Perpetration Of Relationship Violence Research Articles

School-based interventions TO Prevent Dating and Relationship Violence and Gender-Based Violence: STOP-DRV-GBV systematic review.

Schools have a duty of care to prevent violence between students but a significant amount of dating and relationship violence and gender-based violence occurs in schools. These are important public health issues with important longitudinal consequences for young people. To understand functioning and effectiveness of school-based interventions for the prevention of dating and relationship violence and gender-based violence. We undertook a mixed-methods systematic review to synthesise different types of evidence relating to school-based interventions for the prevention of dating and relationship violence and gender-based violence to understand if, how and in what ways these interventions are effective. We searched 21 databases and 2 trial registers and undertook forwards and backwards citation chasing, author contact and other supplementary search methods. Searches identified all literature published to June 2021. All screening was undertaken in duplicate and independently, and we quality appraised all included studies. We included 247 reports (68 outcome evaluations, 137 process evaluations). Synthesis of intervention components produced an intervention typology: single-component, curricular, multicomponent, and multilevel programmes. Synthesis of intervention theories suggested that interventions aiming to increase students' sense of school belonging and sense of safety in the school building could encourage increased learning of prosocial skills and increased prosocial peer norms, and so potentially reducing dating and relationship violence and gender-based violence. Synthesis of factors affecting delivery highlighted school organisation and leaders who believed in the importance of addressing dating and relationship violence/gender-based violence, along with time and resources to deliver the interventions. The ease with which the intervention could be delivered and modified was also important. Meta-analysis found stronger evidence for intervention effectiveness in reducing dating and relationship violence than for gender-based violence, with significant long-term impacts on dating and relationship violence victimisation and perpetration, and some evidence that interventions in high-income countries could be effective for reducing victimisation and perpetration of gender-based violence in the long-term. Impacts on knowledge and attitudes were primarily short-term. Network meta-analysis did not suggest superiority of any intervention type. Moderation evidence suggested interventions reduced dating and relationship violence perpetration in boys more than girls, but reduced gender-based violence perpetration more in girls. Metaregression by intervention component did not explain heterogeneity in effectiveness, but qualitative comparative analysis suggested that reducing perpetration was important to reducing victimisation, and that perpetration could be reduced via focus on interpersonal skills, guided practice and (for gender-based violence) implementation of social structural components. Despite an exhaustive search, trials may have been missed and risk of publication bias was high for several analyses. This is the most comprehensive systematic review of school-based interventions for dating and relationship violence and gender-based violence to date. It is clear that the prevention of dating and relationship violence and gender-based violence in schools will require longer-term investment to show benefit. Future research is needed to understand why intervention effectiveness appears stronger for dating and relationship violence than gender-based violence. The study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42020190463. This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme (NIHR award ref: NIHR130144) and is published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 12, No. 3. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.

Emotion regulation as a mediator between sleep quality and interpersonal aggression

Sufficient sleep quality is paramount for physical and mental health, and poor sleep quality effects an individual's aggressive behaviors and ability to properly regulate their emotions. However, little research has examined the relationship between sleep, emotion regulation, and aggressive interpersonal behaviors, such as trait physical aggression, verbal aggression, relationship violence, and sexual assault perpetration. Thus, the present study sought to examine emotion regulation as a mediator between poor sleep quality and these aggressive interpersonal behaviors. To test these relationships, 334 MTurk workers completed questionnaires assessing the aforementioned factors in an online survey. Results showed that emotion regulation partially mediated the relationships between sleep quality and both trait physical aggression and relationship violence perpetration and fully mediated the relationship between sleep quality and verbal aggression for all participants. Additionally, emotion regulation fully mediated the relationship between sleep quality and sexual assault perpetration for male participants. These results suggest that emotion regulation difficulties may indeed be a mechanism through which poor quality sleep leads to aggressive interpersonal behaviors.

Early exposure to violence, relationship violence, and relationship satisfaction in adolescents and emerging adults: The role of romantic attachment.

