Relative Amount Of Energy Research Articles

Effect of spawning induced starvation on nutrient loss in males of the annual spawner Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus)

Atlantic halibut go through a period with reduced or no feed intake during their spawning period. This study with male Atlantic halibut aimed to assess the effect of a two-month starvation period corresponding to the naturally occurring spawning induced starvation. The actual loss of nutrients compared to initial body burden, was estimated to 25% for gross energy, 32% for total lipid, 14% for crude protein, and 40% and 44% respectively, for the essential fatty acids EPA (C20:5 n-3) and DHA (C22:6 n-3). This indicates that lipid is the preferred energy source during starvation related to spawning, and the n-3 fatty acids are used to a larger extent than other fatty acids, although mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) comprised the largest energy reserve. The difference in relative amount of energy and nutrients used should be considered when formulating diets for re-feeding broodstock of annual spawners like the Atlantic halibut.

Behavior of weight z-score in preterm infants who are small for gestational age.

Introduction: the follow-up of small for gestational age (SGA) preterm infants is critical due to their differentiated postnatal growth pattern. Objective: to investigate the weight z-score behavior in SGA preterm infants during a four-week stay in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Methods: a retrospective longitudinal study with data from nutritional anamneses of 190 preterm infants admitted to a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit between January/2017 and December/2019, classified according to nutritional status at birth as either SGA or appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Linear regression was used to verify association between weight z-score with gestational age, birth weight, initiation of enteral nutrition and relative amount of energy and protein administered. Results: SGA preterm infants accounted for 23 % of the study participants. In SGA, the difference in weight score was observed at week 1 when compared to admission (p < 0.05), while in AGA there was a difference sustained during the whole period (p < 0.05). In SGA, the linear regression analysis showed that the change in z-score was explained by time to start of enteral nutrition (p = 0.033), gestational age (p = 0.003) and birth weight (p = 0.001). In AGA the change was explained by gestational age (p = 0.000) and birth weight (p = 0.000). Conclusion: the weight z-score behavior in preterm infants was downward compared to admission, stable at the end of 4 weeks, and different according to nutritional status at birth. In the AGA group the decline in nutritional status was not recovered throughout hospitalization and in the SGA group the unfavorable nutritional status was maintained.

A Search for Correlations between Turbulence and Star Formation in THINGS Galaxies

Abstract The spatial range for feedback from star formation varies from molecular cloud disruption on parsec scales to supershells and disk blowout on kiloparsec scales. The relative amounts of energy and momentum given to these scales are important for understanding the termination of star formation in any one region and the origin of interstellar turbulence and disk stability in galaxies as a whole. Here, we measure, for 11 THINGS galaxies, the excess kinetic energy, velocity dispersion, and surface density of H i gas associated with regions of excess star formation, where the excess is determined from the difference between the observed local value and the azimuthal average. We find small decreases in the excess kinetic energy and velocity dispersion in regions of excess star formation rate density, suggesting that most of the feedback energy does not go into local H i motion. Most likely, it disrupts molecular clouds and dissipates rapidly at high gas density. Some could also be distributed over larger regions, filling in spaces between the peaks of star formation and contributing to other energy sources from self-gravity and spiral arm shocks.

Improved effective linearization of nonlinear Schrödinger waves by increasing nonlinearity

From among the waves whose dynamics are governed by the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, we find a robust, spatiotemporally disordered family, in which waves initialized with increasing amplitudes, on average, over long timescales, effectively evolve as ever more weakly coupled collections of plane waves. In particular, the relative amount of energy contained in their coupling decays to zero with increasing wave amplitude.Received 19 September 2019Revised 7 October 2021Accepted 28 November 2021DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.L012009Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.Published by the American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasSpatiotemporal chaosWave chaosPhysical SystemsHamiltonian systemsHigh dimensional systemsNonlinear wavesFluid DynamicsAtomic, Molecular & OpticalNonlinear Dynamics

Modal Analysis of Fluid Flows: An Overview

Modal Analysis of Fluid Flows: An Overview

Evolution of life-history traits in geographically isolated populations ofVaejovisscorpions (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)

