Relationship Factors Research Articles

Early-Life Circumstances and Racial Disparities in Cognition Among Older Adults in the US

ImportanceGiven the critical role of neurocognitive development in early life, understanding the association between early-life circumstances and racial disparities in cognition has important implications.ObjectiveTo assess whether racial differences in early-life circumstances are collectively and individually associated with racial disparities in late-life cognition among older adults in the US.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used comprehensive life history data from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative survey of US adults 50 years or older. Data analyses were performed from August 9, 2022, to January 20, 2024.Main Outcomes and MeasuresRacial differences in early-life circumstances and racial disparities in late-life cognition were investigated using a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition regression model. Cognitive outcomes, including cognitive score and cognitive impairment, were evaluated using the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status. Early-life educational experiences were primary explanatory variables; early-life cohort, regional, financial, health, trauma, family relationship factors, and educational attainment were additional explanatory variables; demographic and genetic factors were covariates.ResultsThe study sample comprised 9015 participants; 1634 non-Hispanic Black (hereafter, Black) individuals (18.1%) and 7381 non-Hispanic White (hereafter, White) individuals (81.9%). Among Black participants, the mean (SD) age was 69.2 (9.2) years and 1094 (67.0%) were women. Among White participants, the mean (SD) age was 73.2 (10.1) years and 4410 (59.7%) were women. Cognitive scores (scale, 0-27) were significantly lower among Black participants (13.5 [95% CI, 13.3-13.7] points) than among White participants (15.8 [95% CI, 15.7-15.9] points), while the prevalence of cognitive impairment (cognitive score <12) was significantly higher among Black participants (33.6 [95% CI, 31.3-35.9] percentage points [ppt]) than among White participants (16.4 [95% CI, 15.6-17.2] ppt). Substantial racial differences were observed in early-life circumstances. Overall, differences in early-life circumstances were associated with 61.5% of the racial disparities in cognitive score (1.4 [95% CI, 0.88-2.0] points), and 82.3% of the racial disparities in cognitive impairment (14.2 [95% CI, 8.8-19.5] ppt), respectively. In multivariable analyses, early-life educational experiences were associated with 35.2% of the disparities in cognitive score and 48.6% in cognitive impairment. Notably, school racial segregation (all segregated schooling before college) was associated with 28.8% to 39.7% of the racial disparities in cognition. These findings were consistent in a series of sensitivity analyses.Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this cross-sectional study suggest that less favorable early-life circumstances are associated with clinically meaningful racial disparities in late-life cognition. Policies that improve educational equity have the potential to reduce racial disparities in cognition in older ages. Clinicians may leverage early-life circumstances to promote the screening, prevention, and interventions of cognitive impairment more efficiently, thereby promoting health equity.

What socio-cultural, emotional and relational factors shape older people's experiences of death and dying in residential aged care? A scoping review

Abstract Research internationally has revealed a range of medical and health-related issues that shape care at the end of life for people living in residential aged care facilities (RACFs), their families and the staff who care for them. Yet, less is known about the lived experiences of residents, and the broader socio-cultural, emotional and relational factors that shape experiences of dying within such settings. In this article, we present findings from a scoping review designed to establish what is known about the lived experience of residents nearing the end of life. In doing so, we identify research gaps and move towards an agenda for future research. Five electronic databases were used to identify empirical research articles investigating end-of-life experiences from the perspective of older people living in RACFs, from which we selected 22 papers for thematic analysis. Our analysis highlighted three key themes: connections and closeness; place and the end of life; and temporality, care and the anticipation of dying. A majority of the articles (15) highlighted the importance of social connectedness with staff, co-residents and family in enabling people to die with dignity and a sense of belonging in residential settings. The physical layout and living arrangements in RACFs were found to affect the ways in which residents relate within the space, especially during and after the death of a resident. Anticipatory fears of dying were oriented towards the context of illness and care, and its management within the RACF, rather than death itself. Our analysis highlights considerable evidence that ‘good deaths’ are embedded in experiences of socio-emotional wellbeing, connectedness and relationality. However, much of the extant research analysed is exploratory, pointing to the need for further social scientific study of the social and cultural embeddedness of end-of-life experiences with residential aged care.

Individual differences in motivation to change in individuals with eating disorders: A systematic review.

