Relative Benefits Research Articles

Research priorities in tranexamic acid after trauma: Secondary analysis of the National Trauma Research Action Plan.

Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic drug that is used in traumatic hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury. Although TXA is considered relatively safe and inexpensive and is widely available, data regarding its mechanisms, optimal dosing, and timing, as well as relative risks and benefits for different patient populations, are inconsistent. In this study, we aim to identify and summarize consensus research questions related to TXA across all National Trauma Research Action Plan (NTRAP) Delphi expert panels to identify priorities for future research on TXA in trauma. A secondary analysis was performed using consensus-based research priorities collected by 11 NTRAP topic panels using a Delphi methodology. The database of questions was queried for the keywords "tranexamic" and "TXA." The identified questions were sorted by subject matter and summarized. Seven panels included a total of 73 TXA-related questions. Forty-six questions reached consensus. The most addressed topic was outcomes (discussed in 64% of questions) followed by indications (49%) and specific patient populations (38%). Because of overlap across panels, questions were summarized and sorted by topic resulting in 21 priority research questions. Seventy-three total questions and 46 questions reaching consensus were identified by NTRAP panelists. The key topics identified in these questions should be prioritized in future funded research on TXA in trauma. Prognostic and Epidemiological; Level V.

Impacts of Non- and Whole-fat Milk Supplementation on Metabolism-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) in C57BL/6 Mice

Background: Metabolism-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a widespread metabolic disease affecting 25% of the global adult population following Westernized lifestyles. Lifestyle modifications, specifically adherence to healthy dietary patterns, are pivotal in preventing and mitigating this disease. Consuming milk and dairy products is considered a cornerstone of a healthy dietary pattern, gathering significant attention due to compelling evidence from observational studies. These studies suggest that a higher intake of milk and certain dairy products is associated with a reduced risk of MAFLD. However, the relative health benefits of high- compared to lower-fat milk is a current topic of interest, with ongoing debates about their equivalency in promoting metabolic health. Aims & Hypothesis: In a MAFLD mouse model, we aim to determine the dependence of milk’s fat content on hepatic steatosis and lipid metabolic pathways by comparing whole- (WFM) to non-fat (NFM) milk supplementation in high-fat diet-fed mice (HFD). We hypothesize that both WFM and NFM will significantly improve HFD-induced hepatic lipid accumulation but via differential molecular mechanisms. Methods: Two cohorts of n=24 and n=36 6-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were acclimatized for one week, then randomly assigned to a HFD (45 kcal% fat) or a low-fat diet (LFD; 10 kcal% fat) control group. The HFD mice were randomized to either a WFM or NFM treatment of 0.425 mL milk for 8 weeks. At the end of the study, mice underwent an insulin tolerance and pyruvate tolerance test and body composition was measured. The animals were then euthanized, tissues were collected, and hepatic lipid metabolism was compared using western blot, histology, hepatic lipid assays, gas chromatography, and qPCR. Statistics were then completed using GraphPad Prism software 7.0, utilizing T-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey’s post-hoc tests with a p-value ≤ 0.05 considered as statistically significant. Results: Body weight gain was significantly reduced in NFM groups compared to HFD and WFM, accounted for by a significant reduction in fat mass. ITT was unaltered when corrected to baseline, but NFM groups had significantly higher PTT values when corrected to baseline. Overnight-fasted blood glucose was significantly reduced in NFM animals compared to WFM animals, suggesting an altered metabolic state between the two treatment groups. Histological results indicate a significant reduction in lipid accumulation by the NFM group compared to the HFD group (p<0.05), with WFM trending towards a similar reduction (p=0.051). Hepatic triglyceride concentrations were significantly reduced in NFM animals compared to WFM and HFD animals, suggesting a greater effect of NFM in reducing hepatic steatosis. Hepatic molecular results display an enhancement of enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation and export pathways in the NFM group. In contrast, WFM displays an enhancement of de novo lipogenesis, fatty acid uptake, and fatty acid oxidation. Conclusion: The findings suggest that NFM may be more effective at reducing hepatic steatosis through enhanced fatty acid oxidation and export. WFM may reduce steatosis less effectively because of counteractive effects on fatty acid uptake and de novo lipogenesis versus beta-oxidation. These results provide mechanistic evidence of the protective effects of milk on MAFLD. The funding sources for this project include the Alberta Diabetes Institute Studentship Grant, CIHR Canadian Graduate Studentship, and Dairy Farmers of Canada. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Using the Cell-Cycle Risk Score to Predict the Benefit of Androgen-Deprivation Therapy Added to Radiation Therapy in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Prostate Cancer.