Geographical isolation can over time accumulate life-history variation which can eventually lead to speciation. We used five species of Vaejovis scorpions that have been isolated from one another since the Pleistocene glaciation to identify if biogeographical patterns have allowed for the accumulation of life-history variation among species. Gravid females were captured and brought back to the lab until giving birth. Once offspring had begun to disperse, measurements of female size, reproductive investment, offspring size, offspring number, and variation in offspring size were recorded. Differences in how each species allocated energy to these variables were analysed utilizing path analysis and structural equation modelling. Female and offspring size, litter size, and total litter mass differed among species, but relative energetic investment did not. Most significant differences among species were not present after removing the effect of female size, indicating that female size is a major source of life-history variation. Path analyses indicated that there was no size–number trade-off within any species and that each species allocates energy toward total litter mass differently. Additionally, as offspring size increased, the variation in offspring mass decreased. These results show that each species allocates the same relative amount of energy in different ways. The variation seen could be a response to environmental variability or uncertainty, a product of maternal effects, or caused by the sufficient accumulation of genetic differences due to geographical isolation. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 110, 715–727.

Phonon-defect scattering in doped silicon by molecular dynamics simulation

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the scattering of phonon wave packets of well-defined frequency and polarization from individual point defects and from a field of point defects in Si. The relative amounts of energy in the transmitted and reflected phonon fields are calculated and the parameters that influence the phonon scattering process are determined. The results show that the fractions of transmitted and reflected energies strongly depend on the frequency of the incident phonons and on the mass and concentration of the defects. These results are compared with the classic formula for the scattering strength for point defects derived by Klemens, which we find to be valid when each phonon-defect scattering event is independent. The Klemens formula fails when coupled multiple scattering dominates. The phonon density of states is used to characterize the effects of point defects on mode mixing.

Chemical composition of lamina and sheath of Lolium perenne as affected by herbage management

The quality of grass in terms of form and relative amounts of energy and protein affects both animal production per unit of intake and nitrogen (N) utilization. Quality can be manipulated by herbage management and choice of cultivar. The effects of N application rate (0, 90 or 390 kg N ha −1 year −1), duration of regrowth period (2–3, 4–5, or 6–7 weeks), and cutting height (8 or 12 cm) on the mass fractions of nitrogen (N), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), lignin and ash in lamina and sheath material of a high-sugar (Aberdart) and a low-sugar (Respect) perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne) cultivar, were studied in a factorial field experiment during four seasons in 2002 and 2003. Expressing NDF and ADF mass fractions in g per kg WSC-free dry matter (DM) increased the consistency of treatment effects. The high-sugar cultivar had generally higher WSC mass fractions than the low-sugar cultivar, especially during the late season. Moreover, the relative difference in WSC mass fraction between the two cultivars tended to be higher for the lamina material than for the sheath material, which suggests that the high-sugar trait may be more important under grazing conditions, when lamina forms the bulk of the intake, than under mowing regimes. Longer regrowth periods and lower N application rates increased WSC mass fractions and decreased N mass fractions; interactions between regrowth period and N application rate were highly significant. The mass fractions of NDF and ADF were much less influenced. The NDF mass fraction in terms of g per kg WSC-free DM tended to be higher at lower N application rates and at longer regrowth periods. The effect of cutting height on herbage chemical composition was unclear. In conclusion, high-sugar cultivars, N application rate and length of the regrowth period are important tools for manipulating herbage quality.

The energetic implications of precocial development for three shorebird species breeding in a warm environment

We investigated the effect of body size, parental behaviour and timing of breeding on the chick growth and energetics of three precocial shorebird (Charadrii) species in a warm sub‐tropical environment: the Kittlitz's Plover Charadrius pecuarius, Blacksmith Lapwing Vanellus armatus, and Crowned Lapwing V. coronatus. The three species exhibited slower growth, longer pre‐fledging periods and lower energy expenditure during the pre‐fledging period than Arctic and temperate zone relatives of similar size. It was found that relative growth rates of charadriid and scolopacid species increased by 1.77% per degree latitude. Blacksmith and Crowned Lapwings are of similar size (i.e. about 160 g), about four times the mass of Kittlitz's Plovers. Taking body mass into account, the resting metabolic rate and daily energy expenditure of the three study species were similar. The relative amounts of energy needed for chicks to grow from a hatchling to a fledgling were low for the three species studied. The relative amount of energy needed to complete growth in charadriid and scolopacid species increased by 2.54% per degree latitude. Because Crowned Lapwings exhibited faster growth than Blacksmith Lapwings but similar daily energy expenditure we suggest that Blacksmith Lapwings compensate for greater energy expenditure in colder weather by growing more slowly. We suggest that small growth rate coefficient, low resting metabolic rate and low daily energy expenditure are adaptations to lower food availability and milder ambient temperatures in sub‐tropical breeding habitats compared to temperate or Arctic regions.