Motivation to change has been suggested to significantly impact treatment outcomes in eating disorders (EDs). This review will investigate factors associated with motivation to change in EDs with the aim of supporting clinicians to be aware and sensitive to factors that might obstruct recovery and to inform motivation-based interventions. Using PRISMA guidelines, this article identified 24 studies through database searches meeting eligibility criteria. Only correlates of motivation were identified, limiting the ability of this review to identify causal relationships. Factors that changed alongside changes in motivation were identified from longitudinal studies. This review identified factors such as individual characteristics, co-morbid psychopathology, lack of treatment autonomy and relationships with others to be associated with motivation to change in individuals with EDs. In addition, motivation to change significantly increased alongside self-esteem and identity re-negotiation when measured longitudinally. Motivational interviewing can typically focus on exploring ambivalence to treatment, identifying goals and values, and increasing self-efficacy. However, this review identifies individual and relational factors to be particularly significant and may obstruct recovery from an ED. As such, evidence-based targets have been identified to inform clinicians and motivation-based interventions. Knowledge of factors associated with motivation to change in EDs is important to understand those who may have poorer treatment outcomes. Motivation may be improved by supporting individuals' relationship with others and tailoring interventions according to temperament and personality traits. Utilizing an individual's social support as they enter ED treatment may be effective in maximizing motivation to recover.

A Relational Theory of Jihadist Affiliate Behaviour: The Case of Al Qaeda and the Islamic State

ABSTRACT Why do some AQ and IS affiliates fight one another while others avoid tension or even coordinate? While the extant theories of environment and power balancing provide inroads into such a puzzle, they overlook key relational factors shaping jihadist affiliate behaviour. In this article, I develop a relational theory of AQ-IS interactions, mapping out three avenues of pre-existing social networks: affiliate-civilian, AQ-IS affiliate and affiliate-unaffiliated rebels. Using several datasets, I examine AQ-IS relations in six regions from 2014 to 2018 with a crisp-set qualitative comparative analysis. Rival affiliates conflict less while relying on civilian support and cooperate more as off-shoots.

French and language ideologies in a multilingual European Union institution: Re-constructing the meaning of language choice at work

This qualitative study investigates stances in reflective interviews to identify cultural patterns that shape the meaning of language choice within an international unit of an EU institution in Luxembourg. We employ the analytical concept of “language cringe” and propose a complementary concept, “language push,” to showcase the effects and reproduction of language ideologies in day-to-day talk about languages at work. Our analysis reveals that, within a workplace culture that encourages flexible and convivial use of multiple languages, French speakers have to deal with the effects of the “logic of honour,” which is culturally associated with the use of French in France. Based on our findings, we suggest that language choice should be considered a cross cultural dimension in multilingual environments, and that language-sensitive management scholarship should broaden its considerations beyond the traditional issues of language proficiency, namely by inspecting relational and affective factors that shape language use in multilingual workplaces.

Trajectories and latent classes of school enjoyment in adolescence: Associations with peer victimization and mental health.

School enjoyment, as a measure of how much adolescents enjoy or value their school experience, has been extensively studied in Western cultures. However, our knowledge of school enjoyment, and particularly its changes and trajectories among adolescents living in non-Western cultures, is limited. The present study used 3-year longitudinal data to examine changes and trajectories in school enjoyment and their associations with social and relational factors, such as mental health problems and peer victimization, among Japanese middle school students. Participants were 281 Japanese students from two public middle schools (Time 1 Mage = 12.72, SD = .45, 50% female). Data included five time points at 6-month intervals (Grades 7-9). The growth curve model showed quadratic changes in school enjoyment overall; the mean of school enjoyment was relatively stable in Grades 7 and 8 but increased rapidly in Grade 9. In terms of individual differences in trajectories of school enjoyment, growth mixture modeling identified three distinct groups (i.e., groups of 44.8% increasing, 9.8% decreasing, and 45.4% stable). Compared to students in the other groups, students in the increasing group initially reported lower levels of mental health problems and experienced less relational and overt victimization. In contrast, the decreasing group reported higher levels of mental health problems and experienced more relational and overt victimization than the increasing group. The results inform us about the most adaptive group, which continued to show high levels of school enjoyment, and the most maladaptive group, which initially had lower levels of school enjoyment and decreased their levels over time. The latter group of students is at risk and requires immediate intervention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Pathways to Cooperation: A Relational Theory of Rebel Alliance Formation

Why do some rebel organizations form a united front when others confine themselves to a loose partnership? Existing research on rebel movements reveals that insurgents should quickly leave cooperative agreements if doing so will provide particular advantages in a post-conflict setting. Still, rebel groups may build diverse alliances, from joint attacks to shared command structures. If rebels are indeed purely pragmatic, why would they tie themselves to partnerships that hinder their ability to defect easily? In this article, I argue that three relational factors shape how armed groups cooperate: rebel-civilian relations (civilian support), inter-rebel relations (partners), and rebel-sponsor relations (external patrons). Groups connected through these social networks will be more likely to join a united opposition with their shared channels of trust. Developing a new dyadic dataset, I find that sharing allies or civilian support is positively associated with forming united fronts. Yet, state sponsorship does not produce similar results.

