Law Relationship Research Articles

AZƏRBAYCAN XALQ CÜMHURİYYƏTİ VƏ GÜRCÜSTAN ARASINDA ƏRAZİ MÜBAHİSƏLƏRİ VƏ HƏLLİ

The concept of "territory" is of vital importance as one of the most important subjects of law and international relations. As is well known, territories can often be disputed either between states or within states. These disputes can lead to bigger conflicts later. The issue of disputed territories between Azerbaijan and Georgia revolves primarily around Borchali and Zagatala regions. The general information about Borchali region is that this region is mainly inhabited by ethnic Azerbaijanis and has historical ties with both Azerbaijan and Georgia. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the borders drawn during the Soviet era have become an object of controversy. The general information about Zagatala region is that Zagatala is located in the north of Azerbaijan, near the Georgian border. The region has ethnic and cultural significance for both countries. The current situation is that Zagatala, like Borchali, has a mixed population.

Neurodiversity in Saudi Arabia: Towards quality education and reduced inequalities

Traditional educational frameworks in Saudi Arabia have historically adopted a deficit-based approach to special education, potentially overlooking the benefits of neurodiversity. As global educational paradigms shift toward inclusive practices, examining the alignment of Saudi special education laws with neurodiversity principles becomes crucial. This content analysis study aimed to explore the existing literature on special education in Saudi Arabia to ascertain whether the laws and policies support or hinder the practice of neurodiversity, a concept that is gaining international recognition but remains nascent in Saudi Arabia. A systematic literature search was performed in Web of Science and Scopus, yielding 21 relevant studies after screening and application of inclusion criteria. A content analysis was conducted, focusing on the categorization of data relevant to special education laws and their implications for neurodiversity. The analysis identified seven key categories, including Implementation of Inclusive education and transition services, that reflect the current state of special education laws in relation to neurodiversity. A conceptual model was developed, illustrating the potential of special education laws to both support and impede neurodiversity in Saudi Arabia and potentially worldwide.

THE LAW GOVERNING UNITED KINGDOM GOVERNMENT TORT LIABILITY IN THE ‘WAR ON TERROR’

Abstract This article discusses the United Kingdom Supreme Court judgment in Zubaydah v Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, which addressed the law governing the tort liability of the United Kingdom Government for its alleged complicity in the claimant's arbitrary detention and torture overseas by the Central Intelligence Agency. In holding that English law applied, the Court departed from previous case law by giving decisive weight to public law factors in its choice-of-law reasoning. This decision arguably heralds a greater role for English law in relation to tort claims brought by overseas victims of allegedly wrongful exercises of British executive authority as a mechanism for achieving executive accountability, controlling abuse of power, ensuring the rule of law and providing victims access to remedy.

Recycling of Reclaimed Water in China: Current Situation, Development Trend, and Countermeasures

Recycling of reclaimed water is an important way to develop water resources and reduce pollution discharge. At present, the utilization rate of reclaimed water is low in China and the recycling system is inadequate. Therefore, from the perspective of "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality" dual carbon propulsion and "water resources protection, water environment governance, and water ecological restoration" three water co-governance, this study first systematically combined the water resources situation, water supply structure, urban domestic sewage collection and treatment, and recycling of reclaimed water in all provinces （municipalities and autonomous regions）. Data collected in 2022 showed that the capacity of municipal sewage treatment was approximately 62.689 billion cubic meters annually, the capacity of reclaimed water production was approximately 28.98 billion cubic meters annually, and the utilization rate of reclaimed water was approximately 28.76%. There were 20 provinces with the utilization rate of reclaimed water less than 25%, among which the utilization rate of reclaimed water was less than 5% in Shanghai, Chongqing, Xizang, and Jiangxi. The situation of water resources did not match the development of the utilization rate of reclaimed water. Therefore the utilization paths of reclaimed water must be broadened and the utilization rate of reclaimed water must be improved crucially. Moreover, the related policies, laws, and regulations and standards of reclaimed water in China were listed. The technical and benefit feasibility analysis of reclaimed water utilization was carried out, and the development trends and existing problems of reclaimed water utilization in China were investigated. Finally, the countermeasures and suggestions of the recycling of reclaimed water from the aspects of technology development, management policy, fund guarantee, and publicity incentive are proposed, to promote the resource treatment of sewage, realize the synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions in sewage treatment, help achieve the goal of carbon peak carbon neutrality, and accelerate the construction of a beautiful China. This study can provide reference and guidance for regional recycling of reclaimed water.

