Relative Baffle Research Articles

Heat transfer analysis in a tube contained with louver-punched triangular baffles

The present research assesses the thermal effectiveness of a heat exchange tube incorporating louver-punched triangular baffle (LPTB) vortex generators under turbulent conditions. For Reynolds numbers between 4760 and 29,270, the heat transfer and flow behaviors in the consistent heat-fluxed tube equipped with LPTBs were studied numerically and experimentally. A single baffle height/blockage ratio (b/D = BR = 0.25) and relative baffle pitch (P/D = PR = 1) were used for both baffle attack angles, (α) 30° and 45°, along with three louver size ratios (e/b = LR = 0.24–0.56) as well as five louver angles (θ = 0°, 20°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°). The results show that as the LR and θ values decrease, the Nusselt number (Nu) and friction factor (f) of the LPTB rise owing to the improved fluid mixing process generated by streamwise vortices with stronger turbulence kinetic energy. The LPTB with LR = 0 and θ = 0° provides the greatest f and Nu of about 22.18 and 5.1 times, respectively, although the one with LR = 0.24 and θ = 45° has the largest TEF of about 2.39 and 2.5 for the α = 30° and 45° LPTBs, respectively. Furthermore, an examination into the thermal and flow patterns was conducted through a three-dimensional computation; the validation of the numerical and experimental data yielded satisfactory results. Using measured data, the f and Nu correlations of the α = 30° and 45° LPTBs were additionally established.

Thermal effectiveness enhancement in heat exchange tube using louver-punched V-baffles

An efficient technique for reducing frictional loss by punching holes on the surface of vortex generators has been extensively researched, particularly in the form of louver-punched holes. This article describes an experimental and numerical examination of thermal effectiveness in a heat exchange tube with louvered baffle vortex generators (LBVG). As air was directed to the LBVG-inserted tube with a consistent heat flux, the flow was measured in a turbulent regime. The LBVGs were set at 30° attack angle (α) and mounted at regular intervals on a two-sided flat tape with one relative baffle height (b/D = RB = 0.25) and pitch (P/D= RP = 1) at the first step. The baffles had five different louver angles (θ = 0 ˗ 90°) and three different relative louver sizes (LR= e/b = 0.4, 0.56, and 0.72). The Nusselt number ratio (NuR), friction factor ratio (fR), and thermal effectiveness factor (TEF) were utilized to quantify the performance of LBVGs. The findings showed that LBVGs had much lower fR values than solid baffles (without holes), whereas NuR values decreased slightly. When θ and LR were reduced, the fR and NuR for LBVGs increased until they resembled those for solid baffles. Through numerical simulations using the realizable k-ε turbulent model based on the finite volume method, the flow and temperature fields of various cases were generated; their results were verified via analysis of the fluid flow patterns. The computational findings revealed that the jet flow from the louver hole could boost heat transfer, and TEF of LBVGs varied depending on the placement of the hole. According to the computations, the optimal TEF at RP = 0.75, LR = 0.4, and θ1 = 20° is roughly 2.64, and the hole should be placed toward the baffle ends rather than in the middle.

Experimental Study of Thermal Hydraulic Performance Improvement in Solar Air Heater Channel With V-Shaped Porous Baffles

Abstract Experiments have been conducted to determine how several geometrical parameters of V-shaped porous baffles influence flow characteristics and heat transfer in a rectangular channel. Experiments were conducted on geometric parameters, namely, a relative baffle height (e/H) of 0.4–1, a relative baffle pitch (P/e) of 3–6, open area ratio values of 21–34%, and a single attack angle (α) of 60 deg. Using Reynolds numbers ranging from 2500 to 12,000, V-shaped porous baffles have been examined. Based on a relative baffle pitch of 5, a relative baffle height of 1, and an open area ratio of 21%, the maximum increases in the Nusselt number (Nu) and friction factor (f) were 2.84 and 7 times, respectively. A maximum value of 1.69 is found at e/H = 0.40, P/e = 6, and b = 34% for the thermo-hydraulic performance parameter. Correlations for (Nu) and (f) are developed as functions of P/e, e/H, and Re.