Rovibrational product state distribution for inelastic H+D2 collisions.

Experimental measurements of rovibrational product state distributions for the inelastic scattering process H + D2(nu=0,j)-->H + D2(nu' = 1,2,j') are presented and compared with the results of quasiclassical and quantum mechanical calculations. Agreement between theory and experiment is almost quantitative. Two subtle trends are found: the relative amount of energy in product rotational excitation decreases slightly with increasing collision energy and increases slightly with increasing product vibrational excitation. These trends are the reverse of what has been found for reactive scattering in which the opposite trends are much more pronounced.

The SCUBA Local Universe Galaxy Survey - II. 450- m data: evidence for cold dust in bright IRAS galaxies

This is the second in a series of papers presenting results from the SCUBA Local Universe Galaxy Survey. In our first paper we provided 850-μm flux densities for 104 galaxies selected from the IRAS Bright Galaxy Sample and we found that the 60-, 100-μm (IRAS) and 850-μm (SCUBA) fluxes could be adequately fitted by emission from dust at a single temperature. In this paper we present 450-μm data for the galaxies. With the new data, the spectral energy distributions of the galaxies can no longer be fitted with an isothermal dust model – two temperature components are now required. Using our 450-μm data and fluxes from the literature, we find that the 450/850-μm flux ratio for the galaxies is remarkably constant, and this holds from objects in which the star formation rate is similar to our own Galaxy, to ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) such as Arp 220. The only possible explanation for this is if the dust emissivity index for all of the galaxies is ∼2 and the cold dust component has a similar temperature in all galaxies . The 60-μm luminosities of the galaxies were found to depend on both the dust mass and the relative amount of energy in the warm component, with a tendency for the temperature effects to dominate at the highest L60. The dust masses estimated using the new temperatures are higher by a factor of ∼2 than those determined previously using a single temperature. This brings the gas-to-dust ratios of the IRAS galaxies into agreement with those of the Milky Way and other spiral galaxies which have been intensively studied in the submm.

Changes in energy allocation by the predator Nephelopsis obscura exposed to differences in prey availability

Acquisition of energy and its allocation to components of bioenergetic balance were measured throughout the life cycle in three groups of Nephelopsis obscura fed one (low frequency), two (medium frequency), or three (high frequency) ad libitum meals each week at 15 and 20 °C. As feeding frequency increased, the total amounts of energy ingested, faeces plus mucus produced, somatic and reproductive growth, energy storage (total lipids), and respiration all increased. The proportion of ingested energy allocated to somatic and reproductive growth was highest for the medium-frequency and lowest for the low-frequency feeding treatment. Temperature had no effect on ingestion or faeces plus mucus production, but the respiration rate was higher and the growth rate lower at 20 than at 15 °C. The proportions of ingested energy allocated to growth and storage were the same in the high- and medium-frequency feeding treatments at both temperatures. In the low-frequency feeding treatment, the proportion of energy allocated to storage was higher at 15 °C, but proportionally more energy was allocated to somatic growth and less to reproductive growth or lipid storage at 20 °C. In the high- and medium-frequency feeding treatments, the relative amount of energy allocated to storage was constant, i.e., the ratio of reserves to structural tissues was the same, at both temperatures.

Method and apparatus for generating high energy acoustic pulses

A method and apparatus are disclosed for generating intense acoustic pulses by means of the water hammer effect. The method involves generating a water hammer in a conduit (5) by suddenly interrupting a high velocity flow of fluid through the conduit (5). The kinetic energy of the fluid flowing in the conduit (5) is converted into a high pressure pulse which propagates along the conduit away from the point (7) where the fluid flow was interrupted. The high pressure pulse deforms the wall of the conduit (5) so as to radiate acoustic energy away from the conduit into a fluid medium (11) surrounding the conduit. The relative amount of energy dissipated in the form of mass flow in the surrounding fluid (11) and acoustic energy in the surrounding fluid (11) can be adjusted by changing the characteristics of the conduit wall. The direction in which acoustic energy is radiated into the fluid medium (11) surrounding the conduit (5) can be set by making the conduit wall asymmetrical or by bending the conduit (5). Embodiments of the invention for acoustic cleaning, viscosity reduction in fluids and acoustic sedimentation are disclosed.