DEVELOPMENTS IN HARMONISATION OF SHARĪꜥAH AND LAW ON WAQF

Sharīꜥah-compliant social finance products are in high demand worldwide. Waqf is one of the above instruments based on which can be designed and implemented in line with Sharīꜥah. The complexities in Malaysia due to the adoption of the dual legal system, the federal-state background, and the exclusive jurisdiction of the state on Islamic matters have, to a certain extent, produced differences in procedures and laws, as well as in the area of waqf. This paper highlights the justification for, the processes related to, and developments in the harmonisation of waqf related laws in Malaysia, within the diverse legal background of the country. It adopts the method of doctrinal analysis, looking into various laws, articles, books, and research papers. The paper argues that harmonisation initiatives involving multiple fields, including law, policy, education, and strategic cooperation, are necessary to elevate waqf beyond the social philanthropy paradigm. It is found that the position of Islamic laws in Malaysia, to a certain extent, has impacted the development of waqf, especially in the jurisdictions of Sharīꜥah Court and civil court. The recognition of Islamic finance via specific laws has contributed to designing the framework of laws on waqf. History shows that a lack of understanding of the concept of waqf, especially related to its difference from the English concept of trust and the division of power between federal and state authorities, has also influenced the slow development of waqf in Malaysia. This paper recommends standardisation of state laws and a change of mindset among administrators, which are crucial for the sustainability of waqf in Malaysia. It is hoped that this study shall contribute to the preparation of new policies and laws especially in the Malaysian context.

Three-phase lag model for thermal conductivity of a thermo-viscoelastic porous medium

This paper investigates the propagation of waves and the thermal behavior in a thermo-viscoelastic porous medium using the three-phase-lag (TPL) model which accounts for phase lags in the heat flux vector, temperature gradient and thermal displacement gradient. The study aims to capture the interactions between thermal, mechanical, and structural properties of the thermo-viscoelastic porous, isotropic, homogeneous medium. The governing equations, incorporating the TPL heat conduction law and constitutive relations for the viscoelastic porous material, are derived and analyzed. The impact of relaxation times, porosity, and viscoelastic parameters on heat propagation is investigated through analytical solutions by normal modal analysis. Analytical representations of various physical quantities (stresses components, displacements, temperature,…) in the material's domain are derived. These expressions are then assessed numerically for a specific material, with the outcomes depicted graphically. A comparison is made between the predictions of the three-phase-lag (TPL), the dual-phase-lag (DPL) and Lord–Shulman (L–S) theories in the absence and presence of voids.

Predictive control of pore architecture in ice-templated scaffolds via heat flux density modulation

Replicating the intricate architecture of native tissues remains a significant challenge in tissue engineering. Ice-templated biomimetic scaffolds possess controlled porosity that conveniently resembles the native parenchyma of many tissues. In this study, we investigate the relationship between the porous architecture of lyophilised collagen scaffolds and key processing parameters during production. We establish a predictive model that correlates specific lyophilisation conditions with the resulting pore sizes. Systematic variations in the freeze-drying conditions resulted in scaffolds with average pore sizes ranging from 46 μm to 251 μm, effectively matching the length scale of extracellular matrix features found in native tissues. We introduce the concept of heat flux density (HFD) at equilibrium as a metric for quantifying latent heat extraction efficiency during the freezing process. Our findings reveal a power law relationship between HFD at equilibrium and pore size, with an exponent of −0.44. This approach provides a non-destructive and non-intrusive method for precisely controlling pore architecture, advancing the potential for creating scaffolds that closely emulate the complex structures of native tissues.