Heat transfer augmentation in solar heat exchanger duct with louver-punched V-baffles

A vortex generator's ability to create secondary flow and accelerate rapid fluid mixing allows it to effectively improve thermal performance in a solar heat exchanger duct. A newly created louver-punched V-baffle (LPVB) vortex generator was tested experimentally in the current study and the flow and thermal patterns were also investigated using a three-dimensional CFD simulation. The Realizable k–ε turbulence model was utilized in the simulation and the predictions were verified using experimental data and correlations. By directing the impinging air onto the duct's heated surface, the square louver on the baffle served the primary function of reducing pressure drag. Air was used as the test fluid, flowing at Reynolds numbers (Re) from 5300 to 23,000 into the constant heat-fluxed duct. On the heated wall that was set up by letting the V-apex direct upstream, the LPVBs with a 45° attack angle (α) were repeatedly positioned. There were two aspects to the current investigation. First, the optimal relative baffle pitches (PR) and louver angles (β) conditions were determined by looking at the LPVB characteristics, which included four β and three PR at a fixed relative louver size (LR = 0.5) and baffle height (BR = 0.4). Second, three relative louver sizes (LR = 0.3–0.9) were investigated at the optimal PR and β. According to the results, the solid-baffle friction loss is significantly reduced by the LPVB with β > 0° while the heat transfer is slightly lower. In the first part, the LPVB with PR = 1.5, β = 45° has the optimal performance while in the second part, the one with LR = 0.9 yields the greatest performance. A numerical flow model was computed to understand the flow and thermal patterns. The findings were verified using the available measurements, and there is close agreement between the experimental and numerical results.

Parametric optimization of solar air heater having sine wave baffles as turbulators

ABSTRACT The performance of a solar air heater roughened with sine wave baffles has been calculated in terms of effective and thermal efficiency. Relative baffle length ( relative roughness pitch , relative height angle of attack , Reynolds number , Insolation and Temperature rise parameter are the operational parameters. The sine wave roughened solar air heater has a higher effective and thermal efficiency than the smooth air heater. The thermal efficiency has boosted to 78%, and the effective efficiency has been improved to 70.8%. A parametric analysis has been carried out to determine the best set of parameters.

Experimental analysis and thermal management of solar air heater roughened with sine wave baffles

In the present study, a thermo-hydraulic performance (THP) of solar air heater (SAH) has been assessed by placing sine wave-shaped baffles on the heat-absorbing surface. The experiments have been performed by varying Reynolds number ([Formula: see text]) ranging from 3000-18,000, relative pitch ([Formula: see text]) ranging from 8 to 14, relative height ([Formula: see text]) ranging from 0.4 to 0.55, relative baffle length [Formula: see text] ranging from 0.054 to 0.081 and angle of attack(α) ranging from 10° to 45° while the duct aspect ratio has been kept fixed at 12. The best set of geometric parameters has been decided based on Nusselt number [Formula: see text] and friction factor [Formula: see text] characteristics of the roughened SAH and compared with the smooth surface SAH, under analogous experimentation conditions. The cost analysis has also been performed and results revels that roughened SAH is more cost-effective than smooth SAH. The correlation for Nusselt number [Formula: see text], friction factor [Formula: see text], and thermo-hydraulic performance parameters (η) have been developed using regression analysis and found an average deviation of ±9.15%, ±7%, and ±9.2% respectively, from experimental results.

Thermal-hydraulic performance enhancement of solar receiver channel by flapped V-baffles

Thermal-hydraulic performance investigation in a solar receiver channel equipped with a vortex flow generator, namely, flapped V-shaped baffle (FVB) on the absorber has been experimentally carried out. The purpose of using the square flaps on the V-baffle was to decline the pressure drag by directing the impact air to the absorber surface. The working fluid was air flowing into the uniform heat-fluxed channel at Reynolds number (Re) between 5300 and 23,600. The FVBs with 45°attack angle (α) were placed periodically on the absorber with the upstream V-apex arrangement. The FVB characteristics included three relative baffle-pitches (RP) and four flap angles (β)at one relative baffle height (RB=0.5) and flap length (b1/b = 0.4) were examined to obtain the optimum RP and β values. The present investigation has revealed that the FVB gives a considerable decrease in friction loss when compared with the solid V-baffle (β = 0) while the heat transfer rate reduces a little. The FVB with β = 45°, RP = 1.5 yields the greatest thermal performance around 2.5 as a result of the injecting air flows from the flap opening aside from the reduced friction loss. For the current experimental data, the Nusselt number and friction factor correlations were determined in the form of a function of the geometric FVB parameters and Re.

