Relative Amounts Of Carbohydrate Research Articles

Biochemical composition and somatic growth of pelagic larvae of three fish species from the Bay of Biscay

MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 382:173-183 (2009) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07941 Biochemical composition and somatic growth of pelagic larvae of three fish species from the Bay of Biscay E. Díaz1,* J. M. Txurruka2, F. Villate3 1AZTI Arrantza Baliabideen Saila, Txatxarramendi ugartea, z/g. 48395 Sukarrieta, Bizkaia, Spain 2University of the Basque Country, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, 48080 Bilbao, Spain 3University of the Basque Country, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, 48080 Bilbao, Spain *Email: ediaz@suk.azti.es ABSTRACT: The growth strategies of pelagic larvae of 3 fish species from the Bay of Biscay belonging to 2 different shape groups, the eel-like anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus and sardine Sardina pilchardus, and the tadpole-like horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus, are compared in terms of changes in their biochemical composition and energy allocation. In anchovy and sardine, the relative amount of protein increased and relative amounts of carbohydrates and lipids decreased throughout their growth. The biochemical composition in horse mackerel did not change significantly during growth. Differences between the 2 shape groups could be associated with the various energy allocation patterns related to dissimilar growth strategies. Although the patterns of change in biochemical composition during growth are different in the 2 shape groups, they show a very similar biochemical composition at the notochord flexion stage, indicating convergences in life-history patterns of the different species. KEY WORDS: Anchovy · Sardine · Horse mackerel · Fish larvae · Biochemical composition · RNA/DNA · Growth strategy Full text in pdf format PreviousNextCite this article as: Díaz E, Txurruka JM, Villate F (2009) Biochemical composition and somatic growth of pelagic larvae of three fish species from the Bay of Biscay. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 382:173-183. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07941 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 382. Online publication date: April 30, 2009 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2009 Inter-Research.

Development of food groupings to guide dietary advice for people with diabetes

AbstractObjective: To describe the development and characteristics of a food categorisation system and its application to guide advice for diabetes treatment.Design and methods: Foods commonly consumed by 16 adults with diabetes were grouped by macronutrient content and type of fat to form a set of reference food groups for dietary advice. Means for energy and macronutrients from individual food groups were then used to construct an overall intake pattern targeting 8000 kJ and relative amounts of carbohydrate, protein and fat (saturated fatty acids (SFA) < 10%E and (polyunsaturated fatty acids) PUFA ∼ 10%E). Variation in energy and macronutrients contributed by all foods partitioned into each food group was assessed by the coefficient of variation of data on the whole diet.Results: To differentiate between sources of fat, 13 food groups emerged and 10 were deemed acceptable to nutritional guidelines for diabetes treatment. The food group pattern was judged adequate for the achievement of dietary recommendations with low‐potential variation in total energy (5%) and macronutrient proportions (protein 6%, fat 6%, carbohydrate 3%), but higher for fat types (SFA 22%, (monounsaturated fatty acids) MUFA 11%, PUFA 12%). Targeted proportions for fat types were achieved only when daily servings of PUFA‐rich, oils, nuts and oily fish or soy were included in an ideal intake pattern.Conclusions: In theory, a dietary pattern constructed from food group sources of macronutrients and individual fat types results in low‐potential variation from recommended nutrient targets and, therefore, is appropriate to guide advice for the treatment of diabetes.

The Influence of Temperature Upon Physiological Processes in Early-Flowering and Late-Flowering Strains of Thlaspi arvense L.

This study was initiated to determine net photosynthesis, respiration, and stomatal conductance for early-flowering (EF) and late-flowering (LF) strains of Thiaspi arvense L., and to determine the relative impact of temperature on these processes in the two strains. The strains have been shown to differ by a single gene. Vernalized EF and LF plants were grown under controlled environments at day temperatures of 1 50C, 200C, and 250C (1 6-h photoperiod) each, with 1 50C nights. During the period of floral initiation for the EF strain, net photosynthesis, respiration, and stomatal conductance were determined in both strains. Plants of the LF strain had higher net photosynthesis rates and lower respiration rates. Net photosynthesis was most efficient at 200C days, while respiration rates increased with increasing temperature. Stomatal conductance was greater in the EF strain, which also had larger stomata than plants of the LF strain. Generally, EF plants grew more quickly in terms of shoot dry weight than LF plants. However, at 250C, the LF plants had significantly more shoot dry weight. We suggest that differential net photosynthesis and respiration rates of the EF and LF strains of T. arvense may influence the relative amounts of carbohydrates and nitrogen available to the shoot apices and therefore affect the time to floral transition.

