Relative Incorporation Research Articles

Private infrastructure in geopolitical conflicts: the case of Starlink and the war in Ukraine

Privately owned infrastructures play a central role in the unfolding of geopolitical conflicts. While academic contributions generally support this argument, businesses are mostly treated as enablers or spoilers of state action rather than actors in their own right. This article develops a theoretical framework around the relationship of state and transnational corporations in times of intense global competition, combining it with a political–economic perspective on how private ownership of transnational infrastructures shifts this relationship. It argues that private businesses develop and operate infrastructures for profit-seeking purposes, but that this logic can be amended by preferences for political outcomes. The article undertakes an analysis of the role of Starlink, the world’s largest satellite constellation owned by US-based company SpaceX, in the events following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. It reconstructs SpaceX’s initial decision to enable Starlink in Ukraine and its ensuing strategic readjustment that limited Ukraine’s abilities to retake Russian-occupied areas. The findings support the relevance of both profit-seeking and political motives for explaining businesses’ decision-making, with substantial implications for contemporary state–business relations. SpaceX viewed the war in Ukraine as an opportunity to secure capital and contracts, largely from the United States; at the same time, it sought to appease other states on which it depends, most centrally China. The findings furthermore demonstrate that states will seek to reestablish independence from private infrastructure where other forms of hedging fail. While China and the European Union opted to build their own satellite constellations, the United States relied on its economic pull to ensure SpaceX’s cooperation.

Moral underpinnings of accounting for nature in the global North

PurposeEnvironmental philosophies have guided cultures throughout history and continue to do so. This paper uses a framework of environmental philosophies drawn from history and the present, to analyse contemporary corporate environmental reporting. The purpose of this paper is to interrogate the philosophical underpinnings of corporate reporting allows for a nuanced understanding of the relationship between corporate activities and nature, and in so doing demonstrates the moral practices of accounting for nature.Design/methodology/approachThree themes are extracted from a historical review of western environmental philosophy: dualism, transcendence and interconnectivity. These themes are applied to a sample of corporate environmental reports through discourse analysis, enabling the illustration of otherwise obscured moral characteristics of the corporate relationship with the natural environment.FindingsThis paper uses environmental philosophies to better understand some of the implicit messaging of corporate environmental reporting. Evidence of each of the three themes is found in a sample of environmental reports, predominantly dualism and interconnectivity.Research limitations/implicationsUnderstanding that accounting is not just a technical, but also a social and moral practice expands the way the authors can interpret the outcomes of accounting. By presenting an exemplar of how accounting practice such as the corporate sustainability report can be analysed through a moral lens, this paper offers new insights intentioned to inform a more meaningful approach to environmental reporting.Originality/valueA novel framework to explore the corporate sector’s relationship with the natural environment is presented. In light of current and predicted environmental changes, much of which has been attributed to the impact of corporate activities, the importance of a detailed explication of this relationship – such as the one proposed here – becomes imperative.

How Does Digital Transformation Improve Supply Chain Performance: A Manufacturer’s Perspective

A prominent research area pertains to the integration of digital technologies in corporate frameworks and their strategic utilization. In particular, as both intercompany dependencies in business activities and environmental uncertainty increase, digital transformation has become an important means of managing transaction relationships not only within but also between companies. The purpose of this study is to explicate the process of how digital transformation technology used among supply chain members can improve corporate performance and to identify the influencing variables for making good use of it. The findings have implications that can help companies invest time and money in digital innovation to achieve effective corporate performance. This research model analyzed data from 222 domestic manufacturing companies through structural equation model analysis. We found that the more developed the corporate culture and the higher the trust with partner companies, the more active the companies are in utilizing digital transformation. In addition, while digital transformation has a direct impact on corporate performance, we also confirmed the mediating effect of information sharing between companies, which can have a greater positive impact on corporate performance as its level increases. A notable result is that digital transformation significantly improves information sharing in low-trust corporate relationships. These results suggest that digital, non-face-to-face technologies can complement and strengthen relationships that have traditionally been formed through interpersonal relationships. This study compensates for the shortcomings of previous studies that verify the fragmentary achievements of digital transformation. It also has theoretical significance in that it hypothesizes and demonstrates the entire process of how digital transformation is activated in what type of environment and leads to corporate performance. In addition, although companies with a strong relationship of trust may find it easy to invest in innovation, there are practical implications that even new companies that do not have a relationship of trust should consider active use of digital transformation when conducting important transactions.

