Relationship Of Lean Body Mass Research Articles

Blood Volume Explains the Relationship of Lean Body Mass With the Cardiovascular System in Men but Not in Women

Blood Volume Explains the Relationship of Lean Body Mass With the Cardiovascular System in Men but Not in Women

The Relationship of Lean Body Mass With Aging to the Development of Diabetes.

Older adults have the greatest burden of diabetes; however, the contribution of age-related muscle loss to its development remains unclear. We assessed the relationship of lean body mass with aging to incident diabetes in community-dwelling adults. We studied participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging with median follow-up of 7 years (range 1-16). Cox proportional hazard models with age as the time scale were used. Time-dependent lean body mass measures were updated at each follow-up visit available. Participants included 871 men and 984 women without diabetes who had ≥ 1 assessment of body composition using dual x-ray absorptiometry. Incident diabetes, defined as self-reported history and use of glucose-lowering medications; or fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL and 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL either at the same visit or 2 consecutive visits. The baseline mean [standard deviation] age was 58.9 [17.3] years. Men and women with a higher percentage of total lean body mass had lower fasting and 2-hour glucose levels, and less prediabetes (all P < 0.01). Among men, comparing highest versus lowest quartiles, percentage of total lean body mass (hazard ratio [HR], 0.46; 95% confidence interval, 0.22-0.97), percentage leg lean mass (HR, 0.38; 0.15-0.96), and lean-to-fat mass ratio (HR, 0.39; 0.17-0.89) were inversely associated with incident diabetes after accounting for race and attenuated after adjustment for height and weight. Conversely, absolute total lean body mass was positively associated with incident diabetes among women, with similar trends in men. No associations were observed with muscle strength or quality. Relatively lower lean body mass with aging is associated with incident diabetes in men and partially related to anthropometrics, but not so in women.

The Relationship of Lean Body Mass with Vitamin D Level and Physical Performance

The Relationship of Lean Body Mass with Vitamin D Level and Physical Performance

Weight-adjusted lean body mass and calf circumference are protective against obesity-associated insulin resistance and metabolic abnormalities.

BackgroundTo test the hypothesis that preserved muscle mass is protective against obesity-associated insulin resistance and metabolic abnormalities, we analyzed the relationship of lean body mass and computed tomography-assessed sectional areas of specific skeletal muscles with insulin resistance and metabolic abnormalities in a healthy cohort.MethodsA total of 195 subjects without diabetes who had completed a medical examination were included in this study. Various anthropometric indices such as circumferences of the arm, waist, hip, thigh, and calf were measured. Body composition (fat and lean body mass) was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Sectional areas of specific skeletal muscles (iliopsoas, erector spinae, gluteus, femoris, and rectus abdominis muscles) were measured using computed tomography.FindingsFat and lean body mass were significantly correlated with metabolic abnormalities and insulin resistance indices. When adjusted by weight, relationships of fat and lean body mass with metabolic parameters were mirror images of each other. The weight-adjusted lean body mass negatively correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressures; fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, alanine aminotransferase, and triglyceride, and insulin levels; and hepatic insulin resistance indices, and positively correlated with HDL-cholesterol levels and muscle insulin sensitivity indices. Compared with weight-adjusted lean body mass, weight-adjusted sectional areas of specific skeletal muscles showed similar, but not as strong, correlations with metabolic parameters. Among anthropometric measures, the calf circumference best reflected lean body mass, and weight-adjusted calf circumference negatively correlated with metabolic abnormalities and insulin resistance indices.InterpretationWeight-adjusted lean body mass and skeletal muscle area are protective against weight-associated insulin resistance and metabolic abnormalities. The calf circumference reflects lean body mass and may be useful as a protective marker against obesity-associated metabolic abnormalities.

The Level of Serum Cholesterol is Negatively Associated with Lean Body Mass in Korean non-Diabetic Cancer Patients

Due to poor nutrition and abnormal energy metabolism, cancer patients typically experience the loss of muscle mass. Although the diabetic conditions or dyslipidemia have been reported as a causal link of cancer but the consequence of such conditions in relation to gain or loss of skeletal muscle mass in cancer patients has not been well documented. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of lean body mass and systemic parameters related to lipid metabolism in non-diabetic cancer patients using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008-2011. As results the level of serum total cholesterol (total-C) was negatively associated with both total lean body mass and appendicular lean body mass in cancer patients after adjustment for sex, physical activity, energy intake and comorbidity. The associations between consumption of dietary factors (energy, carbohydrate, protein and fat) and lean body mass were disappeared after adjusting comorbidities of cancer patients. Multivariate-adjusted linear regression analysis by quartiles of serum total-C showed that higher quartile group of total-C had significantly lower percent of lean body mass than reference group in cancer patients. The data indicate that serum lipid status can be the potential estimate of loss of skeletal muscle mass in cancer patients and be referenced in nutrition care of cancer patients under the onset of cachexia or parenteral/enteral nutrition. This data need to be confirmed with large pool of subjects and should be specified by stage of cancer or the site of cancer in future studies.