Influence of artificial roughness parametric variation on thermal performance of solar thermal collector: An experimental study, response surface analysis and ANN modelling

The influence of the attack angle (αa) of the perforated baffles on thermohydraulic performance ηp of a solar thermal collector (STC) has been investigated experimentally. The experimentations have been performed to obtain the Nusselt number (Nurs) and friction factor (frs) by varying Reynolds number (Re) from 5000 to 17,000 and αa from 35° to 65°. The other geometrical parameters of angled perforated baffles are fixed in accordance with previous studies. The relative baffle height HB/HD , relative baffle pitch PB/HB , relative hole position OB/HB and open area ratio β0 are fixed at 0.50, 10, 0.266 and 12% respectively. The STC with roughened angled perforated baffles improves the Nurs and frs by 3.82 and 7.14 times respectively as compared to STC without baffles wall. The angled perforated baffles at αa of 55° provides highest thermo-hydraulic performance at Re of 9000. A thermo-hydraulic performance of 1.94 is obtained for the array of designed parameters. The statistical correlations are established for the Nurs and frs by using experimental data. The correlations obtained for the Nurs and frs predict the experimental results within a variation of ±9.7% and ±5.0% respectively. Central Composite Design (CCD) of thermo-hydraulic performance parameters is carried for the surface response analysis. Modelling of thermal parameters using CCD and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is done which predict them with good accuracy. The previously studies on STC roughened with various types of roughness show appreciable heat transfer enhancement but very few studies have utilized angled perforated baffles. As per author knowledge, a comprehensive study on the performance analysis of STC roughened with angled perforated baffles using different techniques is not available. The study become novel because in addition to the experimental examination of STC performance, correlations for Nurs and frs from experimental data are developed and modelling of thermal parameters using CCD and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is also performed.

Thermo-hydraulic and exergetic performance of a cost-effective solar air heater: CFD and experimental study

An experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study is carried out to investigate the impact of secondary flow strengthening the thermo-hydraulic performance of discrete multiple inclined baffles in a flat plate solar air heater (SAH) with semi-cylindrical sidewalls. Initially, for a fixed relative baffle height (Rh = 0.1), the relative baffle pitch (Rp) for continuous baffles is varied in the range of 0.6–1 to obtain the optimum baffle pitch for 6000 <Re < 14000. The impact of gaps at leading, trailing, and both leading and trailing apices are studied as three different configurations with the optimum Rp. A maximum thermo-hydraulic performance of 2.69 is obtained for the gap at the trailing apex. The proposed design has a higher collector efficiency, 55–70%, compared to the ribbed rectangular SAH design exhibiting 30–55%. With lower exergy losses, the present SAH design has higher exergetic efficiency (1.5%–2.2%)than ribbed rectangular SAH (0.9%–1.7%) for the range of Re studied. Further, at low Re, the present SAH design has a higher coefficient of performance, indicating that it is cost-effective than ribbed rectangular SAH designs.

3D simulation and parametric optimization of a solar air heater with a novel staggered cuboid baffles

Thermal performance enhancement of solar air heaters is critical for efficient utilization of energy. In the present work, a numerical study and parametric optimization of turbulent convective heat transfer in a solar air heater duct with novel staggered cuboid baffles placed on the absorber plate are investigated. The heat transfer and pressure loss characteristics are analyzed, and an optimization procedure based on the Taguchi experimental design method is used to obtain the baffle's optimum geometry and arrangement. The numerical results reveal that the proposed optimum design performs better than the existing ones. It is also indicated that the relative baffle height (c/H) and relative baffle pitch (s/H) are the most influential parameters on the efficiency and thermo-hydraulic performance factor. Also, the thermo-hydraulic performance factor of the optimum baffled solar air heater is 3.43, 2.80 and 2.38 at Reynolds numbers 5080, 7620 and 10160, respectively. Depending on the Reynolds number, the thermo-hydraulic performance factor of the proposed baffled is up to 17.5% better compared with the performance of the best design reported in the literature.

