Relationship Tenure Research Articles

Being on the same page matters: A meta-analytic investigation of leader-member exchange (LMX) agreement.

Although leader-member exchange (LMX) theory offers a detailed account of leader-follower relationship building, the importance of LMX agreement as a theoretically meaningful relational phenomenon has received less attention. This has, in turn, limited scholarly understanding of its pivotal role in leader-follower relationships. We conducted a meta-analysis to synthesize the substantive implications of LMX agreement for leader-follower relationships and to further understand which factors may influence its variation across samples. Results from the random-effects metaregression analyses provided strong support for the moderating role of LMX agreement at the between-study level. Specifically, with higher levels of sample-level LMX agreement, the relationships between LMX and followers' task performance and organizational citizenship behaviors were stronger. Moreover, different national culture configurations (i.e., horizontal individualism vs. vertical collectivism) and changes in relationship tenure were significantly associated with LMX agreement. We also examined a host of methodological factors, which generally had a very limited impact on the study findings. Overall, these meta-analytic findings suggest LMX agreement should be considered as a key relational contingency in LMX theory, as it can help unlock the full potential of high-quality leader-follower relationships. Moreover, as a substantively meaningful phenomenon, its variation across situations is intricately related to contextual influences. Based on our theoretical integration and empirical synthesis, we discuss the implications for LMX theory and identify important directions for the next stages of LMX research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Till Phone Do Us Part: The Role of Phubbing in Relationship Satisfaction and Self-Esteem

Being distracted by the mobile phone while interacting with a love partner poses a negative threat to well-being. The present study focused on researching the correlation between phubbing, relationship satisfaction and self-esteem with the use of age and relationship length as mediators among 200 adults, men and women, in informal relationships and marriages. In regards to phubbing, two dimensions, “communication disturbance” and “phone obsession” were taken into consideration. Methods used include the Phubbing Scale, the Self-Esteem Scale, and the Relationship Assessment Scale. Women and participants in informal relationships were found to be characterized by a higher phone obsession. The findings also revealed that married couples are shown to have a higher self-esteem and a longer relationship tenure. Phubbing was found to have a negative correlation with both self-esteem and relationship satisfaction. Results have also shown gender differences and differences based on the type of relationship regarding the extent and power of correlations. Age, relationship length, self-esteem and relationship satisfaction were proven to be significant predictors of phubbing behaviour. The paper shows the impact of intrusive phone use on the quality of our lives and suggests new directions for research.

Predicting Season Ticket Holder Retention Using Rich Behavioral Data

Season ticket holders are a vital source of revenue for professional teams, but retention remains a perennial issue. Prior research has focused on broad variables, such as relationship tenure, game attendance frequency, and renewal intention, and has generally been limited to survey data with its attenuate problems. To advance this important research agenda, the present study analyzes team-supplied behavioral data to investigate and predict retention as a loyalty outcome for a single professional team over a 3-year period. Specifically, the authors embrace a broad range of loyalty measures and team performance to predict retention and employ novel data mining techniques to improve predictive accuracy.

Relationship tenure differentially influences pair-bond behavior in male and female socially monogamous titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus).

Pair-bonded primates have uniquely enduring relationships and partners engage in a suite of behaviors to maintain these close bonds. In titi monkeys, pair bond formation has been extensively studied, but changes across relationship tenure remain unstudied. We evaluated differences in behavioral indicators of pair bonding in newly formed (~6 months paired, n = 9) compared to well-established pairs (average 3 years paired, n = 8) of titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus) as well as sex differences within the pairs. We hypothesized that overall males would contribute more to maintenance than females, but that the pattern of maintenance behaviors would differ between newly formed and well-established pairs. Each titi monkey (N = 34) participated in a partner preference test (PPT), where the subject was placed in a middle test cage with grated windows separating the subject from the partner on one side and an opposite-sex stranger on the other side. During this 150-min behavioral test, we quantified four key behaviors: time in proximity to the partner or stranger as well as aggressive displays toward the partner or stranger. Overall, we found different behavioral profiles representing newly formed and well-established pair-bond relationships in titi monkeys and male-biased relationship maintenance. Males spent ∼40% of their time in the PPT maintaining proximity to the female partner, regardless of relationship tenure. Males from well-established bonds spent less time (14%) near the female stranger compared to males from newly formed bonds (21%) at the trend level. In contrast, females from well-established bonds spent less (23%) time near the male partner in the PPT compared to females from newly formed bonds (47%). Aggressive displays were more frequent in newly formed bonds compared to well-established bonds, especially for females. Scan sampling for homecage affiliation showed that newly formed pairs were more likely to be found tail twining than well-established pairs.