Investigation of fracture performance of asphalt mixtures considering size effect law and equivalent crack propagation law

The integration of the Size Effect Law (SEL) and the equivalent Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) in characterizing the fracture behavior of asphalt mixtures has received limited attention. This study presents a preliminary exploration into the application of equivalent LEFM on the fracture characteristics of two asphalt mixtures, AC10 and AC16, accounting for variations in specimen size. Semi-circular Bending (SCB) tests were conducted on specimens with four different diameters (D = 76 mm, 100 mm, 125 mm, and 150 mm) and three notch-to-radius ratios (α = 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6) at a temperature of −10 °C. The equivalent crack propagation (ECP) length, crack growth resistance, and the size of the Fracture Process Zone (FPZ) were determined and subjected to analysis. The findings revealed a size effect on the ECP length, crack growth resistance, and FPZ size, with an increase in specimen size leading to a corresponding increase in these parameters. Conversely, an increase in α resulted in a decrease in all three types of data. A power law relationship was established between the ECP length and crack growth resistance. It was observed that AC16 demonstrated superior fracture resistance compared to AC10, particularly in terms of crack growth resistance. The initial notch length, ECP length, and FPZ size were found to be of the same order of magnitude, suggesting that the equivalent LEFM can produce more accurate fracture results under low temperatures than the traditional LEFM.

Penetration of jet piles on submerged granular beds

The study examines the dynamics of jet pile penetration into submerged granular beds through laboratory experiments with the jet pile positioned atop the granular bed. It examines how varying water jet velocities affect penetration depth across different pile diameters and granular media sizes. Results show that high-velocity water jets locally fluidize particles around the pile, reducing inter-particle resistance within the bed, which, in turn, cannot support the self-weight of the pile, allowing smoother penetration. The onset of fluidization and pile penetration, marked by a critical jet velocity, increases with bed depth. Jet pile penetration is governed by a balance of forces: water jet force (FJet), pile self-weight (Fsw), buoyancy (FB), and resistance from the granular bed (FR). A power law relationship is proposed to predict penetration depth across different grain and pile sizes, providing a predictive model for jet pile penetration depth. This scaling law, validated with another experimental study, demonstrates consistent accuracy.

Redefining boundaries in innovation and knowledge domains: Investigating the impact of generative artificial intelligence on copyright and intellectual property rights

The rapid integration of generative AI (GenAI) into industries and society has prompted a re-evaluation of copyright and intellectual property rights (IPR) frameworks. GenAI's ability to produce original content using data from human-created sources raises critical ethical and legal concerns. Current copyright and IPR frameworks, designed around human authorship, are insufficient to address these challenges. This study, using a multi-perspective approach, explores GenAI's disruptive potential in replicating or transforming copyrighted materials, challenging established IPR norms. Findings highlight gaps in legislation and the opacity of GenAI platforms. To address these issues, this study presents a Dynamic Ethical Framework linked to a future global fair use policy, aiming to guide responsible GenAI development and use. By incorporating insights from domain experts, this study contextualizes emerging challenges and potential solutions within broader societal and technological trends. That said, this study calls for international collaboration and further research to reform IPR related laws and frameworks, ensuring they remain relevant and equitable in a GenAI-driven era.

A Parameter Study of 1D Atmospheric Models of Pulsating AGB Stars

Using the atmospheric pulsation code written by George Bowen, we have performed a parameter study examining the effects of modifying various parameters of models of oxygen-rich AGB atmospheres pulsating in the fundamental and first-overtone modes. For each pulsation mode, we have examined the effects of adjusting the dust condensation temperature, dust condensation temperature range, pulsation amplitude, dust opacity, and metallicity. Our model grids are generated with the constraint that their luminosities are chosen to span the range of observed mass loss rates at a chosen mass. The dust condensation temperature, pulsation amplitude, and dust opacity have strong effects on the ultimate location and shape of the final model grids in the mass luminosity plane. The mass loss rate evolution of the fundamental and first-overtone mode models show a significant difference in behavior. While the fundamental mode models exhibit the typically assumed power–law relation with mass and luminosity, the first-overtone mode models show significant non-power law behavior at observed mass loss rates. Effectively, models in the first-overtone mode require somewhat higher luminosities to reach the same mass loss rates seen in fundamental mode models of the same mass, consistent with observed AGB stars.