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE QUALITY IN ENTERPRISES

Purpose. To examine the theoretical and methodological foundations of the concept of corporate governance quality in enterprises and their application. Generalization of the theoretical approach to formulating the essence of corporate governance and its quality. Examination of quality assessment methods. Analysis of indicators characterizing the quality of corporate governance. Formulation of measures to improve the quality of corporate governance. Methodology. The research methods included: analysis and synthesis - in substantiating the essence of corporate governance and formulating its structural components; graphical method - in presenting visual analysis results; logical generalization method - in analyzing theoretical approaches to organizing corporate governance. Results. This paper examined the concept, structure, and types of corporate governance. Key elements and approaches to its definition were considered. The process of implementing enterprise strategy was examined. Generalized studies on the quality of corporate governance were reviewed. A rating assessment of corporate governance quality was formulated. Preconditions for the formation of corporate conflicts among key participant groups were examined. A rating assessment of the potential for resolving and preventing corporate conflicts was discussed. An assessment of corporate governance rating was developed, including a component that evaluates the subjective composition of corporate relationship participants. Scientific novelty. Lies in the analysis of enterprise activities and calculation of a possible option to increase the corporate governance quality rating of the enterprise. Practical significance. The paper contains practical recommendations aimed at improving the existing mechanism for assessing the quality of corporate governance in enterprises.

Developing relationships as a security factor in supply chain management in the metal sector in Poland

Ensuring security in the current environment, becomes particularly important in both social and economic terms. The changing conditions for business operators are not conducive to ensuring process stability and thus reducing risks in supply chains. It is becoming essential to identify areas, resources and activities that have the potential to ensure process stability and security and reduce uncertainty as well as risk in supply chains. Developing bonds between business partners is particularly important in this regard. Cooperation based on trust ids the basis of such partnerships in supply chains. At the same time, creating such relationships is not only a challenge, but also an additional source of risk. The objective of this paper is to identify the key aspects of relationship formation within companies and their role in ensuring the security of supply chains. Achieving the purpose of the thesis requires the identification of the essence of relationships and relational capital, and the presentation of research findings on key aspects of corporate relationships in supply chains. The research was conducted using a proprietary questionnaire and covered businesses operating in in the metal industry in Poland. The issues examined included such elements as: competences of enterprises in supply chain management in terms of shaping relations: within the enterprise, with customers, suppliers of materials and services, intermediaries (distributors), the number of contractors with whom enterprises cooperate and the level of their relationships, at which they cooperate, involvement of partners/contractors in decision-making, concepts used in relationships with co-operators, type of contracts and partnerships created, measurement/evaluation of cooperation and the scope of control of cooperation with contractors, elements of building trust, factors conducive to cooperation, barriers and reasons for failures in establishing supply chain management relationships. The research thesis is: identifying the relationships of enterprises with contractors has a positive impact on their formation and ensuring the security of supply chains. The research niche presented in the article concerns the use of opinion and judgment research based on the author's survey questionnaire in the environment of enterprises from the metal industry. Obtaining the results allowed to identify the role and scope of business relationships in supply chains and important factors influencing their shaping. The role of managing relationships with business partners as an important element impacting the security of supply chains was also emphasised.