Femtosecond high-contrast pulses from a parametric generator pumped by the self-compressed second harmonic of a Nd:glass laser

Nearly transform-limited femtosecond pulses tunable from 635 to 3000 nm were generated by a traveling-wave type II phase-matching barium borate parametric generator pumped by the self-compressed second harmonic of a Nd:glass laser. A total conversion efficiency of 10% with output pulses as short as 200 fs has been achieved. Numerical simulation indicated that the relative amount of energy contained in the output pulse wings was reduced by ~4 × 104 compared with that in the pump.

Detection of dysphonia by pattern recognition of speech spectra

The self-organizing map (a neural network algorithm of Kohonen) was applied to the spectral pattern recognition of dysphonia. The speech samples, Finnish words with long [a:] uttered by 17 men and 18 women, were perceptually assessed by a group of speech pathologists and the judgments were compared with the locations of the [a:] samples on a self-organized spectral feature map. The map distinguished between normal and dysphonic speech spectra in a statistically significant way. The most apparent spectral feature underlying the differentiation was the relative amount of energy at 1-2 kHz and at 7-9 kHz.

Shoaling and Decay of Two Wave Trains on Beach

Shoaling and decay of irregular wave trains with two distinct frequency peaks are simulated in a wave flume. The relative energy in each wave train, the closeness of the frequency peaks, and the total wave energy were varied over 12 cases. Wave-gauge measurements across the 1:30 plane slope in the flume show that linear superposition of single-peaked wave trains or lumping all energy into the dominant wave train are not satisfactory representations of multiple wave trains. The measurements also show that the wave train with the low-frequency peak dominates in the surf zone. Waves with the low-frequency peak appear unaffected by the second wave train, but the high-frequency wave train decays faster in the presence of the low-frequency waves. The variation of wave height through shoaling and breaking depends on the relative amount of energy in each of the wave trains and the closeness of the peak frequencies.

Trade-Off Between Growth and Energy Storage in Male Vipera berus (L.) Under Different Prey Densities

There are constraints on the rate of energy intake of foraging animals, and allocation of energy, for example, to growth therefore must be at the expense of allocation to other purposes, such as energy storage. Moreover, the relative amount of energy allocated to different kinds of activities is likely to depend upon food availability. We have compared the patterns of energy allocation between adders, Vipera berus (L.), in populations inhabiting two different island groups in the Baltic Sea. These adders primarily feed on field voles, Microtus agrestis (L.), which undergo great population density fluctuations. In order to survive periods of low food supply adders allocate some energy to storage, and they can be expected to increase the proportion of energy devoted to storage when food levels and rate of energy intake decrease. Individuals allocating much energy to storage have less energy available for growth, reproduction and maintenance, and one can expect a trade-off between growth and energy storage, especially during resource shortage. Since the size of energy reserves influences fasting endurance, while body size influences future reproductive success, the pattern of energy allo- cation between growth and storage might have important fitness consequences for these animals. We compared the size of energy reserves (body mass in relation to body length) and the growth rates of individual male adders from two localities with different densities of field voles. Relative body mass was similar to both adder populations, but individuals grew faster where vole density was higher. This suggests that the pattern of energy allocation changed with resource availability. We also investigated the relationships between rela- tive growth rate and relative mass within the two adder populations. We found a significant nega- tive relationship where prey density was low, and a negative but non-significant relationship where prey density was high, indicating a trade-off between growth and energy storage in male adders that changes with food availability.

Noninvasive Diagnosis of Toughening Mechanisms in Fiber Reinforced Concrete

AbstractVarious physical phenomena are involved in the fracture process of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC). Although pullout of the fiber has been the most intensively investigated parameter in studying the micromechanics of these materials, other mechanisms could be dominant, depending on the nature of the loading and the fiber orientations. Pullout tests were conducted on isolated fibers embedded in a mortar matrix with different orientations to the direction of loading.The specimens were loaded in the chamber of a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and on an optical table with instrumentation for Laser holographic interferometry (HI). The relative contribution of the various mechanisms, such as: fiber debonding and pullout, mortar crushing, friction at comers, and plastic energy dissipation on the fibers were evaluated. When the specimens were tested in the SEM, it was observed that compressive failure with crushing of the mortar is an important physical phenomenon, in addition to plastic bending of the fiber. HI studies also indicated the crushing of mortar prior to interface debonding.The relative amounts of energy dissipated by the various mechanisms were evaluated using experimental observations and analytical approximations. The importance of the different mechanisms at progressive stages of fiber pullout was estimated.