Information Politics and Propaganda in Authoritarian Societies

What role does propaganda play in the information politics of authoritarian societies, and what is its relationship to censorship? What have we learned from rival accounts in recent literature about why states produce it? While regimes clearly invest in propaganda believing that it is effective, there is still much to learn about whether, when, and how it actually is effective. We first discuss some of the tensions inherent in distinguishing between persuasive and dominating, soft and hard, propaganda. We then review efforts to understand the conditions under which propaganda changes attitudes and/or behavior in terms of propaganda's content, relational factors, aspects of the political environment, and citizens’ own predispositions. We highlight the need for more research on propaganda in authoritarian settings, especially on how patterns of its consumption may change amid crises, technological shifts, and direct state interventions.

Filial Maturity and Caregiving to Aging Parents.

The aging of parents results in changes in the filial relationship. The increasing vulnerability of parents leads adult children to realize that they have individual needs and cannot fully function as sources of security and protection, as they did before. Simultaneously, the evidence of losses and disability imposes the need for care, which tends to be assumed by adult children. Therefore, there is a progressive change in the volume of support exchanges between parents and children, with more support from adult children to parents. The way adult children adapt to these transitions is influenced by several internal and relational factors. Filial maturity has been associated with filial caregiving towards aging parents. The concept of filial maturity describes a developmental stage in which the adult child overcomes the filial crisis, realizing and accepting that the parent also needs support and comfort and starting to relate to him/her beyond the strictly parental role. Thus, this study aims to explore the role of attachment and mental representation of caregiving in filial maturity. A total of 304 children aged between 35 and 64 years old participated in this study, with at least one of the living parents aged 65 years or older, not institutionalized. Attachment was assessed with the Adult Attachment Scale, mental representation of caregiving with the Mental Representations of Caregiving Scale and filial maturity with the Filial Maturity Measure. The results suggest that attachment, mental representation of caregiving and the interaction between the two explain 24.5% (p < 0.01) of variability in Comprehending and 11.1% (p < 0.05) of variability in Distance, two dimensions of filial maturity. These findings suggest that it is important to consider mental representation of caregiving and attachment when adult children must adapt to changes in the filial relationship and to the need to care for parents.

Rethinking maternal gatekeeping from a life‐course perspective: A study of post‐separation families

AbstractObjectiveThe article examines how maternal gatekeeping practices evolve in the post‐separation trajectory and identifies the main relational and contextual factors shaping these processes over time.BackgroundStudies of maternal gatekeeping have only recently begun to include post‐separation families based on cross‐sectional research designs. This article is theoretically grounded in a life‐course and human agency framework, and it both offers a novel understanding of maternal gatekeeping as a dynamic process and examines its relational embeddedness.MethodsThe data stem from the prospective qualitative study “The multiple paths of lone parenthood,” which has been ongoing in Switzerland for over a decade and includes four waves of semistructured interviews with mothers who have experienced lone parenthood (N = 88 interviews).ResultsMost mothers reported active facilitation practices at the beginning of their trajectory, encouraging the father–child relationship. Subsequently, shifts toward hands‐off or active gate‐closing practices took place over time along with the evolution of relational circumstances, such as the father's involvement or children's autonomy, or by an accumulation of negative experiences.ConclusionThe relationship with the nonresident father creates ongoing moral dilemmas for mothers over the post‐separation trajectory. Indeed, these mothers must navigate social norms that emphasize the importance of ensuring father–child contact while safeguarding the child's well‐being and ensuring that the father complies with visitation arrangements and alimony.ImplicationsProfessional support and legal regulations should consider the moral dilemmas experienced by mothers by establishing measures to relieve separated mothers of the need to take the initiative to obtain the father's compliance with their obligations.