Analysis Of Land Ownership Disputes By Foreign Nationals Based On Wills: Case Study Of Supreme Court Decision No. 1134/Pdt/2009 In The Perspective Of International Civil Law

Land ownership in Indonesia is strictly regulated, especially for foreigners, through the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA). This legal foundation limits the rights of foreigners in terms of land ownership, especially property rights, according to Article 21 of the UUPA. The case of Supreme Court Decision No. 1134/Pdt/2009 provides a clear example of how the recognition of inheritance rights for foreigners on land can lead to complicated legal issues. The method of this research is normative juridical with a statutory and case approach. This method focuses on the analysis of Supreme Court Decision No. 1134/PDT/2009 on land ownership disputes between citizens and foreigners based on wills. Primary data was obtained through court decisions and related laws and regulations, such as the UUPA, while secondary data was through legal literature, and legal periodicals In Supreme Court Decision No. 1134/Pdt/2009, legal considerations regarding land ownership by foreign nationals (WNA) based on wills are the basis of juridical considerations in the case. one of the basic principles that apply in international civil law is lex situs or the law that applies in the country where the land object is located. Based on the principle of lex situs, any breach or agreement relating to property must be subject to the law of the country where the property is located. According to an analysis of Supreme Court decision No. 1134/Pdt/2009, although foreign nationals can receive land through wills, Indonesian agrarian law explicitly prohibits foreigners from owning land. This creates a conflict between domestic law and the legal principles of international property rights protection. Decision No. 1134/Pdt/2009 became an important reference in Indonesian international civil and agrarian law.

Implementation of the EU's geographical indications in CETA and JEFTA: EU‐Phoria or GI‐mmick?

AbstractOver the last two decades, the EU's foreign trade strategy shifted diametrically from the multilateral World Trade Organization to the bilateral free trade agreements (FTA) route. Accompanying this shift, the EU's regulatory ambitions became more apparent, as can be gleaned from its strategy documents. The main question is whether the EU is succeeding in effectively exporting or promoting its regulations. In this paper, we combine the two disciplines of law and international relations to gauge the EU's success in achieving its external regulatory goals through FTAs. The EU is described in the political science literature as a regulatory power which is trying to promote or export its regulations outside its own jurisdiction. Using two case studies of the recent EU FTAs with Canada and Japan, we conduct a rigorous legal analysis of these FTA texts as well as their implementation in the local jurisdiction by focusing on the area of Geographical Indications (GI). These regulations are compared with the EU's goals mentioned in its strategy documents and from interviews with EU representatives involved in the FTA negotiations. Our results show that the EU has been moderately successful in both FTAs in achieving its general goals such as equal protection for foodstuffs and alcoholic drinks, ex officio protection, and the clawback of some generic names. Overall, the EU was most successful in getting Japan to embrace an EU‐inspired sui generis GI system, whereas Canada showed less leniency and favoured its trademark system.

Sosialisasi Hukum Tentang Hak-Hak Keperdataan Masyarakat Yang Timbul Dari Perkawinan Dan Perjanjian

Introduction: Society as a legal subject has civil rights in legal interactions within the community. These civil rights come in many forms, and the socialization carried out includes marriage rights and contract rights. Therefore, legal socialization is necessary to provide enlightenment regarding civil rights.Purposes of Devotion: The purpose of this community service is to transform information and legal knowledge related to civil rights of the community.Method of Devotion: The outreach activities are carried out by conveying a) information and legal knowledge; b) dissemination of marriage law; and c) dissemination of contract law.Results of the Devotion: Increased public understanding of rights arising from civil law relationships, particularly marriage and contract. The community obtains information from the aspect of marriage law regarding the requirements of marriage, rights and obligations within marriage, and the legal consequences of marriage. From the aspect of contract law regarding the validity of unwritten contracts that are often made by the community and their legal consequences. This legal education is expected to provide guidance on legal protection and preventive measures.

Trends in the international development of legal support of economic law relations in the field of application of blockchain technology

The article considers the influence of international experience, in particular FATF recommendations, European legislation on the regulation of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies in Ukraine. Special attention is paid to the experience of the United Kingdom, EU and Switzerland, which successfully conducted test transactions in accordance with FATF requirements. The article emphasizes the difficulty of complying with international standards in blockchain operations due to the long terms of their implementation and the amount of necessary legal changes. The article defines the need for a scientific analysis of trends in the development of regulation of crypto-assets, with the aim of scientific forecasting of their further development, separation from existing legal institutions. The decision of the European Court of Human Rights, which confirms the payment function of cryptocurrencies, which makes them similar to fiat money, is analyzed. However, Ukrainian legislation does not yet recognize cryptocurrencies as a means of payment, which complicates their regulation. The article also highlights the benefits of blockchain technology for government and business, including transparency, immutability of data once recorded, and independence from participants. Positive changes in Ukrainian legislation, in particular the implementation of the EU Regulation on crypto-asset markets, should accelerate the development of the national economy and its integration with the European market. The article analyzes the close connection between the implementation of blockchain technologies and the financial and banking sectors of the economy, while analyzing the difference in development and the key characteristics of the use of blockchain when making payments, documentary transactions, and financing export-import agreements. Identified trends in the development of legal support, namely, the connection with the financial and economic (commercial) sector, the need to implement verification, identification and authentication of subjects for the legality of transactions – transactions carried out using blockchain technology, separation of blockchain technology from the cryptocurrency market, in the sense that cryptocurrencies are one of the possibilities of blockchain technology, and not blockchain technology is a service, auxiliary mechanism of the cryptocurrency market.