ENERGY USE IN THE PRODUCTION AND HOUSING OF POULTRY AND SWINE – AN OVERVIEW

An overview of energy use in agricultural food systems indicates that, unlike crop production, pork and poultry production will always be an energy sink rather than an energy source. Nevertheless, much more energy is involved in the food system beyond the farm gate than that used in production on the farm. Energy is used in the confinement rearing of swine and poultry for barn heating, ventilation, lights, and feed, water and manure handling. Information on how much energy is used, and on the relative amounts of energy used for each purpose, is far from complete and the differences between production units are large. There are opportunities for energy conservation but these are different for each production stage and for each animal species. Although the list of potential energy conservation opportunities is long, only a few are routinely implemented on even modern, well-managed farms. In many cases, the technical feasibility of energy conservation alternatives is well established, but the economic feasibility cannot be predicted because of missing information on animal-environment interactions. Key words: Energy, animal environments, housing

ALTERNATIVE REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIORS: THREE DISCRETE MALE MORPHS IN PARACERCEIS SCULPTA, AN INTERTIDAL ISOPOD FROM THE NORTHERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA

Paracerceis sculpta breeds in intertidal sponges, Leucetta losangelensis, where males employ 1 of 3 discrete alternative reproductive behaviors. Elaborate alpha-males attract females to spongocoels where mating and brooding of young by females occurs. Variance in the number of females per alpha-male is high (N = 0-11). Smaller beta-males, resembling females, and tiny gamma-males, resembling juveniles, invade spongocoels containing alpha-males and sexually receptive females. Alpha-, beta-, and gamma-males maintained in the laboratory do not molt or grow, and the 3 morphs differ in the relative amounts of energy they invest in somatic versus gonadal tissue (gamma > beta > alpha). Alternative male reproductive behaviors may have evolved in P. sculpta, since intensifying sexual selection on alpha-males allowed only the most competitive alphas to mate. Males that obtained mates by avoiding direct competition with alphas (e.g., mimicking females or stealing mates) may have persisted, despite their reduced fitness, because they experienced greater fitness than competitively inferior alphas. Similar selective pressures and thus similar male polymorphisms probably exist in other Crustacea. Males in many animal species exhibit discontinuous variation in behaviors and morphologies that are associated with reproduction (Parker, 1970; van Rhijn, 1973; Alcock, 1979; Hamilton, 1979; Perrill et al., 1978; Dominey, 1980; Gross and Charnov, 1980; Cade, 1981; Thornhill, 1981; Eberhard, 1982; Gross, 1982; Clutton-Brock et al., 1982; Austad, 1984; Howard, 1984; Gross, 1985). These alternative reproductive behaviors (ARBs) occur primarily in polygynous species in which variance in male mating success is high and thus in which sexual selection is strong (Gadgil, 1972). Behaviors are emphasized in this terminology, since male reproductive alternatives involving only facultative shifts in reproductive tactics are by far the most common, while ARBs involving morphological differences between males are comparatively rare. Moreover, differences in reproductive morphology are usually associated with specific differences in mating behavior (Austad, 1984). Reports of ARBs are few or nonexistent for the Crustacea. This is unexpected, since many crustaceans are polygynous (Salmon, 1984) and sexual selection has been demonstrated in a variety of species (Holdich, 1968, 1971; Stein, 1976; Knowlton, 1980; Shuster, 1981; Christy, 1983; review in Salmon, 1984). The exemption of the Crustacea from what now seems a common evolutionary response to male sexual selection bears further investigation. Glynn (1968) described two male morphs in a Caribbean isopod, Dynamenella perforata, that inhabits the pallial grooves of intertidal chitons. He found small, intermediate males within isopod aggregations consisting primarily of females and of larger and ornamented males. Although intermediates possessed penes, no reproductive activity was associated with these individuals because they lacked mature appendices masculinae and did not exhibit the enlarged uropods and elaborate telsons possessed by adult males. Glynn maintained intermediates and undifferentiated individuals in a common container, and reported that some of these individuals grew into adult males after several days. The fact that intermediates lacked fully developed appendices masculinae argues in favor of Glynn's