Examining Pragmatic Knowledge in Speech Acts of Request, Compliment Response, and Apology among Moroccan EFL Students

This research delves into the pragmatic competencies in interlanguage of Moroccan EFL learners, focusing on the speech acts of requests, apologies, and compliment responses. Utilizing Discourse Completion Tasks (DCT) as the cornerstone of data collection, the study scrutinizes 16 diverse situations involving advanced-level EFL learners in Morocco. The study not only reinforces existing theories about the role of social and relational factors in shaping linguistic behavior but also uncovers the nuanced interplay of variables such as power dynamics, relational distance, and imposition in influencing these speech acts. Significantly, the research reveals that Moroccan EFL learners are not mere passive recipients of established linguistic norms; they actively adapt their language choices in response to a complex array of sociocultural and sociolinguistic variables. The study concludes with a call for more explicit and targeted instruction in interlanguage pragmatics within the Moroccan EFL educational setting to better prepare students for authentic interactions. These insights have far-reaching pedagogical implications, particularly for the crafting of EFL curricula that are attuned to the nuanced sociolinguistic variables that influence language use.

국내 의류봉제 산업의 글로벌소싱 의향 고려요인 연구

Purpose - This study seeks to investigate the determinants of global sourcing intention in clothing sewing industry, in particular with its focus on women’s Knitwear production.&#x0D; Design/methodology/approach - This study collected a unique set of qualitative data through 31 in-depth interviews with fashion brands, promotion agencies, and sewing factories between July 2023 and October 2023. In addition, it analyzed the dataset using the MAXQDA to complement the research findings.&#x0D; Findings - We have two findings. First, the interviewees commonly mentioned the following factors as reasons for considering global sourcing: the human factors(aging of skilled technicians and labor shortages), the financial factors(gap in production unit prices at home and abroad), the relational factors(lack of novelty), and the physical factors(loss of production infrastructure and network), while the human factors(skilled workforce), the production factors(delivery date and product quality), and the relational factors(timely communication and mutual trust) as reasons for continuing domestic sourcing. Additional code analysis of interview also supports this finding. On the other hand, there was also a subtle difference between buyers(brands) and suppliers(promotion agencies and processing plants), and buyers consider the exact delivery date critical so that they could see trend-sensitive women’s Knitwear on time, and suppliers took production costs, labor costs, and labor shortages, which are financial factors, more seriously.&#x0D; Research implications or Originality - This study provides a richer and more balanced view of existing literature, which has generally tended to introduce global sourcing across the clothing industry despite the existence of various diversity within the industry. In addition, through qualitative research, we introduce that the sewing industry is carried out according to complex factors, and by revealing and categorizing the determinants of global sourcing, we supplement the existing research on the clothing sewing industry centered on survey. On a practical note, this study introduces that there is a difference in view of domestic sourcing and global sourcing between buyers(brands) and suppliers(promotion agencies and sewing factories), suggesting practical implications for revitalizing networks and deriving win-win cooperation network models among members in the future.

Callous-Unemotional Traits and Co-occurring Anxiety in Preschool and School-age Children: Investigation of Associations with Family's Socioeconomic Status and Home Chaos.

While contemporary literature has traditionally viewed youth with Callous-Unemotional (CU) traits as a homogeneous group, there is a growing interest in delineating two variants of CU traits based on high or low levels of anxiety. Extensive attention has been brought in the CU traits literature to the study of relational factors such as maltreatment and parenting practices. However, very few studies have looked at other environmental contexts in which the children within these two variants evolve, such as home chaos or socioeconomic status (SES). In a community sample of children aged 4 to 9, divided into a preschool sample (N = 107; Mage = 4.95, SD = 0.62) and a school-age sample (N = 153; Mage = 7.49, SD = 1.11), the current study investigated whether anxiety moderates the associations of CU traits with SES and home chaos. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that CU traits were positively associated with home chaos, regardless of anxiety levels. CU traits were negatively associated with SES, but this effect emerged only at high levels of anxiety. Notably, these findings were observed solely in the school-age subsample. Implications for understanding the two variants of CU traits (i.e., primary and secondary) and hypotheses regarding their developmental trajectories are discussed.