The influence of Japanese automotive industry investment in East Nógrád

This study explores Japanese-Hungarian economic relations, specifically focusing on foreign direct investments (FDI) in Hungary. The analysis delves into the historical development and current state of Japanese capital flow into Hungary, with a particular emphasis on the automotive industry. Foreign direct investments are shown to enhance productivity throughtechnology transfer and foster positive impacts on corporate relationships, contributing to economic growth. The study demonstrates the mutual benefits of Japanese FDI in the Hungarian automotive industry and includes a case study on the activities of a Japanese company in Hungary, examining its role in the regional labour market.

Is ESG a ‘Scam'? Correlation between ESG and Corporate Performance

Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) are three factors to evaluate a corporation’s growth opportunity and investment risk. With the increasing attention to environment protection and corporate relationship and governance, ESG has become a hot and controversial topic in the investment world. The article focuses on the correlation between ESG performance and corporate performance in two typical corporations, Tesla and First Solar. Utilizing the PEST model to analyze Tesla’s performance and compare it with ESG, the article finds that Tesla’s performance is exceptional while its ESG is poor. By contrast, excavating First Solar’s financial data and analyzing a series of corporate indicators, the article discovers that First Solar is well known for ESG and sustainability but its profitability is very poor. Therefore, ESG is an important indicator but not a decisive one. ESG and corporate performance are not in a positive proportion. Poor ESG does not necessarily undermine Tesla's prosperity and commitment to sustainable development. First Solar’s great ESG does not mean strong profitability. The article aims to instruct investors to put ESG into perspective, evaluate a corporation from multiple angles, and make a good investment.

Abuse of Law and Legal Fairness in Corporate Relationships

Abuse of Law and Legal Fairness in Corporate Relationships

Corporeality: from the Figure to the Text Structure (O. Tokarczuk's Flights)

Olga Tokarczuk’s fragmented novel Flights (Bieguni, 2007) encompasses various genres and themes that distinguish corporeality. Its analysis reveals how a corporeal isotopy of the content plane explains the expression plane, i.e., the novel’s composition. Therefore, this article contributes to the marginally explored research field in the semiotics of literature – the interaction between content semantics and poetics. In the novel, not only can various forms of the human body be found – such as bodies engaged in different modes of travel, sick bodies, and body specimens – but also contrasting corporeal ideologies that elucidate the connection between different fragments of the book. The article describes the novel‘s characters – pilgrims, runaways, and anatomists – and their relationship with movement and the body, revealing their worldview. Moreover, it solves the problem of matching the opposite conceptions of the body, the phenomenological and the mechanical, and addresses how the opposing characters’ attitudes can be integrated into the text’s semantic universe. The axiology of the protagonists is expressed by the category of integrity/disintegration. This, along with the corporeal relationships that repeat in different stories, discloses that Tokarczuk’s text functions as a particular body. Furthermore, it suggests a specific conception of the literary text.

DR-GAT: Dynamic routing graph attention network for stock recommendation

Investors are increasingly interested in using financial technology to guide investment decisions. The phenomenon of “stock linkage” or “leading-lag” is often observed between related stocks on the stock market. Based on this feature of the stock market, complex relationships between stocks influence investment decisions. Existing methods use static prior relational data (e.g., industry relations and Wiki relations) to build corporate relation graph, while learning relational features using the same graph for all stocks. This description and use of corporate relationships ignored the dynamic nature of association relationships in time and space, limiting the ability to learn latent relationships between stocks. To address these issues, we propose a Dynamic Routing Graph Attention Network (DR-GAT) for stock recommendation. We propose a novel similarity measurement method called stock price trend similarity. To track the evolution of intercorporate relationships over time, we dynamically construct relation graph attention networks using prior knowledge and stock price trend similarity. Moreover, a newly designed relation graph router (RGR) can route each stock to an optimal relationship graph based on its volatility. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of our DR-GAT method. It outperforms state-of-the-art methods achieving an average return ratio of 152% and 162% on NASDAQ and NYSE, respectively.

DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF CORPORATE DISPUTE RESOLUTION

This article covers the processes from the stage of applying to the courts for corporate disputes, which economic courts have jurisdiction over, to their consideration and resolution by the courts, as well as the specific features of the resolution of corporate disputes. In particular, the transfer of corporate disputes from courts of general jurisdiction to economic courts and issues related to the institution of relevance in this regard (jurisdiction) are covered with examples from judicial practice and given the conclusion that all disputes arising from corporate relations and public legal relations that are causally connected with them should be resolved by economic courts. As a result of this, it is justified that the effective protection of the rights of the participants in the corporate relationship through the court will be granted. Moreover, special emphasis is placed on the aspects of corporate disputes that are different from other types of disputes in the resolution of corporate disputes by economic courts. Some mistakes and shortcomings that are made in practice and various approaches are analyzed, and given a personal author’s position, which is expressed based on foreign experience in this regard, for the unification of judicial practice. Besides that, there are some proposals for clarification in the decision of the Plenum of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Industry 4.0 Driven Green Supply Chain Management in Renewable Energy Sector: A Critical Systematic Literature Review

This paper is aimed at systematically reviewing the literature on the interface of Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM), Industry 4.0 and renewable energy. The aims of this review are to ascertain current state of the art in GSCM practices, to critically examine the role of industry 4.0 technologies in GSCM adoption, to examine sustainability and supply chain issues within the renewable energy sector, and to critically discuss tackling these issues using industry 4.0 driven GSCM. A total of 215 review and empirical papers from 2004 to 2023 gathered from three databases (ScienceDirect, Scopus and Web of Science) were reviewed. This research found several GSCM practices and succinctly categorized those based on their respective positions along any given value chain. The practices were categorized as related to: procurement and sourcing, product design, corporate relationship, organizational structure/strategy, logistics and transportation, waste and pollution management and manufacturing. We have found that the ten most mentioned GSCM practices are: Green purchasing, Eco-design, Cooperation with customers, Internal Environmental Management, Reverse logistics, Investment recovery, Green manufacturing, Green design, Collaboration with suppliers and Remanufacturing. Various Industry 4.0 technologies including blockchain, Internet of Things, Big Data and Artificial Intelligence were identified and their role in successful GSCM implementation is highlighted. Sustainability and supply chain related challenges within the renewable energy supply chain were found that include material sourcing and end-of-life management challenges. Finally, a perspective is given on the role of Industry 4.0 driven GSCM in tackling the renewable energy supply chain and sustainability challenges. This article concludes with a presentation of managerial implications and future research directions for managers within different sectors, especially the renewable energy industry.

Design dimensions of corporate venture capital programs—a systematic literature review

AbstractThere is a plethora of research on organisational design elements of corporate venture capital (CVC) programs. However, the fragmented nature of this vein of corporate venturing research has led to an inconsistent picture regarding the organisational design of CVC programs. The goal of this study is to provide a holistic picture for both scholars and practitioners by integrating empirical research on the design of CVC programs. Therefore, the study employs a systematic literature review approach including a sample of 41 studies published from 1987 to 2023. For a systematic assessment of design elements of CVC programs, an inductive concept development approach is used to illustrate four main design dimensions–personnel, corporate relationship management, investment operating model and portfolio relationship management–which reflect 69 descriptive design elements. While previous studies have mainly looked at individual design dimensions of CVC programs from a strategic perspective, this paper presents comprehensive view on organisational structures of CVC programs by identifying building blocks of CVC design according to chosen objectives and available typologies. By specifying and allocating design dimensions to structural types and objectives of CVC programs, this study may also serve as a foundation for further research on the concepts which prevent high rates of early abandonment of CVCs.