How and when LMX quality relates to counterproductive performance

Purpose In spite of the recent meta-analysis by Martin et al. (2016), we have very little insight about the theoretical mechanism explaining the leader–member exchange–counterproductive work behavior (LMX–CWB) relationship. Drawing on social cognitive theory, the purpose of this paper is to test if occupational self-efficacy functions as a mediating mechanism to explain the relationship between LMX quality and counterproductive performance directed toward the supervisor. In addition, based on the conservation of resources theory, the paper investigates if supervisor–subordinate relationship tenure acted as a second-stage moderator of this mediated relationship. Design/methodology/approach The authors used two-wave time-lagged data from a sample of 189 high-tech professionals to test the hypotheses, controlling for age, sex, and trust. Findings The results of this paper showed that occupational self-efficacy carried the effect of LMX quality on counterproductive performance, but only for workers who have longer supervisor–subordinate relationship tenure. Originality/value This paper is unique in proposing and testing a social cognitive mechanism to explain the relationship between LMX quality and counterproductive performance. As Johns (2017) advocated, the authors incorporated length of time, a contextual variable into this study by investigating supervisor–subordinate relationship tenure as moderating the proposed mediated relationship.

HUBUNGAN STATUS GIZI, KARAKTERISTIK INDIVIDU DENGAN PRODUKTIVITAS PEKERJA SORTING DAN PACKING

Good nutritional status affects physical and intellectual of activeness, productivity and veracity. Performance reaches of productivity in the mid-twenties and it declines with ages. Experience increases exponentially with tenure, and it can be seen from the level of educational attainment and skills. The objective of this study is to investigate relationship nutritional status, individual characteristics with productivity of sorting and packing employees of PT. DPG Muliakeramik Group. Primary and secondary data were employed as the source of data. The data were then processed and analysed descriptively. This research was observational and included field research with cross sectional design. Population of this study were sorting and packing employees of PT. DPG Muliakeramik Group with the total of 14 employees, and total sampling was used as the sampling method of this study. Nutritional status data were obtained from direct IMT. Interview with company’s representatives was taken to obtain information about individual characteristics (ages, tenure and education level) and workforce productivity. The collected data were then analysed using cross tabulation. The results indicated that most respondents have normal nutritional status (IMT). Most respondents were aged 26-35 years old with less than 6 years tenure, and most of them were graduated from Senior High School. The results of this study also indicated that most respondents have above average productivity. There is no relationship tenure, educational level with workforce productivity. This study is suggested that PT. DPG Muliakeramik Group could adjust workplace nutrition and give nutritional counselling for employees about the importance of consuming balanced nutrition.Keywords: nutritional status, individual characteristics, productivity

Love is Over: The Moderating Role of Relationship Tenure on Leader Narcissism and LMX

Integrating implicit leadership theory with social exchange theory, this paper investigates how the relationship tenure between subordinates and their narcissistic leader affects their leader-membe...

The mental health benefits of relationship formalisation among lesbians and gay men in same‐sex relationships

Objectives:To examine links between same‐sex relationship formalisation – such as registered domestic partnerships and commitment ceremony unions – and mental health among lesbians and gay men, after controlling for differences in other relationship characteristics. Methods:Data were collected via an online survey of a national sample of Australian lesbians and gay men aged 16 years and older, with the sample for analysis confined to those in a same‐sex relationship (n=1,420). The K10 Psychological Distress Scale was used as an indicator of mental health. Results:Being in a formalised relationship was associated with lower distress for those aged 16–39 years but not for those aged 40+ years; whereas, intending to formalise was associated with higher distress among the older group. These associations remained significant after controlling for cohabitation, feeling able to seek partner emotional support, relationship tenure and financial arrangements. Conclusions and implications:Relationship formalisation appears to be an important protective factor for mental health among gay men and lesbians, especially among younger sexual minority individuals. These findings suggest that affording same‐sex couples the opportunity to formalise their relationship is not only a civil rights issue but also a public health issue.