Relationship Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Systematic Review

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a disorder characterized by obsessions and compulsions and negatively affects the functionality of individuals. OCD symptoms with romantic relationship content have been investigated in the literature for the last 10 years. OCD symptoms with romantic relationship content are divided into two types: relationship-centered and partner-focused. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the relationship between OCD symptoms with romantic relationship content and individual and relational variables. Studies in the literature were reviewed in detail in order to evaluate the results regarding the relationship between OCD symptoms in romantic relationships and individual and relational factors. In the national and international literature, no systematic review study on this subject was found. Accordingly, studies published between 2012 and 2022 in internationally accepted electronic databases using the terms "relationship obsessive compulsive disorder", "relationship centered obsessive compulsive symptoms" and "partner focused obsessive compulsive symptoms" were reviewed. As a result of the search, according to the inclusion criteria, 12 empirical studies on the relationship between OCD in romantic relationships and individual and relational variables with full-text access and written in English were analyzed. The methodological characteristics and results of the 12 included studies are presented in this systematic review study. The results of the studies suggest that symptoms related to romantic relationships negatively affect the functioning of individuals similar to OCD. When the variables associated with obsessive-compulsive symptoms in romantic relationships are analyzed in individual and relational context, they are related to many factors such as psychopathologies, attachment styles, self and relationship satisfaction. In this context, there is a need for empirical studies carried out with clinical samples, exploring the effectiveness of psychotherapy and cross-cultural studies on obsessive-compulsive symptoms related to romantic relationships. Keywords:

An Ecological Inquiry on Young People's Suicidal Ideation at University: Individual, Relational and Cultural Factors and Their Interactions.

To understand the factors related to suicidal ideation in university students, we examined individual and microsystemic variables with an ecological model organizing bidirectional influences between different dimensions. Suicidal ideation, psychological distress, multidimensional self-concept, loneliness, community social support, life satisfaction, family functioning, bullying victimization, and problematic use of virtual social networks were measured in a sample of 376 Mexican university students (67% women) from 18 to 34 years of age (M = 20.8). Data were collected in March 2020, before mandatory confinement for COVID started in Mexico. Discriminant analyses showed that psychological distress, loneliness, self-concept, life satisfaction, family functioning, internet violence/rejection, and informal social support predicted belonging to high or no suicidal ideation groups with 88% accuracy. Only psychological distress and family self-concept predicted suicidal ideation in multilinear regression analyses. There were differences by gender in multilinear regression, with family self-concept significant for women and physical self-concept, but not family self-concept for boys. Conclusions: Early Suicide prevention in universities should include periodic screening of psychological distress, loneliness, and virtual social media use to identify students that need further evaluation and intervention. University-based strategies of mental health promotion that strengthen family relationships and the sense of community, including gender-sensitive orientation, could enhance the effect of protective factors.

Understanding Medication Nonadherence in Crohn's Disease Patients: A Qualitative Evaluation.

Immune-modifying medications are widely available and recognized as valuable by most gastroenterologists. However, approximately 40% of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) do not comply with regimens using these medications, resulting in complications, hospitalization, and surgeries. We sought to identify factors that motivate adherence or nonadherence with medication recommendations for CD. We conducted qualitative interviews with patients living with CD who were identified as adherent or nonadherent to immune-modifying medication recommendations by their treating gastroenterologist. Semistructured interview guides were developed based on an established framework for understanding health behaviors. We conducted content analysis of the resulting qualitative data using an inductive-deductive approach to identify emergent themes that influence medication decision-making. Twenty-five patients with CD completed interviews for this study. Interviews were independently coded and analyzed for thematic content. Two broad domains emerged comprising (1) themes reflected in the Theoretical Domains Framework and (2) novel themes specific to medication decision-making in CD. Adherent patients conveyed a sense of trust in science and healthcare provider expertise, while nonadherent patients were more likely to express beliefs in their ability to self-manage CD, concern about risks associated with medication, and a general ambivalence to treatment. There are clear cognitive, behavioral, and relational factors that guide patients' medication-related decision-making. Several of the factors share features of other behavioral change and decision-making processes, while others are specific to the experience of patients with CD. A fuller understanding of these factors is essential to developing effective behavioral interventions to improve adherence to evidence-based treatment recommendations.

Representation of Elizabethan women in William Shakespeare's Othello

This research explores Shakespeare's Othello as a complex play that explores the essence of womanhood through its characters. This research focuses on Desdemona, the central female figure, aiming to uncover the roles that Shakespeare crafted for women in Othello and the influences on these roles. Cultural feminism theory has been applied as a critical lens in this descriptive qualitative study. The study has yielded two main discoveries. Firstly, women in Shakespeare’s Othello play the roles of wives, caretakers, and peacemakers. Secondly, the researcher finds that the roles of women in the play are shaped by relational and personal factors. This research is qualitative in nature. Theories presented by J. Bingham and I. Maylani supports this research to analyze its text. Here, the researcher examines the roles that women play in Othello by Shakespeare as a point of reflection for those who are interested in the study of women. In addition, the researcher educated the public through this study on the various feminist critiques, including cultural feminism. This study aims to investigate the roles played by women in Shakespeare’s Othello and the elements that influence those roles.

