resonance imaging of blood perfusion rate based on Helmholtz decomposition of heat flux.

Objective.Thermal property (TP) maps of human tissues are useful for tumor treatment and diagnosis. In particular, the blood perfusion rate is significantly different for tumors and healthy tissues. Noninvasive techniques that reconstruct TPs from the temperature measured via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by solving an inverse bioheat transfer problem have been developed. A few conventional methods can reconstruct spatially varying TP distributions, but they have several limitations. First, most methods require the numerical Laplacian computation of the temperature, and hence they are sensitive to noise. In addition, some methods require the division of a region of interest (ROI) into sub-regions with homogeneous TPs using prior anatomical information, and they assume an unmeasurable initial temperature distribution. We propose a novel robust reconstruction method without the division of an ROI or the assumption of an initial temperature distribution.Approach.The proposed method estimates blood perfusion rate maps from relative temperature changes. This method avoids the computation of the Laplacian by using integral representations of the Helmholtz decomposition of the heat flux.Main Result.We compare the reconstruction results of the conventional and proposed methods using numerical simulations. The results indicate the robustness of the proposed method.Significance.This study suggests the feasibility of thermal property mapping with MRI using the robust proposed method.

An investigation of thermal patterns in guitarists performing a musician-specific exercise program

Several musicians suffer from musculoskeletal problems during their career. These injuries are referred to as performance-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs). Through the use of exercise programs, PRMDs can be prevented. Exercise programs aim to strengthen musicians' upper limbs and supporting muscles, which can correct and improve postural control during performance and thereby prevent PRMDs. In this study, a musician-specific exercise program was carried out by guitarists. Thermal imaging was used to observe and monitor the effect of the program. Thermal data was collected from 14 guitarists who played their instrument for at least 7 hours a week. Data was gathered from the trapezius, shoulder, upper arm, forearm, wrist, and digits for a period of 20 minutes whilst the guitarists were playing. The participants followed the exercise program throughout a period of 6 weeks, after which the process of thermal data collection was performed again. While existing studies that evaluate musicians through thermal imaging mostly observe thermal asymmetries, in this work we also looked at absolute and relative temperature changes over time, both before and after the exercise program. The results show that one of the main and most consistent effects of the musician-specific exercise program was the reduction of thermal asymmetries within the shoulder region. This is indicative that the musician-specific exercise might be beneficial to avoid or reduce the effect of PRMDs in guitarists. Keywords: infrared thermography, musculoskeletal, instrumentalist, guitarists, thermal patterns, exercise program

Absolute calibration method of electron cyclotron emission imaging system on EAST tokamak

<sec>Electron cyclotron emission imaging (ECEI) system can provide the poloidal two-dimensional (2D) relative electron temperature perturbation profile of the core plasma with high spatial and temporal resolution. After absolute calibration of ECEI system, 2D absolute electron temperature profile and its perturbation can be provided. It can provide experimental data support for studying the local heat transport and the evolution of magnetic surface of macro magneto-hydro-dynamics instability. However, due to a large number of measurement channels and the wide measuring area of ECEI diagnostic system, the absolute calibration method in which a blackbody radiation source is used as a standard source, still has technical difficulties.</sec><sec>This paper provides an absolute calibration method of ECEI diagnostic system on EAST tokamak, which can cover all the channels of ECEI system. Firstly, the sawtooth inversion surface can be determined by measuring the relative electron temperature change before and after the collapse of the sawtooth. The magnetic surface position and the shape (<inline-formula><tex-math id="M1">\begin{document}${S_{{\text{inv}}}}$\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic specific-use="online" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="13-20240497_M1.jpg"/><graphic specific-use="print" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="13-20240497_M1.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula>) of the ECEI measuring area are fitted based on the position and shape of the inversion surface. Then, the one-to-one mapping relationship between laboratory coordinates of each ECEI channel and magnetic surface is obtained. Secondly, according to the assumption that the electron temperature is the same on each magnetic surface in equilibrium, the electron temperature of each magnetic surface is fitted by the electron cyclotron emission (ECE) system result, while the ECE system is absolutely calibrated. The calibration coefficient <i>k</i>(<i>i</i>, <i>j</i>) of each ECEI channel is obtained by comparing with the signal amplitude and the electron temperature on the magnetic surface. The relative error of absolute electron temperature between ECEI and ECE is no more than 6% at the same location.</sec><sec>Based on the absolute electron temperature profile provided by ECEI, the motion of the magnetic axis during sawtooth instability can be tracked. It is found that the radial displacement of the magnetic axis occurs followed by the poloidal displacement during sawtooth collapse. This result indicates that after absolute calibration, the ECEI system can provide more abundant information about experimental research.</sec>