Guidelines recommend adding androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) to radiation therapy (RT) in certain patients with localized prostate cancer. Individualized genomic testing may improve the prognostic accuracy of risk assessments. Herein, we describe a mathematical model of the benefit of adding ADT to RT as a function of the personalized clinical cell-cycle risk (CCR) score to inform 10-year metastasis risk. A model of absolute risk reduction (ARR) was built using a retrospective cohort of men tested with Prolaris who received RT alone (N = 467). The relative benefit of ADT added to RT to reduce distant metastasis was estimated at 41% on the basis of a meta-analysis of randomized trials. The ARR and number needed to treat (NNT) were computationally derived in patients clinically tested with Prolaris between January 1, 2020, and October 31, 2022 (N = 56,485). Risks were predicted using a cause-specific Cox proportional hazards model with CCR score predicting time to metastasis. A CCR score of 2.112 represents the validated multimodal treatment (MMT) threshold. The ARR from ADT increased from almost zero at low CCR scores to 17.1% at CCR = 3.690 with the corresponding NNT = 6, indicating that adding ADT to RT would prevent metastasis within 10 years for one of every six treated individuals. In the clinical cohort, the average ARR was 0.86% in individuals under the MMT threshold (NNT = 116). The average ARR was 8.19% in individuals above the MMT threshold (NNT = 12). Broad ranges of ADT benefit were observed within National Comprehensive Cancer Network risk categories. The precise and personalized risk estimate of metastasis provided by the CCR score can help inform patients and physicians when considering treatment intensification.

신라 하대의 쿠데타와 대외교섭

The late period of Silla was marked by frequent coups, reflecting the internal instability and political volatility within Silla society. These events played a crucial role in shifting the power dynamics and reshaping the political order within Silla. When successful, new monarchs would actively engage in foreign diplomacy, especially strengthening relations with the Tang, as part of their efforts to overcome political instability and secure international legitimacy. Such diplomatic activities were essential for elevating Silla's international standing and establishing the legitimacy of the new monarchy both domestically and internationally. For the kings who ascended to power through coups during the late Silla period, prioritizing relations with Tang, the major power of the time, was a critical strategy in the international political environment. Friendly relations with Tang provided Silla with political support and stability, contributing to overcoming internal instability caused by coups and securing recognition and support from the international community. The dispatch of envoys to Tang by the kings who ascended through coups right after their coronation can be seen as part of this strategy, revealing Silla's intention to emphasize its legitimacy internationally and to secure internal political stability through diplomatic relations. Specifically, the use of unconventional diplomatic strategies by Kings Seondeok and Heondeok, such as intentionally concealing the news of their accession, can be interpreted as an effort to overcome the legitimacy deficit caused by the coups. The prioritization of diplomacy with Tang by the monarchs of late Silla who came to power through coups was a pragmatic choice considering Silla's position in the international political environment. The close diplomatic relations with Tang brought political stability and international support to Silla, playing a significant role in overcoming the internal instability caused by the coups. This strategy indicates Silla's efforts to secure international legitimacy and overcome the political instability resulting from the coups. On the other hand, the lack of official diplomacy with Japan suggests that Silla did not see significant benefits in diplomatic relations with Japan at the time or placed more emphasis on its relations with Tang. This indicates that Silla's foreign policy was focused on securing its position and legitimacy in the international arena, primarily through its relationship with Tang, rather than establishing formal diplomatic ties with Japan.

From Financial Risk Management to Promotive Health: A Paradigm Shift in Employer-sponsored Health Insurance?