Violence in romantic relationships is highly prevalent in adolescence and early adulthood and is related to a wide array of negative outcomes. Although the scientific literature increasingly highlights potential risk factors for the perpetration of violence toward a romantic partner, integrative models of these predictors remain scarce. Using an attachment framework, the current study examines the associations between early exposure to violence, perpetration of relationship violence, and relationship satisfaction. We hypothesized that exposure to family violence fosters the development of attachment anxiety and avoidance, which in turn are related to relationship violence and low relationship satisfaction. At Time 1, a sample of 1,252 (72.3% women) adolescents and emerging adults were recruited from high schools and colleges. Participants completed measures of exposure to family violence, attachment, perpetrated relationship violence and relationship adjustment. Three years later (Time 2), 234 of these participants agreed to participate in a follow-up assessment. Structural equation modeling was used to test cross-sectional and longitudinal models. The findings suggest that exposure to family violence predicts relationship violence both directly and indirectly through attachment anxiety, whereas attachment avoidance and relationship violence are predictors of relationship satisfaction. Longitudinal analyses also show that changes in romantic attachment are associated with changes in relationship violence and satisfaction. Romantic attachment is a significant target for the prevention and treatment of violence in intimate relationships involving adolescents or emerging adults. (PsycINFO Database Record

Thomistic Thoughts on Changing Representations of Self and Other

Thomistic Thoughts on Changing Representations of Self and Other Giuseppe Butera (bio) Keywords Augustine, Aquinas, Thomistic psychology, hylomorphism, substance dualism Alexandra Pârvan's appropriation of Augustine's metaphysical distinction between self and action is both creative and laudable. It surely has the potential to add an important element to the treatment of both victims and perpetrators of violence by helping them to change negative self-models that puts them at risk "for both receipt and perpetration of relationship violence" (Pârvan, 2017, p. 242). What I would like to do is suggest ways that this potential might be increased i) through a more refined understanding of Augustine's distinction between self and action, and ii) through the appropriation of later medieval developments in philosophical psychology, developments that find their classic formulation in the mature writings of Thomas Aquinas. Augustine's Distinction Between Self and Action Pârvan is surely right to make much of Augustine's distinction between self and action. Each, although real, is not real in the same way. Undoubtedly, anyone who might identify their actions with their very self will have a very hard time recovering from violence or, if they are perpetrators, rejecting it. Yet, as Pârvan notes, that is precisely what so many of us do from an early age, conditioned as we are at the earliest stages of our psychological development to identify our self-worth with the treatment, good or bad, received at the hands of our caregivers. That this is wrong, why it simply cannot be true that we are reducible to our actions, much less the negative judgments implicit in abusive treatment, seems obviously right. In drawing on Augustine's metaphysical reasoning, Pârvan bolsters this sense by providing a profound reason to reject this unhealthy identification of self with action. Yet the distinction between self and action Pârvan seizes up on is not quite the one she wants or, I would argue, the one necessary for her proposed treatment to be as effective as it might be. Pârvan maintains that the distinction is such that a person may be distinguished from their actions. This much is clear. What is not so clear, however, is whether she believes this distinction to be operative only at the metaphysical level, or also at the moral level. Although some passages point to the former, the overall thrust of her essay gives the impression that she understands the distinction to apply at the moral level, as well. [End Page 261] What this means is that, for therapeutic purposes, it is important to teach clients not only that their selves are metaphysically distinct from their actions, but perhaps more important, that they are morally distinct from them, too. As Pârvan writes, "Thinking with Augustine, if one is to be valued regardless of one's acts, in virtue of their quality of being a self, it is because there exists a dimension of the self beyond the moral one" (2017, p. 245). There are a few things I would say about this. First, a moral distinction between the self and its actions cannot be found in Augustine. Indeed, such a distinction is not only foreign to his mind, it is utterly opposed to it. For Augustine, morality is found in the will or it is found nowhere. When the self wills to do that which is in keeping with God's eternal law, the self is said to be morally good because its will is well-ordered. When, however, the self wills that which is contrary to God's law, it is said to be disordered and thus morally bad. The moral goodness or badness of the self is nothing but the moral goodness or badness of the self's willing (see Augustine, 1993, 2.19–21, pp. 68–69). In other words, there is no moral distinction between the self and its acts. To attempt to make such a distinction is to fundamentally misunderstand the nature of morality in Augustine's thought. Although a serious mistake (assuming Pârvan makes it), it is rather easy to fix. Pârvan might simply distinguish between the...