Relationship of lean body mass with bone mass and bone mineral density in the general Korean population

We investigated association of lean body mass with bone mass (BM) and bone mineral density (BMD) according to gender and menopausal status in the general Korean population. Participants included 4,299 males and 5,226 females who were 20 years of age or older from the fourth and fifth Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys (2009-2010). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used for measurement of BMD and body composition. BMD was measured in the femur and lumbar spine. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) was defined as the sum of the lean soft tissue masses for the arms and legs. Analysis was performed after categorizing participants into four groups (males <50 years, males ≥ 50 years, premenopausal females, and postmenopausal females). In males, the highest ASM was observed in the 20-29-year group and then showed a gradual decrease as age increased, and BM and BMD showed similar patterns of change, while in females, ASM, BMD, and BM reached the peak level in the 40-49-year group and then decreased. In multiple regression analysis, after adjusting for confounding factors, the results showed an independent association of ASM with an increase in BM and BMD (P < 0.05). After adjusting for confounding factors, total fat mass showed a significant association with BM (P < 0.05). These aforementioned relationships were commonly observed on both femur and lumbar spine in every group. Lean body mass showed an independent association with increased BM and BMD, regardless of gender, age in men, and menopausal status in women.

Use of height3:waist circumference3 as an index for metabolic risk assessment?

Current anthropometric indices for health risk assessment are indirect measures of total or visceral body fat mass that do not consider the inverse relationship of lean body mass to metabolic risk as well as the non-linear relationship between central obesity and insulin resistance. We examined a new anthropometric index that reflects the relationship of waist circumference (WC) as a risk factor to fat-free mass (FFM) as a protective parameter of body composition. In a population of 335 adults (191 females and 144 males; mean age 53 (SD 13.9) years) with a high prevalence of obesity (27%) and metabolic syndrome (30%) we derived FFM:WC(3) from the best fit of the relationship with metabolic risk factors (plasma triacylglycerol levels and insulin resistance by homeostasis model assessment index). Because FFM is known to be proportional to the cube of height, FFM was subsequently replaced by height(3) yielding height(3):WC(3) as an easily applicable anthropometric index. Significant inverse relationships of height(3):WC(3) to metabolic risk factors were observed for both sexes. They slightly exceeded those of conventional anthropometric indices such as BMI, WC or WC:hip ratio in women but not in men. The exponential character of the denominator WC(3) implies that at a given FFM with gradually increasing WC the increase in metabolic risk is lower than proportional. Further studies are needed to evaluate height(3):WC(3) as an anthropometric index for health risk assessment.

A “gender blind” relationship of lean body mass and blood pressure in the Tecumseh study

Background: Body size correlates positively with blood pressure (BP) but there is controversy about the roles of obesity versus muscularity in this relationship. Methods: We examined the BP relationship with overweight, lean body mass (LBM), and muscle performance in 231 adolescents (17.25 ± 3.07 years, 123 males). The skinfold thickness (SKINT) was used to measure overweight, as this was a growing population. Results: Maximal foot torque, a measure of muscle strength, correlated strongly (r = 0.51, P < .001) to LBM attesting to the validity of the calculated LBM. Anthropometric measurements were available also in 944 adults (29.9 ± 5.5 years, 461 men). Correlations of LBM to systolic (adolescents r = 0.52, adults r = 0.19, both P < .001) and diastolic (adolescents r = 0.47, adults r = 0.20, both P < .001) BP were highly significant. SKINT also correlated significantly to systolic and diastolic BP in adolescents and in adults, respectively. In both genders and populations an increasing SKINT was associated with a similar increase in BP, but this effect was superimposed on an average 10 mm Hg between-gender BP difference. The LBM in both groups and genders related to the BP in an identical fashion; the men were on the high and the women on the low end of the same BP/LBM correlation line. Thus, the amount of LBM erased categoric BP differences between the genders. Conclusions: The gender-related BP differences appear to reflect the inherent gender differences in muscle bulk.

Basal metabolic rate in adults with growth hormone deficiency and in patients with acromegaly: relationship with lean body mass, plasma insulin level and leucocyte sodium pump activity.

1. The relationship of lean body mass, plasma insulin concentration and leucocyte active sodium transport with basal metabolic rate was investigated in 24 adults with growth hormone deficiency before and after treatment with recombinant human growth hormone and in 10 patients with untreated acromegaly. 2. Based on total-body potassium determined by whole-body 40K counting, patients with acromegaly had increased lean body mass, whereas lack of growth hormone was associated with decreased lean body mass. 3. By indirect calorimetry, patients with acromegaly had increased basal metabolic rates and patients with growth hormone deficiency had decreased values when expressed as percentages of values predicted from the WHO/FAO/UNU equations. Basal metabolic rate expressed in terms of lean body mass was similar in acromegaly and growth hormone deficiency, but was higher than normal in both patient groups. 4. The leucocyte ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux rate constant was decreased in both patients with acromegaly and patients with growth hormone deficiency, and there was no correlation with basal energy expenditure, fasting plasma insulin level or serum growth hormone level. 5. There was no increase in the sodium efflux rate constant in patients with growth hormone deficiency after 1 month on treatment with recombinant human growth hormone. 6. Apparent differences in basal metabolic rate in growth hormone deficiency and acromegaly are due to changes in lean body mass. Both adults with growth hormone deficiency and patients with acromegaly have increased energy expenditure, probably owing to changes in fuel metabolism which are not reflected in the leucocyte sodium pump activity.