Health insurance serves to contain financial loss arising from an insured individual’s healthcare costs. We investigate an evolving paradigm shift in employer-sponsored health insurance by which workplace health promotion has increasingly gained coverage. The question for analytical investigation is why and how the Affordable Care Act (ACA) succeeded in integrating health promotion into private health insurance in the United States. Survey data (2008–2020) from the Employer Health Benefits, Annual Survey was disaggregated by insurance attributes and employer characteristics relative to health promotion benefits. Pertinent regulatory policies were content-analysed. The ACA offers a viable policy vehicle for mandating strategic, ex ante coverage of preventive and wellness services, and chronic disease management, nudging insurers to offer related benefits. Such policy is underpinned by insurer and employer incentives, including state-based individual mandates, the medical loss ratio, state-driven workplace initiatives and employee participation rewards. While health promotion reduces long-run healthcare costs and risk of disease and improves worker health and productivity, absent carefully devised incentives and rewards, compelling insurers and employers to cover promotive health is unlikely to achieve the objectives and imperatives of healthcare reform. Such policy could even have adverse, albeit unintended, consequences that outweigh their intended outcomes, as insurers may devise ‘backdoor’ strategies once regulatory costs become burdensome.

Temporal trend in risk of prostate cancer death in men with favourable-risk prostate cancer.

Changes in work-up and histopathological assessment have caused stage and grade migration in men with prostate cancer (PCa). The aim of this study was to assess temporal trends in risk of PCa death for men with favourable-risk PCa managed with primary radical prostatectomy or observation. Men aged 75 or younger with Charlson Comorbidity index 0-1 diagnosed with favourable-risk PCa (T1-T2, prostate specific antigen [PSA] <20 ng/mL and Gleason score 6 or 7[3+4]) in the period 2000-2016 who were treated with primary radical prostatectomy or managed with observation in PCBaSe 4.0. Treatment groups were compared following propensity score matching, and risk of PCa death was estimated by use of Cox regression analyses. A total of 9,666 men were selected for each treatment strategy. The 7-year cumulative incidence of PCa death decreased in all risk and treatment groups. For example, the incidence in men diagnosed with low-risk PCa and managed with observation was 1.2% in 2000-2005, which decreased to 0.4% in 2011-2016. Corresponding incidences for men with intermediate-risk PCa managed with observation were 2.0% and 0.7%. The relative risk of PCa death was lower in men with low-risk PCa managed with radical prostatectomy compared to observation: in 2000-2005 hazard ratio (HR) 0.20 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.10-0.38) and in 2011-2016 HR 0.35 (95% CI 0.05-2.26). Corresponding risks for men with intermediate-risk PCa were HR 0.28 (95% CI 0.16-0.47) and HR 0.21 (95% CI 0.04-1.18). The absolute risk reduction of radical prostatectomy compared to observation for men with low-risk PCa was 1% in 2000-2005 and 0.4% in 2011-2016, and for men with intermediate-risk PCa 1.1% in 2000-2005 and 0.7% in 2011-2016. Men diagnosed in 2011-2016 with low-risk and favourable intermediate-risk PCa have a similar relative benefit but smaller absolute benefit of curative treatment compared to men diagnosed in 2000-2005.

An in-Depth Study of Virtual Machines, Docker Technology, and Performance

Inventors and directors now have access to a robust platform for organizing, disseminating, and carrying out operations thanks to Docker, which has emerged as a leading containerization technology. This paper gives an extensive examination of Docker's innovation, variables, execution, and relative benefits over conventional virtual machines. We delve into Docker's architecture, features, security considerations, and future plans through a comprehensive literature review. The discoveries propose that while Docker offers huge advantages with regards to adequacy and adaptability, cautious thought of safety, comity, and execution enhancement is fundamental for its fruitful execution in various environmental factors.

Cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic intraoperative peritoneal chemotherapy for people with peritoneal metastases from colorectal, ovarian or gastric origin: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

There is uncertainty in the relative benefits and harms of hyperthermic intraoperative peritoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) when added to cytoreductive surgery (CRS) +/- systemic chemotherapy or systemic chemotherapy alone in people with peritoneal metastases from colorectal, gastric, or ovarian cancers. We searched randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the medical literature until April 14, 2022 and applied methods used for high-quality systematic reviews. We included a total of eight RCTs (seven RCTs included in quantitative analysis as one RCT did not provide data in an analyzable format). All comparisons other than ovarian cancer contained only one trial. For gastric cancer, there is high uncertainty about the effect of CRS+HIPEC+systemic chemotherapy. For stage III or greater epithelial ovarian cancer undergoing interval cytoreductive surgery, CRS+HIPEC+systemic chemotherapy probably decreases all-cause mortality compared to CRS+systemic chemotherapy. For colorectal cancer, CRS+HIPEC+systemic chemotherapy probably results in little to no difference in all-cause mortality and may increase the serious adverse events proportions compared to CRS +/- systemic chemotherapy, but probably decreases all-cause mortality compared to fluorouracil-based systemic chemotherapy alone. The role of CRS+HIPEC in gastric peritoneal metastases is uncertain. CRS+HIPEC should be standard of care in women with stage III or greater epithelial ovarian cancer undergoing interval CRS. CRS+systemic chemotherapy should be standard of care for people with colorectal peritoneal metastases, with HIPEC given only as part of a RCT focusing on subgroups and regimes. CRD42019130504.

Physicochemical, antioxidant activity, and sensory characteristics of mead produced with Hibiscus sabdariffa and Betula pendula (Birch sap)

Nowadays, consumers' preference for low-alcoholic beverages with health-promoting bioactive constituents is rapidly increasing. Thus, there is an increasing search for bioactive ingredients to enhance the nutritional values and related health benefits of beverages such as mead. Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) and Betula pendula (Birch sap) are plant materials rich in bioactive constituents that offer beneficial functions, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, the study aimed to use HS and birch sap to produce a low-alcohol mead with improved bioactive constituents, sensory qualities, and antioxidant activity. Before fermentation (20 ± 1 °C, 21 days), honey-must (25%) was supplemented with HS brew (8, 19, 22, or 25%). The findings showed that the addition of HS extract had no negative effect on fermentation dynamics, as evidenced by a general decline in extract (%Brix) and simultaneous release of alcohol in both the control and HS-supplemented meads. HS meads had significantly lower alcohol content (3.22 ± 0.04–5.58 ± 0.04) than control meads (36.32 ± 0.04–7.17 ± 0.04). Also, the addition of HS and birch sap enhanced the bioactive elements and antioxidant activity of HS mead compared to the control meads. HS mead (HSC) had the highest (p < 0.05) total phenolic content (134.38 ± 0.83 mg QAE/L), total flavonoid content (117.88 ± 0.150 mg RE/L), and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl antioxidant activity (65.83 ± 0.62%) among all the samples studied. Mead augmented with 1.8 L (HSC) was generally preferred by sensory panellists with an overall acceptability score of 7.67 ± 0.77. The results suggest that the addition of birch sap and HS will not change the fermentation kinetics but will improve the bioactive constituents and health-promoting benefits of the mead.

Consumers’ perceptions of the environmental and public health benefits of last mile drone delivery

ABSTRACT Using Technology Acceptance Model, Theory of Planned Behavior, and Privacy Calculus as theoretical frameworks, this study examined environmental and public health/safety dispositions and environmental and public health/safety benefits, perceived usefulness, privacy risk, and trust as they relate to U.S consumers intention to adopt drone delivery services. This study employed Partial Least Squares – Structural Equation Modeling methods and data were collected online using Amazon Mechanical Turk, resulting in 687 respondents. The results show that the intention to use drones for delivery increases if consumers perceive drone delivery to be useful. Additionally, perceived usefulness was influenced by a person’s environmental and public health/safety dispositions along with related benefits. Additionally, as a person’s perceived usefulness increases their perceived privacy risk decreases. Further, this study found that organisational trust moderates the negative effect of privacy risk on drone adoption.

The use of mesenchymal stem cells in tendon regeneration in rats.

