Relationship Of Densities Research Articles

Relationship of mammographic densities to breast cancer risk

BackgroundOur goal was to find out the relation between mammographic densities and cancer of the breast according to the recent ACR classification. From the medical records of Kasereliny Hospital, 49,409 women were subjected to digital mammography for screening, of which 1500 breast cancer cases were collected. The mammographic categories of breast density were ACR-A, B, C, and D, which were detected by two senior radiologists. All radiological classifications were made using both standard mammographic views bilaterally. Two-sided tests of statistical significance were represented by all the P values.ResultsFrom 2014 to 2019, 49,409 women came for digital mammographic screening, their age ranges between 40 and 65, and all of them are included in the study. One thousand cases of breast cancer cases were radiologically and pathologically diagnosed. Different densities were arranged in descending pattern depending on the frequency of positive cases: D (13.7%), C (3.3%), B (2.7%), A (2.2%). There is positive significant risk ratio among every higher mammographic density in comparison to the lower density.ConclusionOur study results show that the risk of breast cancer is in close relation to the mammographic breast density.

Evaluation of Disappearance Time and Palatability of Foams in the Oral Cavities of Healthy Volunteers, and Preparation of Drug-Containing Foam Formulations for Use in the Treatment of Oral Mucositis.

Oral mucositis is one of the most common adverse effects of radiation and chemotherapy in treatments of cancers. Some clinical guidelines have focused on the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis, and thus, a mouthwash containing drugs is often recommended. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the disappearance time and palatability in the oral cavities of healthy volunteers in foams prepared from different concentrations of the three viscosity grades of methylcellulose (SM-4, -100, -400). In addition, we prepared foam formulations of drugs (benzydamine, dexamethasone, allopurinol and rebamipide) for use as a prevention and treatment of oral mucositis. There was a significant relationship between the foam drainage ratios at 5-15 min and the disappearance time in the oral cavities. The significant relationship of foam densities to the foam disappearance time and overall palatability in a clinical study were observed. Thus, the foam density is considered an important parameter and reflects these clinically important properties. The foam from SM-4 has the longest disappearance time and the best palatability followed by foams from the 4 and 1% SM-4. Drug contents in drug-containing foam formulations which were prepared with 1-4% SM-4 represented 101-112% of the loaded drug contents, and the relative standard deviations of drug contents were <2.2%, which suggests that these formulations had pharmaceutically acceptable properties. This is the first report in regard to foam formulations containing drugs for the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis, and these formulations could be potentially useful for the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis.

The frequency and relationship of osteoporosis and vitamin D deficiency in the female geriatric population in Central Anatolia

Bacground / Aims: The frequency of osteoporosis increases with age and is an important cause of mortality and morbidity due to hip fractures. The aim of our study is to determine the frequency of osteoporosis and vitamin D deficiency in female geriatric population and to investigate the relationship of vertebral and femur bone mineral densities (BMD) with vitamin D level in this population.&#x0D; Material and Method: The study included 457 women aged 65 years and older. Vertebra and femur bone mineral densities (BMD) and serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25 (OH) D3) levels were measured. &#x0D; Results: The mean age was found to be 72.4 ± 5.7 years. The mean L1-L4 and Femur neck BMD values in the participants were -2.74 ± 0.77, -2.31 ± 0.95 respectively, and the rate of osteoporosis was 72.2% (n = 330). There was no statistically significant difference between age groups in respect to frequency of osteaporosis (p = 0.58). Weak negative correlation was found between femur neck BMD value and age (r = -0.26, p

Fine‐scale mapping of deep‐sea habitat‐forming species densities reveals taxonomic specific environmental drivers