Thermal characteristics in solar air duct with V-shaped flapped-baffles and chamfered-grooves

The article deals with augmenting the thermohydraulic performance of a solar heat exchanger duct with combined V-shaped baffle-and-groove vortex generators (VGs). Heat transfer behaviors from the combined VGs mounted in the duct absorber were investigated experimentally. Two VGs mounted on the absorber plate, the V-shaped flapped-baffle and chamfered-groove with a similar attack angle, α = 45°, were arranged by two arrays: V-apex pointing upstream (VU) and pointing downstream (VD). The vital purpose of using the flapped-wing mounted on the baffle (called “flapped baffle”) is to decline the pressure loss from the baffle without deterioration of the main vortices behind. The present experiment was carried out to encompass Reynolds number (Re) in a range of 5290 to 22,600, using air as a working fluid. The pertinent parameters of grooves were three groove pitch ratios (PR = 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0) while the baffle characteristics included four flap angles of the flap mounted on the baffle central area (β = 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°), three relative baffle pitches (PR = 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0) at one baffle height. Effects of the baffle and groove parameters as stated above on Nusselt number (Nu), friction factor (f) and thermal enhancement factor (TEF) were examined. The experimental results have revealed that the use of flapped-baffle and groove VG devices at PR =1.0 and β = 30° gives the largest f and Nu, especially for the VU case owing to strongly impinging jets issuing from the flap opening on the absorber surface area behind the baffle. Specifically, the maximum TEF is found to be 2.68 for the combined VU devices with PR=1.5, β = 45° and Re=5290. With these measured data, the Nu and f correlations are also determined.

Impact of Secondary Flow on the Exergetic Performance of a Cost-Effective Solar Air Heater Design: CFD and Experimental Study

An experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study is carried out to investigate the impact of the strength of secondary flow on the thermo-hydraulic performance of discrete multiple inclined baffles in a flat plate solar air heater (SAH) with semi-cylindrical sidewalls. Initially, for a fixed relative baffle height (Rh = 0.1), the relative baffle pitch (Rp) for continuous baffles is varied in the range of 0.6 to 1 to obtain the optimum baffle pitch for 6000 < Re < 14000. The maximum thermohydraulic performance parameter (THPP) is obtained as 2.28 for Rp = 0.75 at Re = 6000. With this optimum Rp, the impact of gaps at leading, at trailing, and at both leading and trailing apices is studied as three different configurations. Maximum heat transfer enhancement of 2.47 times is obtained for multiple inclined baffles with the gap at trailing apex for Re = 14000 with a corresponding increment of 3.07 times in friction factor (f). Maximum THPP is obtained as 2.69 for gap at the trailing apex for Re = 6000. With lower exergy losses, the present SAH design has higher exergetic efficiency, collector efficiency and is cost-effective compared to ribbed rectangular SAH.

Enhanced thermal performance in tubular heat exchanger contained with V-shaped baffles

The vortex-flow device is a promising streamwise vortex generator employed to produce the counter-rotating vortices along a heated tube to augment the heat transfer rate with comparatively smaller friction loss penalty. Thus, the influences of V-shaped baffle vortex generator (hereafter called “V-baffle”) insert in a heated tube on thermal-performance enhancement were experimentally examined in the current work. The geometric characteristics of the V-baffles mounted repeatedly on the edges of a flat plate/tape were three ratios of relative baffle blockages, (b/D = BR = 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2), and four ratios of baffle pitches, (P/D = PR = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0) at a fixed angle of attack (α = 30°). The present V-baffle placed on the tape edge was aimed to lessen the pressure loss from disturbing the central core flow for the case of placing it on the double sides of a tape as found in the literature. The experiment was conducted by letting air flow through the test tube with Reynolds number (Re) in the range of 4192 to 25,750. The current study indicated that the friction factor and heat transfer using the V-baffle inserts increase considerably with rising BR but reducing PR. The V-baffle with BR = 0.2, PR = 0.5 provides the highest friction factor and rate of heat transfer at about 18.25 and 4.46 times above the plain tube, respectively. A new modified thermal enhancement factor (TEF) is offered and found that its peak for each case appearing at the lowest Re, is in a range of 2.14–2.34 where the optimum TEF of 2.34 is visible at PR = 1.0, BR = 0.15. Furthermore, correlations of Nusselt number and friction factor for the present V-baffles are determined. TEF of the current device is found to be superior to that of other enhanced devices in comparison.