Estimate of fetal brain temperature using proton resonance frequency thermometry during 3 Tesla fetal magnetic resonance imaging.

T2-weighted Single Shot Fast Spin Echo (SSFSE) scans at 3 Tesla (3T) are increasingly used to image fetal pathology due to their excellent tissue contrast resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Temperature changes that may occur in response to radio frequency (RF) pulses used for these sequences at 3T have not been studied in human fetal brains. To evaluate the safety of T2-weighted SSFSE for fetal brains at 3T, magnetic resonance (MR) thermometry was used to measure relative temperature changes in a typical clinical fetal brain MR exam. Relative temperature was estimated using sets of gradient recalled echo (GRE) images acquired before and after T2-weighted SSFSE images which lasted 27.47±8.19 minutes. Thirty-one fetuses with cardiac abnormalities, and 20 healthy controls were included in this study. Fetal brain temperature was estimated by proton resonance frequency (PRF) thermometry and compared to the estimated temperature in the gluteal muscle of the mother. Seven scans with excessive motion were excluded. Local outlier factor (LOF) was performed to remove 12 additional scans with spurious phase measurements due to motion degradation and potential field drift. Linear regression was performed to determine if temperature changes are dependent on the rate of energy deposition during the scan. For the 32 participants used in the analysis, 17 with cardiac abnormalities and 15 healthy controls, the average relative fetal temperate change was 0.19±0.73 ℃ higher than the mother, with no correlation between relative temperature change and the rate of images acquired during the scans (regression coefficient =-0.05, R-squared =0.05, P=0.22, F-statistic =1.60). The difference in the relative temperature changes between the fetal brain and mother's gluteal tissue in the healthy controls was on average 0.08 ℃ lower and found not to be statistically different (P=0.76) to the group with cardiac abnormalities. Our results indicate that the estimated relative temperature changes of the fetal brain compared to the mother's gluteal tissue from RF pulses during the course of the T2-weighted SSFSE fetal MR exam are minimal. The differences in acquired phase between these regions through the exam were found not to be statistically different. These findings support that fetal brain imaging at 3T is within FDA limits and safe.

Impact of Fuzzy Tsukamoto in Controlling Room Temperature and Humidity

Dry season is a season where the room temperature exceeds the needs of the body so that it is unpleasant, unhealthy and can interfere with human productivity. In addition, the efficiency of use and resource requirements are also a concern for some people. To overcome this problem, an automatic room temperature control device was created using the ESP32 microcontroller with Tsukamoto's fuzzy algorithm optimization as a data processing technique to produce optimal fan speeds in duty cycle units based on temperature and humidity conditions in realtime. Four tests by running a fan for 30 minutes on each showed that the average difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures in the room was 0.95°C, while the average difference between maximum and minimum humidity was 2.0%. In addition, the test graph shows that when the fan is rotated in a closed room without air circulation, the relative temperature change increases from the initial minute to the last minute of the test. Meanwhile, changes in relative humidity decrease, although fluctuations increase within 1-4 minutes. This study found that fans are not effective in lowering room temperature optimally. Therefore, it is recommended to replace with an exhaust fan in future research.

Evaluation of Parameters Affecting the Occurrence of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome in Patients Operated on Due to Kidney Tumors.