AbstractAimEnvironmental variables are strongly tied to species occurrence and population growth, but approaches to predicting the location of deep‐sea species or their ability to withstand a changing environment stem primarily from presence data. We coupled environmental data with observed densities of deep‐sea habitat‐forming corals and sponges to determine the environmental variables and geomorphology that contributed best to their occurrence.LocationNorthwest Atlantic.Time period2013 and 2014.Major taxa studiedDeep‐sea coral and sponge communities.MethodsMultivariate and univariate analyses were used to determine significant environmental contributors to densities of genera and families of corals and sponges. We then assessed the relationship of densities of genera and families of corals and sponges with environmental variables found to be significant contributors to their occurrence and to geomorphology.ResultsSponge and coral genera and families were influenced by different environment variables. Temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen contributed to the occurrence of sponges, whereas seafloor properties of slope and substrate contributed to the occurrence of corals. Although individuals of corals and sponges were observed across a range of a contributing environmental variable, high densities were observed only in very narrow ranges.Main conclusionsGeomorphic setting is an effective approach for discerning the associations of coral with seabed features. High densities of coral and sponge genera and families restricted to narrow environmental ranges might be at greater risk of local extinction. Differences in the occurrence of coral and sponge genera and families with environmental conditions suggest that they will differentially respond to predicted environmental changes. As conditions in the deep sea change with ongoing changes in climate, population expansion might be limited owing to suboptimal conditions, and established populations might persist but might have fewer individuals or species, which might lead to a loss in biodiversity.

Energy storage and dissipation characteristics of red sandstone in triaxial compression tests under constant confining pressure

To investigate the energy storage and dissipation characteristics of rock material in triaxial compression tests under constant confining pressure, a series of triaxial single-cyclic loading–unloading compression tests were conducted on red sandstone specimens under eight confining pressures. Using the method of graphic area integration, the input energy density, elastic energy density, and dissipative energy density of the specimen in axial, circumferential, and total directions were obtained. The results indicate that the input energy density in the axial direction accounts for the largest logarithmic proportion of the total input energy density and that the relationship between all the parameters of the energy density and the unloading level can be described by the quadratic function. In the axial direction, a linear function relationship exists among elastic, dissipative, and input energy densities. In the circumferential direction, a quadratic function relationship exists among elastic, dissipative, and input energy densities. For the total energy parameters of the sample, the relationship of elastic, dissipative, and input energy densities conforms to the quadratic function, providing a new method for the accurate estimation of the energy parameters in the rock under high stress.

Online Monitoring Purification of Molten Salt Using Electrochemical Method

In the reprocessing spent fuel, the waste molten salt needs to be purified in order to solve the massive accumulation of rare earth elements (RE). In this paper, square wave voltammetry (SWV) was applied to on-line monitoring the concentration change of RE (III) (RE=La, Sm, Nd, Dy) during RE precipitation using Na3PO4 as precipitator. SWV curves were measured by varying RE (III) concentrations analyzed by ICP-AES. After the measurement, the calibration curves about the linear relationship of RE (III) concentrations and peak current densities were obtained. The reproducible measurement conditions in a molten salt were investigated in terms of the principal parameters such as a pulse height and a wave frequency for getting a proper calibration curve. It was found that the peak current densities of SWV and concentrations of RE(III) were linear with the addition of Na3PO4. It is feasible to on-line monitoring the precipitation reaction by SWV. Acknowledgement The work was financially supported by the National Natural Science foundation of China (11675044, 21790373, 21876034 and 11875116), and the International Exchange Program of Harbin Engineering University for Innovation−oriented Talents Cultivation.

Ecology of Leishmaniasis in an urbanized landscape: Relationship of sand fly densities, and Leishmania tropica infection rates with reservoir host colonies

Urbanization may influence the transmission of leishmaniasis, which is as a serious public health issue in Palestine. Semi urban environments can provide suitable habitats for the reservoir host species and the vector sand flies to create favorable condition for disease transmission. This study was aimed to evaluating the effect of distance from hyrax (reservoir host) colonies on sand fly (vector) abundance and its relationship to Leishmania infection within a semi urban landscape. In the Aleskan neighborhood the town of Tubas, sand flies were collected in July and September of 2016. Five trapping transects were set running from a rocky area containing hyrax dwelling habitats into an area of inhabited houses. 1051 Phlebotomus sand flies from 9 species were captured. The numbers of Phlebotomus sergenti, the vector species, correlated negatively with the distance from hyrax. Infected, blood engorged female sand flies were captured closer to hyrax colonies than infected, non-fed females. The risk of disease transmission to humans increased with a high density of reservoirs, closer proximity of reservoir hosts, and high densities of sand flies near houses. These results must be taken into account when implementing future interventions to reduce CL in urban environments.