Transformation of international forms of legal regulation of corporate relationships

The purpose of the article was to analyze the international forms of legal regulation of corporate relations and their consequent transformation in the corporate law of the European Union EU and Ukraine. The methods of this research were: monographic analysis, analysis and synthesis, systematic, comparative and legal, prospective and generalization. The formation and development of the EU corporate legislation is analyzed. A comparative analysis of the EU and Ukrainian corporate legislation in its different stages and forms of adaptation in accordance with the EU legislation is also carried out. It is concluded that modern EU corporate legislation is the result of the historical development of EU law in general and, its transformation into a specific, independent legal system. It is emphasized that company law in the EU is increasingly subject to unification, and with the adoption of the European Company Acts, the company law of the EU member states is also subject to constant transformation. Ukraine, as a candidate to join the EU, should implement measures aimed at adapting and unifying its corporate legislation to EU laws.

The Asymmetric Effect of Credit Supply on Firm‐Level Productivity Growth

AbstractWe study the impact of bank credit on firm productivity. We exploit a matched firm‐bank database, covering all the credit relationships of Italian corporations, to measure idiosyncratic supply‐side shocks to credit availability and estimate a production model augmented with financial frictions. We find the effect of credit supply to be asymmetric: contractions harm TFP growth, halting productivity‐enhancing activities; positive credit supply shocks have limited effects. This points toward a role of financial stability in preserving productivity growth.

Reconstructing Intellectual Capital through Islamic Religiosity

Current technological developments have shifted the industrial world from a capitalintensive to a knowledge-based industry. We often find that companies have been awarded higher market value than their book value. Various researchers believe this honor that is given by society to be intellectual capital. Unfortunately, different intellectual ideas presented are still dry, materialistic, secularistic, and far from religious values. This research explained how to reconstruct Intellectual Capital through Islamic spirituality with the method of spirituality through the dimensions of the foundations of Islam. In the spiritualism paradigm, high spiritual norms of faith, good deeds, and noble morals become the foothold. The results of this study produce human capital Rahmatan Lil Alamin which runs full of faith and piety, and structure capital, which is to form an administrative building and run the company not only for profit motives but to provide human benefits by carrying out Sharia principles. Relational capital will be in the form of habluminallah and habluminannas, namely developing and strengthening corporate relationships internally in the company and with stakeholders, shareholders, and society and nature with the principle of amaliyah and providing Value towards Godhead.
 Keywords: Intellectual Capital, Relational Capital, human, Structure, Islamic Religiousity

Profitability as a Knock-on Benefit to Collegiate-Athlete Brand Compensation

For the first time in the history of collegiate sports, college athletes can be compensated without the risk of losing their status as amateurs. The Fair Pay to Play act sparked a revolution of state laws allowing college athletes to be compensated for using their Name, Image, and Likeness (NIL). Agency representation, another allowance that has historically been restricted from college athletes, has been granted by these new laws. With the governance of intercollegiate play removed from the authority of the National Collegiate Athlete Association (NCAA) and placed in the hands of the individual states in which universities reside, the respective universities are now in a place to profit as knock-on benefactors. NIL brings corporate relationships closer to the University and, in some states, allows boosters to serve in the capacity of sponsors. Using the school's intellectual property – logo, brand, mascot, etc. – cannot financially benefit the collegiate athlete but can serve as another opportunity for universities to profit from the existence of the NIL legislature. This research explores the impact NIL laws have had on the financial performance of the Universities in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) West Division. The correlational study analyzes the profitability of universities before and after the NIL legislature passed to determine if there is a correlating pattern. The study leverages key performance indicators to describe the financial performance of seven universities across five states. Although the metrics suggest a correlation pattern before and after NIL was passed, it does not find significant variation between the profitability metrics or the components that measure profitability.