The application and prognostic nature of systemic inflammatory reaction syndrome (SIRS) is still being researched, as using SIRS parameters to predict patient status is cheap, efficient, fast, and easy. The study aimed to determine SIRS markers and postoperative complications occurrence in patients undergoing kidney tumor surgery, and to verify if SIRS occurrence depends on age, sex, BMI (body mass index), comorbidities, patients' general condition before the surgery, type of surgery, intraoperative blood loss, or intraoperative ischemia time. Body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and leukocyte count were measured in patients (n = 285) operated on due to a kidney tumor on the first (T0) and third (T3) postoperative day. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to analyze the factors affecting postoperative SIRS and complications occurrence. T0: SIRS developed in patients with higher BMI, >2 ASA points, and more substantial intraoperative blood loss. T3: SIRS developed in obese or overweight patients, with >2 ASA points, significantly higher relative HR change, lower relative body temperature change, respiratory rate, and leukocyte count. BMI values, preoperative general health status, and the amount of intraoperative blood loss in patients undergoing surgery due to a kidney tumor can contribute to SIRS occurrence. Patient's sex, age, tumor size, type of surgery, operated side, and time of intraoperative ischemia do not affect SIRS occurrence.

Influence of Changes in pH and Temperature on the Distribution of Apparent Iron Solubility in the Oceans

AbstractAn insufficient supply of the micronutrient iron (Fe) limits phytoplankton growth across large parts of the ocean. Ambient Fe speciation and solubility are largely dependent on seawater physico‐chemical properties. We calculated the apparent Fe solubility (SFe(III)app) at equilibrium for ambient conditions, where SFe(III)app is defined as the sum of aqueous inorganic Fe(III) species and Fe(III) bound to organic matter formed at a free Fe3+ concentration equal to the solubility of Fe hydroxide. We compared the SFe(III)app to measured dissolved Fe (dFe) in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The SFe(III)app was overall ∼2–4‐fold higher than observed dFe at depths less than 1,000 m, ∼2‐fold higher than the dFe between 1,000 and 4,000 m and ∼3‐fold higher than dFe below 4,000 m. Within the range of used parameters, our results showed that there was a similar trend in the vertical distributions of horizontally averaged SFe(III)app and dFe. Our results suggest that vertical dFe distributions are underpinned by changes in SFe(III)app, which are driven by relative changes in ambient pH and temperature. Since both pH and temperature are essential parameters controlling ambient Fe speciation, these should be accounted for in investigations of changing Fe dynamics, particularly in the context of ocean acidification and warming.

Effects of Climate Change on Streamflow in the Godavari Basin Simulated Using a Conceptual Model including CMIP6 Dataset

Hydrological reaction to climate change anticipates water cycle alterations. To ensure long-term water availability and accessibility, it is essential to develop sustainable water management strategies and better hydrological models that can simulate peak flow. These efforts will aid in water resource planning, management, and climate change mitigation. This study develops and compares Sacramento, Australian Water Balance Model (AWBM), TANK, and SIMHYD conceptual models to simulate daily streamflow at Rajegaon station of the Pranhita subbasin in the Godavari basin of India. The study uses daily Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) gridded rainfall and temperature datasets. For 1987–2019, 70% of the models were calibrated and 30% validated. Pearson correlation (CC), Nash Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), Root mean square error (RMSE), and coefficient of determination (CD) between the observed and simulated streamflow to evaluate model efficacy. The best conceptual (Sacramento) model selected to forecast future streamflow for the SSP126, SSP245, SSP370, and SSP585 scenarios for the near (2021–2040), middle (2041–2070), and far future (2071–2100) using EC-Earth3 data was resampled and bias-corrected using distribution mapping. In the far future, the SSP585 scenario had the most significant relative rainfall change (55.02%) and absolute rise in the annual mean temperature (3.29 °C). In the middle and far future, the 95th percentile of monthly streamflow in the wettest July is anticipated to rise 40.09% to 127.06% and 73.90% to 215.13%. SSP370 and SSP585 scenarios predicted the largest streamflow increases in all three time periods. In the near, middle, and far future, the SSP585 scenario projects yearly relative streamflow changes of 72.49%, 93.80%, and 150.76%. Overall, the findings emphasize the importance of considering the potential impacts of future scenarios on water resources to develop effective and sustainable water management practices.