The Association of ICAM-1 Detected by Immunohistochemical Staining with Triple Negative and Non-Triple Negative Breast Carcinoma

Metastasis of tumour cell greatly contributes to the cause of mortality. Tumour-associated macrophage (TAM) and the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) were associated with metastases of breast carcinoma. However, the relationship between lymphatic vessel densities and invasion with TAM and ICAM-1 remained unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of lymphovascular densities and invasions with patient’s clinicopathological data. The roles of TAM and ICAM-1 influencing lymphovascular invasions were also investigated. Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining on a consecutive section of 37 formalin fixed-paraffin embedded (FFPE) breast invasive carcinoma samples were carried out. The D2-40, CD34, CD163, and ICAM-1 antibodies were used to stain lymphatic vessel, blood vessel, TAM, and ICAM-1 receptor, respectively. The total lymphatic vessel density (LVD) was significantly reduced on increased tumor size (p=0.045). The increase of intra-tumoral LVD and lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI) was significantly associated with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negative status (p=0.022 and p=0.05, respectively). The percentage of LVI was higher than blood vessel invasion (BVI) in 18.5%. Lymphovascular invasions detected in H&E were missed in 49.76% compared with those detected in IHC-stained tissues (206/410). ICAM-1 scores were significantly associated with non-triple negative breast cancer (non-TNBC) (p=0.008). ICAM-1 is significantly overexpressed on non-TNBC sample. Therefore, ICAM-1 might be clinically useful as a targeted molecule for non-TNBC patients. In histological reporting, in addition to H&E staining, IHC staining using D2-40 and CD34 should be considered to increase the accuracy of diagnosis.

Direct and Indirect Probes for Composite Dark Matter

Dark matter candidates are one of the profound signatures of new physics, reflecting existence of new stable particles. If such particles are charged they can bind with ordinary electrons, forming anomalous isotopes. Severe constraints on the anomalous hydrogen exclude new stable single charged particles, but the case of stable double charged particles is not excluded so easily. Similar to ordinary baryonic matter dark matter candidates can be in the form of neutral dark atoms in which new stable or sufficiently long living double charged particles are bound by ordinary Coulomb interaction. In the most simple case only negative double charged particles are bound in O-helium (OHe) dark atoms with primordial helium. OHe hypothesis can provide the solution for puzzles of direct dark matter searches by specifics of OHe interaction in the matter of underground detectors. OHe interaction in the matter can lead to formation of various exotic forms of O-nuclearities. Provided that the mass of the double charged particle is around 1.25 TeV OHe hypothesis can explain the observed positron annihilation line excess in the galactic bulge by pair production in de-excitation of OHe atoms colliding in this region. In the model of Walking Technicolor generation of primordial excess of negatively charged techniparticles (over their antiparticles) can be related to the baryon asymmetry of the Universe, giving proper relationship of baryonic and non-baryonic matter densities. Such primordial excess may be accompanied by a subdominant excess of longliving positively double charged techniparticles, whose decay to same sign pair of leptons can explain the high energy cosmic positron anomaly, detected by PAMELA and AMS02. This explanation should be confronted with the cosmic gamma ray background measured by FERMI/LAT, what put upper limit on the mass of a decaying double charged particle. It makes search for stable double charged particles at the LHC a direct probe for composite dark matter hypothesis.

Adaptive Cell Zooming and Sleeping for Green Heterogeneous Ultradense Networks

With the increasingly dense-deployed small cells, the heterogeneous ultradense network (H-UDN) now faces new challenges. In order to fulfill user traffic demand and improve network energy efficiency in H-UDNs, this paper researches on the adaptive cell zooming scheme to achieve the optimized user association through adjusting cell coverages. Then, the cell sleeping scheme is further applied to turn off light traffic load cells for base station (BS) power saving. We define the cell zooming factor (CZF) to express cell coverage, which is derived as a closed-form expression with the relationship of small cell and macro cell densities. The user association probability with one typical cell is also derived, where the probability is related with both the transmission power and CZF. We apply the game theory to optimize the CZF based on reduction of area power consumption. Based on the fact that users are encouraged to associate with small cells to reduce transmission power consumptions, the small cell sleeping scheme is further applied to improve the network energy efficiency, while the sleeping small cell users could be offloaded to macro cells. The sleeping probability is defined and derived with influences of different sleeping thresholds. We optimize the threshold with maximized energy saving performance. Simulation results verify that the sleeping threshold has an optimized value.