Mesenchymal stem cells are of great interest due to their regenerative potential and capacity to transdifferentiate into various cell lineages. The present study executed a narrative review of the literature on the influence of mesenchymal stem cells on the regeneration of tendon injuries. To acomplish this, a search was carried out in the Pubmed and Scielo databases using descriptors such as: Mesenchymal stem cell regeneration and application tendon rat; Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Tendon Tissue rat. Only research articles carried out on rats between 2011 and 2023 were included. 935 articles were found in the Pubmed database, and 43 articles were included based on the criteria of categorization, analysis of titles and abstracts. The articles showed benefits in relation to the use of stem cells in rat tendon injuries, but some studies showed that this repair was not 100% guaranteed to the state of the tendon originally, but associated with growth factors obtained a better induction of tenogenesis.

EXPRESS: Group or Individual Sales Incentives? What Is Best for Brand-Managed Retail Sales Operations?

This research studies sales force incentive compensation in Brand-Managed Retail (BMR) operations, which are particularly prevalent in high-end department stores and vertically integrated retailers. In particular, the research explores how a brand’s strength may affect the relative benefit to a brand from using individual versus group incentives for motivating its salespeople in BMR settings. The authors investigate this issue using a theoretical principal-agent model consisting of a risk-neutral firm employing multiple risk-averse salespeople. Interestingly, they find that a group incentive is more beneficial to a weaker brand than to a stronger one. Furthermore, the authors find empirical support for their theoretical findings from an analysis of sales compensation data from BMR operations in two different settings. The research findings suggest that managers should factor in the brand’s strength when deciding on the optimal salesperson compensation structure in BMR settings.

Job-hopping executives and corporate social responsibility

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance of job-hopping executives at their former and subsequent firms.Design/methodology/approachWe conduct regression analyses using a sample of firms listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges from 2010 to 2020 to examine whether CSR performance is similar from one firm to the next as executives switch jobs.FindingsWe find a positive relationship between the CSR performance of former and subsequent firms under job-hopping executives. This relationship is the strongest in the year of the job switch; it weakens in the second year and eventually disappears in the third year. In addition, we show that this relationship benefits different CSR stakeholder groups and is contingent on executive and subsequent firm attributes and job-hopping characteristics. Furthermore, we demonstrate that firms that hire a new chief executive officer from a firm with a strong track record in CSR, the new firm experiences a significant surge in CSR performance compared with firms that do not experience such a shock.Practical implicationsThis study has implications for executive hiring decisions.Originality/valueThis study extends the understanding of CSR determinants through the lens of inter-organisational ties associated with job-hopping executives.

Assessing the effectiveness of cover crops on ecosystem services: a review of the benefits, challenges, and trade-offs

ABSTRACT While it is crucial to consider the ecological trade-offs of cover crop effects to promote sustainable agricultural production, there has been limited analysis of the combined effects of cover crops on various ecosystem services. For this purpose, we synthesized 43 meta-analysis and review studies comparing cover crops to monocropping in order to investigate benefits, challenges, and trade-offs among ecosystem services under cover crop implementation. We summarized the current state of knowledge of cover crops effectiveness across 11 ecosystem services in three categories (regulating, provisioning and supporting). We identified the factors influencing the relative benefits and risks of integrating cover crops into crop production systems. These factors include farm practices, planting and termination season, species of cover and main crop, climatic zone and soil properties, cover crop biomass, and residue management. Our findings highlight that compared to monocropping, in general, cover cropping enhances soil biodiversity and nutrient cycling, prevents runoff and Nitrogen leaching, improves soil physical properties and carbon sequestration over the long term, and suppresses pests and weeds. However, trade-offs comprise inconsistencies in primary crop yields and soil water provision. Overall, our result highlighted that a multifunctional cover crop implementation provides substantially more regulating and supporting than other ecosystem services.

Home versus in-centre haemodialysis for people with kidney failure.

Home versus in-centre haemodialysis for people with kidney failure.

Physical exercise for people with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Physical exercise for people with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Peer and land-based approaches for fostering empowering and healthy relationships with Indigenous and northern young people in the Northwest Territories.