Heat-mortality relationship in North Carolina: Comparison using different exposure methods

BackgroundMany studies have explored the heat-mortality relationship; however, comparability of results is hindered by the studies’ use of different exposure methods.ObjectiveThis study evaluated different methods for estimating exposure to temperature using individual-level data and examined the impacts on the heat-mortality relationship.MethodsWe calculated different temperature exposures for each individual death by using a modeled, gridded temperature dataset and a monitoring station dataset in North Carolina for 2000–2016. We considered individual-level vs. county-level averages and measured vs. modeled temperature data. A case-crossover analysis was conducted to examine the heat-mortality risk under different exposure methods.ResultsThe minimum mortality temperature (MMT) (i.e., the temperature with the lowest mortality rate) for the monitoring station dataset was 23.87 °C and 22.67 °C (individual monitor and county average, respectively), whereas for the modeled temperature dataset the MMT was 19.46 °C and 19.61 °C (individual and county, respectively). We found higher heat-mortality risk while using temperature exposure estimated from monitoring stations compared to risk based on exposure using the modeled temperature dataset. Individual-aggregated monitoring station temperature exposure resulted in higher heat mortality risk (odds ratio (95% CI): 2.24 (95% CI: 2.21, 2.27)) for a relative temperature change comparing the 99th and 90th temperature percentiles, while modeled temperature exposure resulted in lower odds ratio of 1.27 (95% CI: 1.25, 1.29).SignificanceOur findings indicate that using different temperature exposure methods can result in different temperature-mortality risk. The impact of using various exposure methods should be considered in planning health policies related to high temperatures, including under climate change.Impact StatementWe estimated the heat-mortality association using different methods to estimate exposure to temperature.The mean temperature value among different exposure methods were similar although lower for the modeled data, however, use of the monitoring station temperature dataset resulted in higher heat-mortality risk than the modeled temperature dataset.Differences in mortality risk from heat by urbanicity varies depending on the method used to estimate temperature exposure.

Simulation Test on Cooling and Fire Suppression with Liquid Nitrogen in Computer Room of Data Center

With the rapid development of worldwide computer data center construction, the reliability requirements of the fire-fighting system for data center rooms are also increasing. By using the self-designed simulation platform of liquid nitrogen spray, this paper studies the liquid nitrogen cooling process in the initial heating stage of a computer data center room fire and the liquid nitrogen extinguishing effects for common combustible materials, revealing the feasibility of applying liquid nitrogen to the fire extinguishing system for data center room. The results show that the cooling and inerting effects with quarter sector fan-shaped 6520 spray nozzle are the best among seven types of spray nozzles, the relative temperature changes by more than 50% within 5 min, and the oxygen concentration in the test space drops below 10%. Compared with optical fiber, the ignition range of uninterruptible power supply com-bination during combustion is relatively small. Liquid nitrogen has a significant fire-extinguishing effect on two combustible materials, which can successfully extinguish optical fiber and UPS within 3 min and 2 min, respectively.

Real-Time Temperature Sensing Using a Ratiometric Dual Fluorescent Protein Biosensor.

Accurate temperature control within biological and chemical reaction samples and instrument calibration are essential to the diagnostic, pharmaceutical and chemical industries. This is particularly challenging for microlitre-scale reactions typically used in real-time PCR applications and differential scanning fluorometry. Here, we describe the development of a simple, inexpensive ratiometric dual fluorescent protein temperature biosensor (DFPTB). A combination of cycle three green fluorescent protein and a monomeric red fluorescent protein enabled the quantification of relative temperature changes and the identification of temperature discrepancies across a wide temperature range of 4-70 °C. The maximal sensitivity of 6.7% °C-1 and precision of 0.1 °C were achieved in a biologically relevant temperature range of 25-42 °C in standard phosphate-buffered saline conditions at a pH of 7.2. Good temperature sensitivity was achieved in a variety of biological buffers and pH ranging from 4.8 to 9.1. The DFPTB can be used in either purified or mixed bacteria-encapsulated formats, paving the way for in vitro and in vivo applications for topologically precise temperature measurements.