Density measurement sensitivity of micro-cantilevers influenced by shape dimensions and operation modes

The coupled fluid-solid simulations have been developed to analyze the density measurement sensitivity (DMS) of resonant micro-cantilevers with different shapes, dimensions and operation modes. The analytical formulas have been established to illustrate the relationship of resonant frequency shifts and densities of working fluids. The coupled fluid-solid simulation analyses and experimental results have been used to study the effects of micro-cantilevers with different dimensions on the DMS under bending and torsion modes. The influences of micro-cantilevers with different shapes on the DMS have been also discussed and analyzed. It is concluded that the length and free end width of micro-cantilever as well as operation mode are the key factors affecting the DMS. In addition, the proposed coupled fluid-solid simulation method is an important instruction in the aspect of micro-cantilever design. At the last, the resonant frequency stability and resolution of sensor were analyzed to better understand the sensor’s performance.

Germinação de sementes de algodoeiro provenientes de plantas submetidas a diferentes densidades larvais do curuquerê-do-algodoeiro

The cotton crop yield is directly associated with the efficient control of pests. This work evaluated the relationship of different densities of A. argillacea per plant at different cotton plant ages with seed germination of four cotton cultivars: IAC 25, Delta Opal, Fibermax 993, and Fibermax 966. A randomized block design was set up in 4x3 factorial with four replications. Densities of larvae per plant (0, 2, 4, and 6 larvae) was the major factor while plant ages (30, 60 and 90 days after emergency - DAE) the second level factor. Larvae were released on plants with 30, 60 and 90 DAE. The seeds were manually picked, for the evaluation of the germination in the laboratory using the seed viability through sand emergency method. The results showed that studied cotton cultivars differently to defoliate caused by A. argillacea larvae; the cotton development stage had more influence in the physiologic quality of the seeds than the defoliation; the germination is negatively affected when the defoliation took place at 60 DAE.

The relationship of Vibrio parahaemolyticus densities and water quality factor during oyster culture

Vibrio parahaemolyticus(VP)is a pathogen of bacterial food poisoning associated with shellfish.VP,which is detected both in human and fish,has even higher concentrations in oysters and other filter-feeding shellfish.In order to study the relationship of VP densities versus water quality factor including water salinity,temperature,pH and dissolved oxygen in the course of oyster culture,we detected total VP densities in the oyster and water quality factor at the oyster farm in Yangxi,Guangdong from March to November in 2009.The results showed that the detection ratio of total VP in oysters was 94.38%.The water temperature was correlated positively with total VP in oysters,but the salinity was correlated negatively with total VP in oysters.The dissolved oxygen and pH didn't show correlation with total VP in oysters.Based on the regression analysis,a quadratic relationship for VP densities versus water temperature and salinity was found.The regression equation of VP densities versus water temperature was:LgVP=0.093T-0.685(R2=0.336);The regression equation of VP densities versus salinity was:LgVP=1.199+0.116S-0.004S2(R2=0.217);The best fit regression equation of VP densities versus water temperature and salinity was LgVP=-1.941+0.116T+0.058S-0.001S2(R2=0.414).The results of this paper may provide some reference data for the risk analysis of VP during oyster culture.

Relationship of internal macrobioeroder densities in living massive Porites to turbidity and chlorophyll on the Australian Great Barrier Reef

This study investigates the relationship between the density of internal macrobioeroders in living massive Porites and nutrient status. The study was conducted along turbidity and chlorophyll gradients towards river mouths on 12 reefs in four regions of the inshore Great Barrier Reef. Mean internal macrobioeroder densities doubled from 2 to 8 m depth, and at the 8 m sites, densities increased 4- to 7-fold towards the river mouths in all regions. Densities also increased 1.6-fold for each additional 1 NTU turbidity and 650-fold per 1 μg L−1 additional chlorophyll a. The study shows that the density of macrobioeroder boreholes in living massive Porites is a simple bioindicator measure for changing turbidity and chlorophyll concentrations on the Great Barrier Reef for sites from which direct water quality measurements are unavailable.