Euler–Lagrange equation for gradient-type Lagrangian and related conservation laws

AbstractVariational calculus with gradient-type variations has often been neglected, although it proves to be suitable for certain concrete problems governed by several evolution variables. These kinds of variations lead to Euler–Lagrange partial differential equations controlled by the right-hand member. In this context, we also introduce anti-trace Euler–Lagrange partial differential equations that are suitable for some innovative ideas. Also, some applications are provided for the theoretical results derived in the paper.

An Analytical Study of Tsunamis Generated by Submarine Landslides

In this work, the problem of tsunamis generated by underwater landslides is addressed. Two new solutions are derived in the framework of the linear shallow water equations and linear potential wave theory, respectively. Those solutions are analytical (1 + 1D) and another is semi-analytical (2 + 1D). The 1 + 1D model considers a solid body sliding over a sloping beach at a constant speed, and the 2 + 1D model considers a solid landslide that moves at a constant velocity on a flat bottom. The solution 1 + 1D is checked numerically using a different finite scheme. The 2 + 1D model examines the kinematic and geometric features of the landslide at a constant ocean depth and its influence on the generation of tsunamis. Landslide geometry significantly influences run-up height. Our results reveal a power law relationship between normalized run-up and landslide velocity within a realistic range and a negative power law for the landslide length–thickness. Additionally, a critical aspect ratio between the length and width of the sliding body is identified, which enhances the tsunamigenic process. Finally, the results show that the landslide shape does not have a decisive influence on the pattern of tsunami wave generation and propagation.

Violation of the rights of older adults in Ecuador

The rights, exonerations, and benefits of older persons are violated by not being applied or executed, being contemplated in the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador. The objectives are to guarantee the full exercise and exercise of the fundamental rights of older persons, which, in addition to being enshrined in the Constitution, are included in international human rights instruments and related laws. It is important to energize the rights and benefits of older adults, through workshops, lectures, forums, reaching out to neighborhood leaders. The Constitution guarantees good living, and this vulnerable group is protected not only by national regulations, but also by international regulations, so that any type of action that violates their rights is eradicated. For this reason, it is intended that topics of studies be exposed, that promote awareness in society, so that they are active entities with knowledge in the legal framework in favor of the elderly, and thus they can truly have a dignified old age and with the full enjoyment and fulfillment of its benefits.

Quasi-2D and 3D phase-field simulation studies of polar vortex domain structures for high-density domain engineering

Phase-field simulations were performed on the polar vortex array structure appearing in the SrTiO3/PbTiO3/SrTiO3 heterostructure to investigate the Kittel law relationship (w ∝ d1/2) between the vortex array period (w) and the PbTiO3 ferroelectric layer thickness (d). Quasi-two-dimensional simulation results show that the equilibrium period can be determined from the relationship between the size of the simulation box and the total free energy density and that the obtained period obeys the Kittel law. However, three-dimensional simulation results show that the polar vortex arrays are not homogeneous in the direction perpendicular to the vortex plane. In the pure vortex state, no obvious correlation exists between the simulation size and energy because of the dislocations caused by the vortex period mismatch. However, in the mixed state with ferroelectric a1/a2, the vortex domains exhibit equilibrium periods that satisfy the Kittel law relationship because of the confinement effect caused by phase separation. Further study of the confined vortex domains in these mixed states and the vortex domains of finite size due to mismatched dislocations are expected to enable domain engineering of higher domain densities.

The Relationship of International Trade Law and International Environmental Law: Using Marine Law as the Point of Contact

The Relationship of International Trade Law and International Environmental Law: Using Marine Law as the Point of Contact