Sympathetic nervous system activity and resting metabolic rate in vegetarians

We examined the resting metabolic rate (RMR) and sympathetic nervous system activity of young male vegetarians (n = 17) and nonvegetarians (n = 40). Subjects were characterized for RMR by indirect calorimetry, norepinephrine kinetics from infusions of tritiated norepinephrine, energy and macronutrient intake from a 3-day food diary, and body composition by underwater weighing. Vegetarians reported a greater relative intake of carbohydrates (62% ± 5% v 51% ± 6%, P < .01) and a lower relative intake of fat (25% ± 5% v 33% ± 6%, P < .01) than nonvegetarians, whereas no differences were observed in daily energy intake, body composition, or maximal aerobic capacity (Vo 2max) between groups. Vegetarians exhibited an 11% higher absolute RMR (1.29 ± 0.15 v 1.16 ± 0.13 kcal/min, P < .01), a higher plasma concentration of norepinephrine (216 ± 33 v 165 ± 18 pg/mL, P < .01), and a greater norepinephrine appearance rate (0.50 ± 0.08 v 0.36 ± 0.09 μg/min, P < .01) than nonvegetarians. After statistically controlling for differences in relative amounts of carbohydrate and fat in the diet and for norepinephrine concentrations, no significant differences in adjusted RMR between vegetarians and nonvegetarians were noted. These results suggest that the higher RMR observed in young male vegetarians is partially mediated by differences in dietary macronutrient composition and increased sympathetic nervous system activity.

Effects of dietary cholesterol level and type of dietary carbohydrate on hepatic and plasma sterols in the gerbil.

The influence of dietary cholesterol and type of carbohydrate on the level of free cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, and the type of cholesteryl esters in the liver of the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus, was studied by a series of experiments. Semipurified diets were fed in which the level of cholesterol was comparable to human intakes (0.1% by weight) or higher (0.5%) and the carbohydrate source was starch or sucrose or a mixture there of. All diets were devoid of bile acid and contained relative amounts of carbohydrate, protein, fat, and type of fat which approached human intakes in North America. Free cholesterol levels in liver were 60-140% greater and 15-30% greater when diets were supplemented to contain sterol levels of 0.5 and 0.1%, respectively, whereas hepatic cholesteryl ester levels were 11- to 23- fold greater and 2- to 3-fold greater, respectively. Levels of cholesterol (both free and esterified) in plasma were 175-725% greater in animals consuming 0.5% dietary cholesterol and 30-105% greater in gerbils ingesting 0.1% cholesterol as compared with levels in gerbils fed a basal (unsupplemented) diet. The type of dietary carbohydrate had a moderate influence on cholesterol levels in liver and plasma when dietary cholesterol was supplied at 0.5%. The percent contribution of 18:1 fatty acid to the liver cholesteryl esters was greater in cholesterol-supplemented gerbils, while the proportions of 16:0 and 18:2 acids were lower. These results indicate that the gerbil is highly sensitive to low levels of dietary cholesterol in diets which are also free of bile acid, in contrast to many other species, including the laboratory rat. The present findings support the usefulness of the gerbil model for studying the influence of dietary sterol on cholesterol metabolism.

Metabolism of Carbohydrate, Lipid and Protein During Development of Sealed Worker Brood of of the African Honeybee

SummaryThe relative amounts of carbohydrate, lipid and protein were determined in whole bees over the course of their development in the sealed cell. Oxygen uptake, respiratory quotients, and changes in wet and dry weight were determined. Metabolism of sealed larvae, pupae and young pharate adults is based on the utilization of lipid stores, but in older pharate adults it also involves the consumption of some protein. Carbohydrate might be used primarily in the deposition of the adult cuticle prior to emergence.

Study of the noncollagenous components of the periodontium.

Periodontal ligament and gingivae of bovine and porcine periodontium were analyzed for relative amounts of carbohydrates, collagen, and acid mucopolysaccharides. The sugar content was 3.6% and 3.4% of dry weight in bovine and porcine periodontal ligament, respectively. The values were lower in the gingivae being 2.34% and 2.30%, respectively. Approximately 50% of hexosamine in gingivae was present in acid mucopolysacchrides as compared to 36% in periodontal ligament. Relative to collagen there was a considerable amount of non-collagenous glycoproteins present in the periodontium as judged by carbohydrate content of the tissue.

Plasma nonesterified fatty acids in pregnancy: III. Further observations on regulation of plasma NEFA concentration by insulin and glucose

1. The effect of various combinations of glucose and insulin on plasma NEFA concentrations were tested in normal pregnant, early puerperal, and nonpregnant subjects.2. The responses observed in plasma NEFA were dependent upon the amount of glucose administered as well as the time of glucose loading in relation to that of insulin administration. Small amounts of glucose tended to enhance NEFA falls in plasma, while larger glucose dosages produced smaller changes or stabilized the fatty acid level.3. The relative amounts of carbohydrate and insulin rather than the degree of hyperglycemia and hypophosphatemia appeared to determine the amount and direction of change in NEFA concentration. The experimental results are discussed in terms of the known factors determining NEFA oxidation, esterification, and release by adipose tissue.4. Within a few days after the onset of labor the concentration of plasma NEFA is increased and its regulation is extremely labile as indicated by its sensitivity to experimental modification. This lability is not observed in the early puerperium.5. Intravenous glucose tolerance data are not influenced by pregnancy in metabolically normal patients despite evidence of decreased reactivity to exogenous insulin.