Canadian Contraception Consensus (Part 2 of 4).

Abstract Objective To provide guidelines for health care providers on the use of contraceptive methods to prevent pregnancy and on the promotion of healthy sexuality. Outcomes Guidance for Canadian practitioners on overall effectiveness, mechanism of action, indications, contraindications, non-contraceptive benefits, side effects and risks, and initiation of cited contraceptive methods; family planning in the context of sexual health and general wellbeing; contraceptive counselling methods; and access to, and availability of, cited contraceptive methods in Canada Evidence Published literature was retrieved through searches of Medline and The Cochrane Database from January 1994 to January 2015 using appropriate controlled vocabulary (e g , contraception, sexuality, sexual health) and key words (e g , contraception, family planning, hormonal contraception, emergency contraception) Results were restricted to systematic reviews, randomized control trials/controlled clinical trials, and observational studies published in English from January 1994 to January 2015. Searches were updated on a regular basis and incorporated in the guideline to June 2015. Grey (unpublished) literature was identified through searching the websites of health technology assessment and health technology-related agencies, clinical practice guideline collections, clinical trial registries, and national and international medical specialty societies Values The quality of the evidence in this document was rated using the criteria described in the Report of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (Table).Key to evidence statements and grading of recommendations, using the ranking of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health CareQuality of evidence assessment*Classification of recommendations † I:Evidence obtained from at least one properly randomized controlled trial II-1:Evidence from well-designed controlled trials without randomization II-2:Evidence from well-designed cohort (prospective or retrospective) or case-control studies, preferably from more than one centre or research group II-3:Evidence obtained from comparisons between times or places with or without the intervention. Dramatic results in uncontrolled experiments (such as the results of treatment with penicillin in the 1940s) could also be included in this category III:Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience, descriptive studies, or reports of expert committees A.There is good evidence to recommend the clinical preventive action B.There is fair evidence to recommend the clinical preventive action C.The existing evidence is conflicting and does not allow to make a recommendation for or against use of the clinical preventive action; however, other factors may influence decision-making D.There is fair evidence to recommend against the clinical preventive action E.There is good evidence to recommend against the clinical preventive action L.There is insufficient evidence (in quantity or quality) to make a recommendation; however, other factors may influence decision-making Wbolf SH, Battista RN, Angerson GM, Logan AG, Eel W. Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. New grades for recommendations from the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. CMAJ 2003;169:207-8.*The quality of evidence reported in these guidelines has been adapted from The Evaluation of Evidence criteria described in the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care.†Recommendations included in these guidelines have been adapted from the Classification of Recommendations criteria described in the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care

Dual contraceptive use among adolescents and young adults: correlates and implications for condom use and sexually transmitted infection outcomes

BackgroundSimultaneous condom and hormonal contraception usage (‘dual method use’) maximises protection against pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection (STI), although there is concern that promotion of this strategy could result in...

Customer Relationship for Electronic Payment Products

The article attempts to find the key attributes of electronic payment and its use by consumers. It considers various issues and concerns relating to electronic payments by reviewing research across various countries. Many newer payment products are offered by banks to take advantage of lower costs associated with the newer payments. While offering electronic payments to customers, it is important for banks to understand whether newer payment products are being used by the customers. In this study, the author examines the awareness level, usage of generic products and usage of specific products offered by banks for various electronic payment products. The author uses primary banks as a measure for customer relationships, and assesses the relationship between primary bank and various variables. It is observed that age, asset class—two wheeler and asset class—four wheeler, debit cards and Internet banking exhibit association with primary bank. Relationship is also established between a primary bank and relationship tenure of more than 10 years. Among communication sources of electronic payment products, word-of-mouth publicity is found to be an important factor.