Indigenous and Northern women in Canada experience high rates of intimate partner violence (IPV), and this is particularly true in the Northwest Territories (NWT). Adolescents are also at increased risk of IPV, which has far-reaching, lifelong effects. Indigenous youth are particularly vulnerable to IPV due to ongoing effects of intergenerational trauma caused by colonialism, racism and residential school legacies. We explored attitudes towards IPV and the healthy relationship knowledge, skills, and experiences among participants of Fostering Open eXpression among Youth (FOXY) and Strength, Masculinities, and Sexual Health (SMASH) Peer Leader Retreats in the NWT. Multi-method approaches included quantitative surveys youth completed before and immediately following retreats. Quantitative analysis from retreats (2018-2021) included 240 participants aged 12-19 (mean age 14.5) who reported ever having an intimate partner. Most were from the FOXY program (64.2%), Indigenous (69.6%) and heterosexual (66.4%). Qualitative methods included Focus Group Discussions (FGD) (n = 69) conducted with peer leaders and apprentices (n = 311) and youth and adult staff (n = 14 FGDs, n = 165 participants). We thematically analysed FGDs to explore healthy relationship knowledge and skills, alongside paired t-tests to examine pre/post retreat changes in attitudes towards IPV. Qualitative findings suggest that leadership and embodied learning were effective in equipping youth with violence prevention and healthy relationship skills. While young women were committed to sharing knowledge and skills about healthy relationships in their communities, young men resonated with values of respect and appreciated support to identify and express emotions. Participants across programmes demonstrated their belief that healthy intimate relationships have communal, relational and intergenerational benefits. Quantitatively, we found a statistically significant reduction in attitudes accepting of IPV among young women, but no changes were noted among young men. Findings contribute to emergent evidence on strengths-based, culturally-responsive IPV prevention programming. Components of effective IPV prevention programming with young men merit further exploration.

Proactive policing and traffic disturbances: A quasi-experiment in three Israeli cities

Abstract This paper describes a quasi-experimental evaluation of a reform in Israel (‘EMUN’), which attempted to institutionalize problem-oriented policing on a national scale. The current study examines the effect of this reform on tackling traffic disturbance and road bullying offences. We compared three police stations that chose to deal with traffic offences using the tools and techniques provided through the reform (treatment stations) with five police stations that were matched - using a specially designed algorithm - on several criteria, including similar trends of traffic offences (comparison stations). Each treatment station was compared to two comparison stations using a difference-in-differences approach. In five out of six comparisons there were large and significant reductions in documented traffic disturbances in the targeted areas of the treatment stations compared to the control stations. We also found evidence of significant diffusions in crime control benefits in two of the treatment stations. However, there was evidence of significant geographical displacement to the buffer zone in the largest treatment stations. We attribute this to differences in the nature of the areas targeted and discuss the relative harms and benefits. The findings of the study show that institutionalizing a variety of evidence-based policing strategies has a promise not only for classic crimes (such as property and violence), but also for incivilities and quality-of-life offenses.

Abstract CT017: FLAURA2: exploratory analysis of baseline (BL) and on-treatment plasma EGFRm dynamics in patients (pts) with EGFRm advanced NSCLC treated with first-line (1L) osimertinib (osi) ± platinum-pemetrexed