Кодекс деловой этики предпринимателей как фактор эффективного межкультурного взаимодействия в условиях региона

The problem of understanding such a phenomenon as business culture is one of the urgent problems facing modern science. The relevance of this problem is due to the fact that business ethics is necessary not only in the company's foreign economic relations, but also in building internal corporate relationships, the degree of development of which indicates the potential of building a rule of law state. The purpose of the study was to identify of patterns of development of business culture in the context of intercultural communications in the conditions of the region and Russia as a whole using certain research methods, which include: comparative approach, historical research methods, axiological approach. In the course of the study, the following conclusions were made: 1) modern science faces the problem of understanding the essence of business culture, its principles and conditions for the formation of Codes of Business Ethics both on the territory of individual regions and in relation to a specific business entity. At the same time, business culture should be understood as a system of guiding rules, norms of behavior stereotypes that operate in society, and are also inherent in economic entities, which affects the methods of implementing socio-economic activities of the organization; 2) the analysis of cross-cultural interaction shows that business cooperation of economic entities in the conditions of regional development is a socio-economic institution that regulates relations in the field of establishing mutually beneficial partnership constructive relations aimed at facilitating the development of ties between business entities by committing legals and factual actions by each party; 3) the standards of the company's business culture and the working principles of personnel policy will contribute to the motivation of staff, increase the business reputation of the company, and ultimately lead to constructive intercultural interaction as part of the implementation of the provisions of the Entrepreneur's Code of Business Ethics; 4) appealing to expert opinions of specialists, the atmosphere of friendly competition and discussion partnership, promoting the promotion of goods and services to domestic and world markets, informing about the establishment of close contacts with Russian and foreign partners, assistance in the preparation and holding of congress and exhibition and fair events contributes to effective intercultural communication in the region; 5) humanitarian expertise of socially significant projects of business entities will contribute to effective management decision-making, etc.

პერსონალის ლოიალობა, როგორც კომპანიის სტაბილურობის ფაქტორი

The growing interest in the matter of employee loyalty shown by organizations is generated by the current trend in employees being the most valuable assets an organization has. A genuine desire expressed by the employees of an enterprise to provide excellent performance is one of the keys to corporate success. In order to ensure a sustainable development of a company, a certain type of balance must be achieved in terms of loyal customers, loyal employees and loyal investors enjoyed by the company. Building positive corporate relationships between brand and customer guarantees financial success in business. Grasping the importance of commercial efficiency of the impact made by the employees on the company as well as customer loyalty and staff motivation necessitates providing employees with favorable, if not, appealing and comfortable working conditions. The relevance of the chosen issue lies in the profitability of any organization identified to be a major indicator of the stability and closely correlated with the efficiency of employees. The results achieved by people in business operation rest not only on their expertise, skills and abilities, but also on the willingness of employees to work for the benefit of the organization.

Assessment of structural configuration of corporate relationships in the context of organizational development for project-oriented enterprises

The approach to the assessment of the structural configuration is substantiated and the peculiarities of the construction of the system of corporate relations in the context of the dynamics of the organizational development of the enterprise are revealed. The peculiarities of reflexive perception and adaptive response to continuous transformations of the economic environment are considered. It is proved that the dynamics of organizational development of project-oriented enterprises should be directly reflected in the distribution of corporate control, as well as in determining the nature of the unification of technological processes and the rapid diffusion of innovative knowledge, which is one from important conditions for achieving success in competition and ensuring the stability of market positions due to the constant implementation of organizational development processes: structural; normative; procedural; effective; informative; integrative Changing the parameters of the organization of economic activity or relations with counterparties at minimal costs can cause a significant increase in the level of disclosure of the company's potential. In view of this, the hypothesis of the work was the correlation of the components of the concept of ensuring the sustainability of functioning and the theory of organizational development. Since the difficulty of implementing this hypothesis is related to the objective impossibility of enterprise development without loss of economic stability, a theoretical justification of directions for solving this problem is presented. The development of theoretical and methodological support for the management of sustainable organizational development of a project-oriented enterprise is chosen. The scheme of the subject area of the study is defined, within which the main spheres of implementation of organizational development processes are revealed. A functional model of the life cycle of the enterprise was developed and the features of the transformation of life cycle practices during organizational changes were determined. On the basis of consideration of the main directions and spheres of organizational development, benchmarks for their improvement have been determined within the framework of the formed models of the subject area and the life cycle of the enterprise.