P2-S1.08 Dual contraceptive use among adolescents and young adults: correlates and implications for condom use and STI outcomes

BackgroundSimultaneous use of condoms and other contraceptive methods (“dual use”) provides the maximum protection against unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted disease (STD). Some studies show condom use wanes among dual...

The role of uncertainty and sales control in the development of sales manager trust

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to extend previous research on trust and sales control to develop and test an argument that links informational uncertainty to the development of managerial trust in the salesperson.Design/methodology/approach – Hypotheses are developed suggesting that shared goals and length of attachment reduces uncertainty, which has the effect of promoting managerial trust in the salesperson. In addition, it is hypothesized that sales control will have a (negative) moderating effect on these uncertainty‐trust relationships. Data were collected from 100 sales managers to measure their: sales control strategies, degree of trust, goal congruence, and the relationship tenure with three of their salespeople. An ordinary least squares regression analysis was used to test a model of hypothesized relationships.Findings – The results supported a direct and positive relationship between lower uncertainty (via goal congruence and relationship tenure) and managerial trust in the salesperson....

Understanding why they don’t see eye to eye: An examination of leader–member exchange (LMX) agreement.

Although it is an explicitly dyadic approach to leadership, some leader-member exchange (LMX) research has been characterized by relatively low levels of agreement between leader and member judgments of the relationship. Using a combination of meta-analytic methods and primary data collection, the authors sought to explore several theoretically and methodologically meaningful factors that might account for lower levels of agreement. On the basis of data from 64 independent samples (N = 10,884 dyads), the authors found that overall agreement was moderate in nature (? = .37). In addition, they found that longer relationship tenure, affectively oriented relationship dimensions, and ad hoc sampling techniques showed the highest levels of agreement. Empirical results from 98 matched dyads revealed that the extent of LMX agreement increases as the length of relationship tenure and intensity of dyadic interaction increases. Implications for LMX theory and future empirical research are discussed.

An Examination of Temporal Variables and Relationship Quality on Promotability Ratings

Previous research has shown the positive impact of relationship quality on promotability ratings and inconsistent results for temporal variables and these same ratings. The authors integrated these findings by examining the joint impact of supervisor-subordinate relationship quality and temporal variables (measured with three types of tenure: relationship, job, and organizational) on supervisor promotability ratings. Using a matched set of 180 supervisor-subordinate dyads, the results supported the interactive effects of time as measured by organizational and relational tenure with relationship quality, whereas job tenure had no impact. Furthermore, the findings suggested that relationship tenure had the strongest impact on the relationship quality-promotability relationship. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Comparing antecedents and consequences of leader – member exchange in a German working context to findings in the US

This article gives an overview of several studies focusing on antecedents and consequences of leader – member exchange (LMX) in a German working context and compares these results to results from prior studies in the US. The German results indicate that relationship tenure is not related to LMX. However, span of supervision is shown to be relevant in the followers' evaluation of LMX. With respect to the consequences of LMX, results indicate that delegation as well as commitment and occupational self-efficacy are positively related to LMX. Some of the results differ from US results, namely, antecedents are related to LMX to a lower degree in Germany and consequences to a higher degree. Based on these results, future research should take into account the country in which the LMX data is collected in order to be able to make more precise statements about the respective relationships.

Leader-member exchange and its dimensions: effects of self-effort and other's effort on relationship quality.

Two hundred thirty-two manager-subordinate dyads provided data on the effort expended toward the development of leader-member exchange (LMX) relationships, how such effort related to expectations about relationship quality, and intentions to exert future effort toward relationship development. For both managers and subordinates, higher quality LMX relationships were reported and expectations were met when the other member of the dyad put forth effort into relationship development. One's own higher effort coupled with lower effort by the other was associated with a lower quality LMX relationship. Examination of the 4 dimensions of LMX (R. C. Liden & J. M. Maslyn, 1998) revealed unique effects depending on the dimension considered. In addition, LMX and relationship tenure interacted, showing that future effort toward relationship development was greatest when individuals had been in higher quality relationships for longer periods of time.