PATHWAYS TO OR WITHIN SOCIAL EXCLUSION? AN INTERSECTIONAL LIFE COURSE PERSPECTIVE ON OLDER ROMANIAN ROMA

Abstract Social exclusion is considered a dynamic process as people can move in and out of exclusion while also experiencing different types of exclusion over their life course. In this paper we set out to understand pathways to social exclusion of older Romanian Roma, a particular population that received little attention in the literature. We aim to understand the lived experiences of social exclusion of Roma with the use of life histories and events calendars and we employ an intersectional life course perspective by looking at the nexus of structural, individual, and relational factors that impacted the pathways of older Roma across their life course. The intersection between ethnicity, gender, education, work, residence/segregation and income is employed in order to understand how disadvantage unfolded across the life course and into late life. The data come from 15 biographical interviews with older Roma living in rural and urban Romania, collected in 2021. Results illustrate how specific structural processes like sedentarization of nomad communities, the fall of the communist regime in 1989 and the retrocession of gold unevenly affected Roma across the intersectional characteristics and transformed into turning points in their lives, while interposing to a little extent with their pathways to social exclusion. De-institutionalized life courses and fast transitions had an important bearing on the ways disadvantage unfolded for older Roma living in segregated communities. Finally, super-linked lives at family and community level, when deprived of outside support, contributed to deep exclusion in later life.

Constructing Sustainable Learning Ecology to Overcome Burnout of Teachers: Perspective of Organizational Identity and Locus of Control

This study examined how organizational identity, locus of control, and their interrelationships affect teacher burnout. Utilizing a quantitative survey, data were collected from 105 teachers. The Maslach Burnout Inventory measured three burnout dimensions: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. Locus of control was assessed via Rotter’s scale. Organizational identity was measured through the Multiple Organizational Identification Scale, assessing personal self-esteem, emotional professional identity, evaluative identification, self-classification, and team factors. PLS-SEM analysis found that external locus of control had a significant positive association with emotional exhaustion. Emotional professional identity showed robust negative relationships with depersonalization and exhaustion. Differences emerged between novice and senior teachers—identity and self-esteem were more relevant for novices, while team factors were more impactful for experienced teachers. Variations also occurred across genders, with identity and self-esteem more salient for females and team dynamics more influential for males. The study highlights the complex interplay between individual, relational, and organizational factors in shaping teacher burnout. An external locus of control may exacerbate exhaustion, while emotional professional identity seems to provide resilience. Support initiatives should account for teachers’ evolving developmental needs and gender variations in burnout experiences. Fostering internal control beliefs, strong professional identity, and tailored support based on career stage and gender can potentially buffer against burnout. This study contributes insights to guide targeted efforts to promote teacher well-being, effectiveness, and retention. Learning in the workplace instead of paying more time for education services can be considered as overcoming burnout, redesigning and implementing digital teaching for sustainable teaching and learning for both teachers and students in order to construct a better learning ecology.

Predicting attachment in Portuguese infants born very or extremely preterm: Understanding the roles of infant regulatory behavior, maternal sensitivity, and risk factors.

A growing body of research shows that early attachment relationships are foundational for children's later developmental and psychosocial outcomes. However, findings are mixed regarding whether preterm birth predicts later attachment, but insecurity is generally more prevalent among infants at higher medical and/or social/familial risk. This longitudinal study aimed to identify specific relational, familial/demographic, and perinatal predictors of attachment in a sample of 63 Portuguese infants born very or extremely preterm (VEPT,<32 gestational weeks) and their mothers from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. One-third of the mothers had social/family risk factors (e.g., single parent, immigrant, unemployed, low education, and/or low income). At 3 months (corrected age), dyads were observed during social interaction in the Face-to-Face Still-Face paradigm (FFSF) and during free play. At 12 months, mother-infant dyads were observed in Ainsworth's Strange Situation. Over half (58.7%) of the infants were classified as insecurely attached. Social-Positive Oriented regulatory behavior pattern, higher maternal sensitivity, higher infant cooperation during free play, number of siblings and an absence of social/family risk factors were associated with attachment security. Perinatal variables were unrelated to attachment. Findings indicate that both relational and social contextual factors contribute to attachment in this biologically vulnerable sample.