Abstract Background In FLAURA2, 1L osi with addition of platinum-pemetrexed chemotherapy (osi + CTx) significantly improved PFS vs osi alone in pts with EGFRm advanced NSCLC. Prior FLAURA analyses showed detected BL plasma EGFRm to be prognostic and early clearance of plasma EGFRm correlated with improved outcomes. We explored correlation of BL plasma EGFRm detection, and its clearance, with PFS in FLAURA2 to determine its potential to identify pts who derive particular benefit from osi + CTx. Methods Treatment-naïve pts with EGFRm (Ex19del or L858R) advanced NSCLC were randomized to osi + CTx (osi 80 mg once daily [QD] + pemetrexed 500 mg/m2 + cisplatin 75 mg/m2 or carboplatin AUC5 every 3 wks [Q3W] for 4 cycles, followed by osi 80 mg QD + pemetrexed 500 mg/m2 Q3W) or osi alone (80 mg QD). BL and wk 3/6 plasma EGFRm were analyzed by ddPCR (Biodesix). Clearance was defined as undetected EGFRm circulating tumor DNA at wk 3/6, where it was detected at BL. Median PFS (mPFS) was investigator-assessed per RECIST 1.1. Results In total, 421/557 pts had an evaluable BL plasma ddPCR result, of who 308 had detected BL plasma EGFRm. Of pts randomized to osi alone, pts with non-detected BL plasma EGFRm had longer mPFS* vs those with detected BL plasma EGFRm. Of pts with evaluable BL and wk 3/6 plasma ddPCR results, plasma EGFRm was detected at wk 3/6 in 19/12% of osi + CTx-treated pts, and 29/11% of osi-treated pts, respectively (Table). Conclusion In this exploratory analysis, detected BL plasma EGFRm was prognostic and appeared predictive of clinical benefit with osi + CTx vs osi alone. Detection of BL plasma EGFRm may identify a subgroup of pts deriving most benefit from the addition of CTx to osi. Although within each treatment arm plasma EGFRm wk3 clearance correlated with improved PFS, the relative benefit of osi + CTx vs osi alone was similar, suggestive that on-treatment EGFRm clearance is only prognostic in this setting. Osimertinib + CTx (evaluable BL ddPCR, n = 212) Osimertinib (evaluable BL ddPCR, n = 209) Osimertinib + CTx vs osimertinib n mPFS (mo) n mPFS (mo) HR (95% CI) Baseline plasma EGFRm Detected 147 24.8 161 13.9* 0.60 (0.45, 0.80) Not detected 65 33.3 48 30.3* 0.93 (0.51, 1.72) EGFRm clearance/non-clearance at 3 weeks Clearance 88 27.6 100 15.2 0.51 (0.35, 0.75) No clearance 21 19.6 40 11.1 0.62 (0.33, 1.14) *Not detected vs detected in the osimertinib arm: mPFS HR 0.51 (95% CI 0.35, 0.76). BL, baseline; CI, confidence interval; CTx, chemotherapy; ddPCR, droplet digital PCR; EGFRm, epidermal growth factor receptor mutation-positive; HR, hazard ratio; mo, months; mPFS, median progression-free survival Citation Format: Pasi A. Jänne, Kunihiko Kobayashi, Jacqulyne Robichaux, Chee Khoon Lee, Shunichi Sugawara, Tsung-Ying Yang, Tae Min Kim, Noriko Yanagitani, Sang-We Kim, Aleksandra Markovets, Preetida Bhetariya, Lynne Poole, Dana Ghiorghiu, Ryan Hartmaier, James Chih-Hsin Yang, David Planchard. FLAURA2: exploratory analysis of baseline (BL) and on-treatment plasma EGFRm dynamics in patients (pts) with EGFRm advanced NSCLC treated with first-line (1L) osimertinib (osi) ± platinum-pemetrexed [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 2 (Late-Breaking, Clinical Trial, and Invited Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(7_Suppl):Abstract nr CT017.

Seaweed as a functional feed supplement in animal diet–A review

Seaweeds or marine macro-algae are multicellular organisms that grow abundantly along the coastal line. The use of seaweeds as animal feed is a very common practice in coastal areas since ancient times. Generally, seaweeds are categorized into green, brown, and red seaweeds, based on their colouring pigments. Commercially, seaweeds are used as a source of phycocolloids, fertilizer, livestock feed, and for direct human consumption. The use of seaweeds as livestock feed gained much importance in recent years, as they have good nutritive value and also contain a variety of bioactive compounds that are responsible for many health related benefits. The bioactive compounds of seaweeds exhibit prebiotic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and immunomodulatory effects. Over the years, the beneficial effects of using seaweed in animal diets have been studied and reported by many researchers to promote the health and productive performance of livestock. In particular, the brown seaweeds were explored extensively as livestock feed because of their large size. The nutrient value and bioactive compounds concentration in seaweed varies with the species, growing conditions, habitat, environmental changes, season, harvesting procedure, and time. While including seaweed in animal diets all these factors should be taken into consideration. In this review, all the studies related to seaweed supplementation in animal diets will be discussed with a special focus on the potential health benefits.