Uncertainties in the Determination of Cross-Link Density by Equilibrium Swelling Experiments in Natural Rubber

Equilibrium swelling is a feasible and simple experiment to determine the cross-link density of networks. It is the most popular and useful approach; however, in most of the cases, the given values are highly uncertain if not erroneous. The description of the complex thermodynamics of swollen polymer networks is usually based on the Flory−Rehner model. However, experimental evidence has shown that both the mixing term described by the Flory−Huggins expression and the elastic component derived from the affine model are only approximations that fail in the description and prediction of the rubber network behavior. This means that the Flory−Rehner treatment can only give a qualitative evaluation of cross-link density because of its strong dependence on the thermodynamic model. In this work, the uncertainties in the determination of the cross-link density in rubber materials by swelling experiments based on this model are reviewed. The implications and the validity of some of the used approximations as well as their influence in the relationship of the cross-link densities derived from swelling experiments are discussed. Importantly, swelling results are compared with results of a completely independent determination of the cross-link density by proton multiple-quantum NMR, and the correlation observed between the two methods can help to validate the thermodynamic model.

Shorebird Use of Sandy Beaches in Central California

In this study, the relationship between physical attributes of sandy beaches, levels of human disturbance, and shorebird occurrence was investigated. The linear density km-1 of shorebirds on 42 km of sandy beaches in Monterey Bay, California was documented from late autumn through spring, and the relationship of shorebird densities to two physical variables (slope of beach swash zone, total beach width), one spatial variable (distance to Elkhorn Slough, a wetland of regional importance for shorebirds), and relative level of human disturbance was analyzed using stepwise multiple regression. The six most abundant species were Sanderling (Calidris alba), Willet (Tringa semipalmata), Marbled Godwit (Limosa fedoa), Black-bellied Plover (Pluvialis squatarola), Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus) and Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus). Mean abundance of four of the six most abundant species (Marbled Godwit, Willet, Whimbrel, Black-bellied Plover) was negatively related to swash zone slope; flatter beaches supported more shorebirds. Mean abundance of all species analyzed was negatively related to distance to Elkhorn Slough; beaches closer to the mouth of Elkhorn Slough supported more shorebirds. Total beach width had no effect on shorebird occurrence, and level of human use appeared to have no effect. Most shorebird species were more abundant on beaches at low than at high tide, indicating that sandy beaches provide important foraging habitat regionally.

Rate Constants of Hydroperoxyl Radical Addition to Cyclic Nitrones: A DFT Study

Nitrones are potential synthetic antioxidants against the reduction of radical-mediated oxidative damage in cells and as analytical reagents for the identification of HO2* and other such transient species. In this work, the PCM/B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d) and PCM/mPW1K/6-31+G(d,p) density functional theory (DFT) methods were employed to predict the reactivity of HO2* with various functionalized nitrones as spin traps. The calculated second-order rate constants and free energies of reaction at both levels of theory were in the range of 100-103 M-1 s-1 and 1 to -12 kcal mol-1, respectively, and the rate constants for some nitrones are on the same order of magnitude as those observed experimentally. The trend in HO2* reactivity to nitrones could not be explained solely on the basis of the relationship of the theoretical positive charge densities on the nitronyl-C, with their respective ionization potentials, electron affinities, rate constants, or free energies of reaction. However, various modes of intramolecular H-bonding interaction were observed at the transition state (TS) structures of HO2* addition to nitrones. The presence of intramolecular H-bonding interactions in the transition states were predicted and may play a significant role toward a facile addition of HO2* to nitrones. In general, HO2* addition to ethoxycarbonyl- and spirolactam-substituted nitrones, as well as those nitrones without electron-withdrawing substituents, such as 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) and 5-spirocyclopentyl-pyrroline N-oxide (CPPO), are most preferred compared to the methylcarbamoyl-substituted nitrones. This study suggests that the use of specific spin traps for efficient trapping of HO2* could pave the way toward improved radical detection and antioxidant protection.