Efficient design of an artificially roughened solar air heater with semi-cylindrical side walls: CFD and exergy analysis

Solar air heater (SAH) with semi-cylindrical sidewalls and W-baffles is analyzed for energy and exergy efficiency in the turbulent flow regime. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis is carried out for a fixed baffle inclination (β) and varying the relative baffle height (Rh = e/D) and relative baffle pitch (Rp = P/D) in the range 0.046–0.115 and 0.46–1.15, respectively. For Reynolds number (5000 < Re < 17,500), the numerical methodology is substantiated using experimental and theoretical correlations obtained from the literature. Smaller vortices near the sharp corners are removed by rounding the sharp edges, allowing the flow of fluid from inside and horizontal walls of the duct towards the semi-cylindrical sidewalls. This increases the overall turbulent kinetic energy. A peak augmentation of 3.24 and 4.03 times is obtained for Nusselt number (Nu) and friction factor (f), respectively, in contrast to conventional SAH. With a maximum enhancement of 127% in the effectiveness parameter relative to smooth SAH, this novel SAH design is evidently energy efficient. Based on CFD results, new correlations are developed in terms of Rh and Rp, which predicts the values with an absolute deviation of 4% and 7.4%, respectively. With lower exergy destruction, maximum enhancement in thermal and exergetic efficiency is obtained as 40.7% and 95.4%, respectively, for the proposed SAH relative to conventional SAH. Upon comparison with ribbed rectangular duct SAH configurations, the present design with semi-cylindrical side walls outperforms at all flow Re.

Slosh-induced hydrodynamic force in a water tank with multiple baffles

This study uses laboratory experiments and a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model to investigate the sloshing phenomenon in a rectangular water tank with multiple bottom-mounted baffles. The kinematic motion of the water surface was solved by the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method. The simulation results were verified by the measured wave heights in a water tank installed on a shaking table. The numerical model was employed to systematically determine the effects of the spacing and height of the baffles on the sloshing phenomenon. The simulation results indicate that the natural frequency of the tank was altered by the multiple baffles and was related to the effective water depth above the baffles. The diminishing effect of multiple baffles on the hydrodynamic force is better than that of a single baffle. In addition, the sloshing force on the sidewalls of the tank can be characterized by the excitation amplitude, frequency, and water depth. While the sloshing height and hydrodynamic force decrease as the baffle number or baffle height increase, the effect of baffles on the sloshing lessens when the relative baffle height hb/hw ≥ 0.75.

Using small triangular baffles to facilitate upstream fish passage in standard box culverts

A culvert is a covered channel to pass streams and floodwaters through an embankment. The ecological impact of culverts has been recognised, in particular in terms of stream connectivity, but existing guidelines lead often to un-economical culvert design. Herein, a small triangular corner baffle system was tested physically in a near-full-scale fish-friendly facility of a box culvert barrel. Experiments were repeated with several configurations to characterise the flow properties for a range of less-than-design flows, baffle sizes and spacings. In presence of triangular corner baffles, the flow was asymmetrical, owing to the wake behind each baffle. The presence of triangular corner baffles had a moderate effect on the flow resistance and discharge capacity, albeit the data indicated the combined effect of relative baffle height and spacing on the friction factor. With triangular baffles, the surface area of slow velocity regions increased by a factor of two to three. Such low velocity regions are preferential swimming zones for fish, beneficial to small-bodied fish passage. Testing with small-bodied fish showed that fish preferred to swim upstream in slow-velocity regions, typically next to the sidewalls and in the left corner where the triangular baffles were located. The presence of small triangular baffles facilitated substantially the upstream passage of small fish, including in terms of endurance, compared to a smooth un-baffled box culvert barrel, when the baffle size was comparable to the fish length. The present findings highlighted the importance of physical modelling at near full-scale for the development of fish-friendly culvert designs.