Relationship Violence Among Female and Male College Undergraduate Students

To assess prevalence of victimization and perpetration of relationship violence before and during college, to explore variations by gender, and to examine differences by relationship type. Anonymously surveyed students in 67 randomly chosen classes. Three urban college campuses. Nine hundred ten undergraduate college students aged 17 to 22 years. Self-reported victimization and perpetration of physical, emotional, and sexual violence; relationship to the victim or perpetrator. Most (57.1%) students were female, and 58.7% were white, 16.4% black, and 15.1% Asian. Of 910 participants, 407 (44.7%) experienced partner or nonpartner violence: 383 (42.1%) reported victimization and 156 (17.1%) reported perpetration. All victimization and perpetration rates were highest before college. Emotional violence was most common before college (21.1%); during college, sexual and emotional violence were equally common (12.0% and 11.8%, respectively). Women reported more victimization than men, but male victimization was considerable (27.2%). More men perpetrated sexual violence; more women perpetrated physical violence. More than half (130 of 227) of the violence experienced during college was partner related. Students experiencing partner violence during college were more likely to experience physical and emotional violence and were less likely to experience sexual violence. Relationship violence is prevalent among college students and frequently occurs before college. Emotional violence was most frequent before college; sexual and emotional violence were equally common during college. Women reported more victimization than men, but male victimization was common. Men perpetrated more sexual violence; women perpetrated more physical violence. Physical violence and emotional violence were most often committed by partners, while sexual violence was less likely to be partner related.

Relationship violence in young adulthood: A comparison of daters, cohabitors, and marrieds

Intimate partner violence is most common in early adulthood. A key developmental task of young adulthood is the formation of intimate partner relationships whether through dating, cohabitation, or marriage. Using the first and third waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we examine the linkages between relationship type and relationship violence perpetration and victimization among young adults, emphasizing the mediating role of relationship commitment. Among women, cohabitors report significantly higher levels of relationship violence than either marrieds or daters. Among men, cohabitors and marrieds report similar levels of relationship violence and both groups experience more violence perpetration and victimization than daters. Our hypothesis that the weaker relationship commitment of cohabitors accounts for their higher levels of violence is not supported.

Change in Self-Esteem and Physical Aggression During Treatment for Partner Violent Men

The role of low self-esteem in aggressive behavior has been questioned by theorists who claim that inflated, rather than deflated, self-esteem is associated with violence, and that societal efforts to increase self-esteem may actually increase, rather than decrease, violent behavior. This conjecture was tested in two treatment samples of partner violent men, one (n = 61) that received a behavioral intervention, and one (n = 107) that received a workshop program designed to enhance compassion for self and others. Both samples reported significant reductions in relationship violence perpetration and significant increases in self-esteem from pre- to post-treatment. In both samples, change in self-esteem was inversely correlated with change in physical aggression. Follow-up data from victims were available for one of the samples, and revealed that self-esteem and its enhancement during treatment did not significantly predict relationship violence during the year after treatment. These results indicate that self-esteem enhancement during treatment for partner violent men is correlated with violence reduction, and does not increase the risk for subsequent relationship aggression.

The role of masculine ideology and masculine gender role stress in men's perpetration of relationship violence.

Masculine gender role stress and masculine ideology were investigated to better understand each factor's role in men's aggressive and violent behaviors perpetrated within their romantic relationships. Participants were 165 men attending an urban university campus. A hierarchical regression analysis was used to analyze each factor's contribution to predicting aggression and violence. Results indicated that masculine gender role stress accounted for a significant portion of the variance in aggression and violence scores. In addition, the interaction effect of Ideology × Gender Role Stress emerged as a significant predictor of aggression and violence. Results are discussed in terms of clinical implications and future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

The role of masculine ideology and masculine gender role stress in men's perpetration of relationship violence.

The role of masculine ideology and masculine gender role stress in men's perpetration of relationship violence.

Commitment and the perpetration of relationship violence

AbstractWe employed the investment model of commitment (Rusbult, 1983) to examine the independent effects of commitment and relationship duration on the perpetration of common couple violence (i.e., instances of physical violence that occasionally arise in conflict situations; Johnson, 1995). Data are from self‐administered questionnaires completed by 722 “currently dating” adolescents in the 8th and 9th grades in a rural public school district in North Carolina. Roughly 10% of the adolescents reported using violence (i.e., hitting, pushing, shoving, kicking, or assaulting with a weapon) against their current partner that was not used as self‐defense. The majority of the violent relationships involved the reciprocal use of violence by both partners. Both commitment and duration exerted independent effects upon the perpetration of common couple violence. Consistent with the relationship violence literature, relationship members became more likely to use violence against their partner as the duration of the relationship increased. However, consistent with research that indicates that commitment leads individuals to forgo immediate‐self interest and to instead maximize the needs of the relationship, relationship members became less likely to use violence as their commitment to the relationship increased. Furthermore, a gender difference was found in terms of the relationship between violence and variables that promote commitment. Although decreased relationship satisfaction increased the use of violence for both males and females, the increased quality of alternative relationships also increased the use of violence for males. The current findings are consistent with the idea that, whereas relationship duration simply makes partners more accessible to one another, commitment promotes cooperative strategies for conflict resolution.