Habitat delineation of green and false-green kyllinga in turfgrass systems and interrelationship of elevation and edaphic factors

Knowledge of the influence of environmental factors on weed populations is important in developing sustainable turfgrass management practices. Studies were conducted to evaluate the relationship of green and false-green kyllinga population densities with elevation and edaphic factors in turfgrass systems. Studies were conducted on five different golf courses in North Carolina, three affected by green kyllinga, and two affected by false-green kyllinga. According to Spearman correlation coefficients, both green and false-green kyllinga were correlated with increasing soil volumetric water content, whereas correlation of other edaphic variables varied among sites and species. Stepwise logistic regression confirmed the correlation of volumetric water with green kyllinga presence, but model components varied among sites for false-green kyllinga. Increasing green kyllinga populations correlated with increasing soil sodium; however, sodium did not reach a level believed to be detrimental to turfgrass growth. No other variables correlated with green or false-green kyllinga across all sites. We hypothesized that the lack of significant correlations was due to the overall influence of relative elevation on edaphic variables. According to principal components analysis (PCA), relative elevation had a profound impact on the measured edaphic variables at all sites. However, results of PCA at one site differed sharply from other sites. Results from that site demonstrate the potentially strong effects of management practices to alter edaphic trends normally observed with topography.

The relationship of reef fish densities to the proximity of mangrove and seagrass nurseries

Visual census surveys were used to study the distribution of coral reef fishes that are associated with seagrass beds and mangroves in their juvenile phase, on various coral reef sites along the coast of the Caribbean island of Curaçao (Netherlands Antilles). The hypothesis tested was that various reef fish species occur in higher densities on coral reefs adjacent to nursery habitats than on reefs located at some distance to these habitats. Of 17 coral reef fish species that are known to use bays with seagrass beds and mangroves as nurseries (nursery species), 15 were observed in quadrats on the reef. Four nursery species, Haemulon sciurus, Lutjanus apodus, Ocyurus chrysurus and Scarus coeruleus occurred in significantly higher densities on coral reefs adjacent to bays with seagrass beds and mangroves. Lutjanus analis, Lutjanus mahogoni and Sphyraena barracuda also had their highest densities on reefs adjacent to these bays, although differences between the distinguished reef categories were not always significant. It is suggested that these seven species are highly dependent on the presence of bays with seagrass beds and mangroves as nurseries on an island scale. Eight other species that are known to use seagrass beds and mangroves as nurseries did not have their highest densities on reefs adjacent to bays with seagrass beds and mangroves. For six of these species, juveniles were also observed on the reef. It is suggested that these species are able to use the reef as an alternative nursery and do not depend strictly on the presence of bays with seagrass beds and mangroves as nurseries.

Species Associations of Gall-formers on Willows (Salix spp)at the Floodplains of the Rhine River (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Euura, Phyllocolpa, Pontania; Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Dasineura, Iteomyia, Rabdophaga)

The gall-former communities of willows (Salix spp) have been investigated in 1999 and 2000 at nine natural field sites along the floodplains of the Rhine River. 15 Salix species and two hybrids occurred at the willow stands studied, revealing great differences between the sites with regard to composition and abundances of the willow species. A total number of 1,277 willow individuals were mapped, checking the presence and densities of gall-forming species. A total of 43 gall-forming species have been registered, consisting of sawflies (Tenthredinidae: 29 spp) and gall midges (Cecidomyiidae: 14 spp). These gall-formers represented about 67% of the total of 64 potential gall-formers which may occur on the particular willow species studied. The distribution pattern of the gall-formers varied noticable within a site as well as between the different sites. The maximum number of 7-8 gall-forming species has been recorded from S alba (subgenus Salix), S caprea, and S purpurea (subgenus Vetrix), respectively. A complete utilization of the host plant resource by its particular gall-formers was uncommon at all sites. The gall-former densities varied between the individuals and sexes of the host plants as well as between the sites studied. Among the gall-former associations within a host plant population those consisting of only two species were most frequent. The relationship of densities of the associated gall-formers were analyzed at the level of shoots among their host plant species. The results indicate that species pairs of gall-formers co-occurring on the same host plant species tended to attack different willow specimens or different shoot length classes within the same willow individual.