Experimental investigation on overall thermal performance of fluid-flow in a rectangular channel with discrete V-pattern baffle

This work presents the results of an experimental study of thermohydraulic performance of rectangular channel having discrete V-pattern baffle attached on the broad wall. Measurements have been carried out for the aspect channel ratio of 10, Reynolds number from 3000 to 21000, relative baffle height value of 0.50, relative baffle pitch value of 1.5, relative gap width value of 1.0, flow attack angle value of 60°, and relative discrete distance values of 0.26 to 0.83. The heat transfer and friction factor data obtained were compared with the data obtained from a smooth wall channel under similar operating conditions. In comparison to the smooth wall channel the discrete V-pattern baffle channel enhanced the Nusselt number and friction factor by 3.89 and 6.08 times, respectively. The overall thermal performance parameter is found superior for the relative discrete distance of 0.67. Discrete V-pattern baffle roughness shape has also been shown to be overall thermal performance higher in comparison to other continuous (without discrete) V-pattern baffle shape rectangular channel.

An experimental study of heat transfer enhancement in an air channel with broken multi type V-baffles

This work aims at studying the effect of broken multi type V-baffles on heat transfer, pressure drop, and thermal hydraulic performance characteristics in an air channel is experimentally investigated. The air channel had aspect ratio of 10.0 and the Reynolds number (Re) based upon the mass flow rate of air (m a ) at entrance of the channel varied from 3000 to 8000. The discrete baffle distance (D d /L v ) varied from 0.27 to 0.77, relative baffle gap width (G w /H B ) varied from 0.50 to 1.5, relative baffle height (H B /H D ) varied from 0.25 to 1.0, relative baffle pitch (P B /H B ) varied from 8.0 to 12, relative baffle width (W D /H D ) varied from 1.0 to 6.0, and flow attack angle (α a )varied from 30° to 70°. It has been found that performance of broken multi type V-baffles air channel is better than the performance of smooth surface air channel for the range of geometrical parameters investigated. Experimental results observed that maximum enhancement in overall thermal performance have been found at Dd/Lv value of 0.67, Gw/HB value of 1.0, HB/HD value of 0.50, P B /H B value of 10, and αavalue of 60°.

Experimental study of enhancement of heat transfer and pressure drop in a solar air channel with discretized broken V-pattern baffle

This article presents an experimental study on heat transfer and friction characteristics of solar air channel fitted with discretized broken V-pattern baffle on the heated plate. The effect of geometrical parameters, predominantly the gap width and gap location has been investigated. The roughened baffle air channel has a width to height ratio, W/H of 10. The relative baffle gap distance, Dd/Lv and relative baffle gap width, gw/Hb has been varied from 0.26 to 0.83 and 0.5–1.5, respectively. Experiments have been carried out for the range of Reynolds number, Re from 3000 to 21,000 with the relative baffle height, Hb/H range of 0.25–0.80, relative baffle pitch, Pb/H range of 0.5–2.5; and angle of attack, αa range of 30°–70°. The optimal values of geometrical parameters of roughness have been obtained and discussed. For Nurs the greatest enhancement of the order of 4.47 times of the corresponding data of the without channel has been obtained. The absolute highest data of thermal hydraulic performance parameter has been found to be greater corresponding to Dd/Lv of 0.67, gw/Hb of 1.0, Hb/H of 0.50, Pb/H of 1.5, and αa of 60°. The maximum value of the thermal hydraulic performance parameter was found to be 3.14 for the range of parameters investigated.

Experimental study and correlation development for Nusselt number and friction factor for discretized broken V-pattern baffle solar air channel

The present study examines the augmentation in heat transfer and friction in a flow through solar air channel with discretized broken V-pattern baffle. Experiments have been carried out for system parameter such as a width to height ratio, W/H of 10, the relative baffle gap distance, Dd/Lv range of 0.26–0.83, relative baffle gap width, gw/Hb range of 0.5–1.5, relative baffle height, Hb/H range of 0.25–0.80, relative baffle pitch, Pb/H range of 0.5–2.5, and angle of attack, αa range of 30–70°. The effect of discretized broken V-pattern baffle has been investigated for the range of Reynolds number from 3000 to 21,000. The maximum enhancement is observed at a Dd/Lv of 0.67, gw/Hb of 1.0, Hb/H of 0.50, Pb/H of 1.5, and αa of 60°. Discretized broken V-pattern baffle has better thermal hydraulic performance as compared to other baffle shapes investigated by various investigators under similar operating conditions. By the use of the experimental data, correlations for heat transfer and friction characteristics have been developed for solar air channel as function of system parameters of discretized broken V-pattern baffle.