Relations In Greece Research Articles

The origins of public relations in Greece: Tracing the missing link and excavating landmark cases

The purpose of this paper is to provide an historical narrative tracing precedents of Greek Public Relations (PR) practice as far back as the organizing of mega events in mid-nineteenth century culminating in the first modern Olympic Games in Athens in 1896. The analysis documents that PR activities are interwoven with Greek governments’ initiatives aimed at tourism promotion. The paper is based on archival material and secondary sources. Access was granted to the special collections of the National Library of Greece and the Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive of the National Bank of Greece Cultural Foundation. Moreover, the study interrogates the three landmark events that ushered in the emergence of professional public relations in Greece in the early postwar period and supplements with important information the conventional accounts. The analysis established a PR-Tourism and National image promotion nexus that runs continuously throughout the period under examination, from the emergence of PR activities in mid-nineteenth century up until the early 1950s. The findings are based on the available written records. This historical review does not purport to be exhaustive and comprehensive. Future research could identify more PR-like activities worthy of mention. The study provides a springboard for investigating the precedents of PR practice in the pre-professionalization era. This investigation calls for an interdisciplinary perspective. This paper is the first one to trace precedents of professional PR practice to the second half the nineteenth century and the interwar period in Greece. It shows the interconnection of PR-like activities with tourism and underscores the prominent position of state agencies in those activities.

Social pedagogy and social work relations in Greece: autonomous trajectories

This article explores the relationship between social pedagogy and social work in Greece. The search begins with the identification of their philosophical roots, which, although they are common and start from the Ancient Greek philosophers, have led the course of each discipline in a different direction. What follows is the presentation of the most important defining elements of the development of the studies of social work and social pedagogy in Greece, which include features and historical landmarks. The different trajectories can be seen from the development of studies, where social work has a long tradition as an academic discipline, whereas the academic tradition of social pedagogy is much shorter. A similar differentiation is found in the professional frameworks of social work and social pedagogy in Greece, that is, in the institutionalisation of the profession of social worker and social pedagogue. Indicative data from the field of research of each discipline are then presented. Despite the differences and the autonomous trajectories, remarkable commonalities and similarities between social pedagogy and social work in Greece are identified, such as some basic principles, priorities, epistemological and methodological dimensions and some common areas of interest and action. Therefore, the autonomous trajectories of these disciplines do not separate them, but as potentially complementary, are able to make interdisciplinary connections between them, so that prevention and intervention programmes, especially in the fields of education and the community, can be developed.

Institutional Manipulation and Political Control as Methods of Organizing Intergovernmental Relations in Greece

Greek local government is an institution of power. Its power is based on popular sovereignty, as local authorities are elected by universal and secret ballot, and its public policies are based on the country's fundamental law, the Constitution. However, the legislator, disregarding this Constitutional Regulation insists on determining the competences appointed to local government and the areas of its competence, acting often beyond the limits of the Constitution. In addition to local government affairs defined by law, central administration grants to local government affairs which belong to the circle of its competences, ie affairs of the central government. This concession regards affairs that the central administration would like to avoid exercising, because they usually have a political cost, which it does not want to bear. The central administration, even if local governments competences are defined by law, or are granted by it, intervenes during the exercise of these affair either by legislative interventions that the majority of the parliament allows, or by decisions of the governing bodies, where it is permitted. This intervention is usually aimed at limiting the affairs allocated to local government, because central government considers that local authorities exercise political influence over the citizens within their administrative boundaries, or because the local authorities belong to opposite political areas from those of the central administration and aim to limit the exercise of policies at the local level, in a way of organizing and operating differently from that of the central administration.

CHARIOT KRATERS AND HORSE–HUMAN RELATIONS IN LATE BRONZE AGE GREECE AND CYPRUS

This paper offers a new comprehensive catalogue and discussion of Late Helladic III chariot kraters, and explores what they reveal about horse–human relations in Greece and Cyprus in the Late Bronze Age. The nearly 400 known examples of chariot kraters were produced in mainland Greece and exported to Cyprus and the Levant. Although the vessels were surely adapted to local contexts, the motif of horses and chariot was part of the ‘international’ spirit of the Late Bronze Age and was meaningful throughout the eastern Mediterranean. Following a discussion of the chronological and geographical distribution of the kraters, alongside notes regarding changes in shape, we examine each of the elements of the characteristic horses-and-chariot motif in depth. This close analysis, supplemented by evidence from faunal remains, Linear B and other visual media, and combined with modern equine knowledge, allows us to understand some of the complexities of horse–human relations in ancient Greece and Cyprus. Through this, we see a co-becoming and mutual training of horse and human in the endeavour to become a successful chariot team; we can also recognise elements of ancient acknowledgement of equine agency and personhood. Horses and humans acted and reacted to each other, thereby living and learning together. The images on the chariot kraters reflect both ancient observation and knowledge of horses and caballine behaviour and artistic conventions and developments. Finally, horses were expensive animals to breed, keep and train (with accompanying expensive gear), and direct physical contact would have been for the fortunate few. The chariot kraters allowed a broader segment of the population to engage with horses and chariots, albeit indirectly.

On the social origins of economic divergence: familism, business and state in Greece

This article’s main argument is that what is really in question behind the present Greek economic crisis is the social model prevailing from the creation of the Greek nation-state up to the present day. The pre-modern institutional logic of the Greek social model can be depicted in terms of the notion of familism which points to the centrality of the nuclear-extended family and its friendship networks as the dominant locus of trust and moral duty. It is argued that the notion of familism sheds light on business and state relations in Greece: first on the dominant business models (mainly state-dependent and rent-seeking ‘entrepreneurship’), and on the private sector’s calamitous failure to produce the club goods required to enhance its competitiveness. Unsurprisingly, the neoliberal reforms imposed by the ‘Troika’ affected only some symptoms of the familism endemic in Greece. The big question is whether the realisation of a new social contract, combining the positive values of familism with civic culture, is possible in the medium to long run.

Gender in modern Greek historiography

This article analyses the emergence and development of the study of gender in modern Greek historiography in the broader sense, exploring works that incorporate, even to a minor extent, the gender factor. It shows that despite the manifold barriers that gender historians have faced, there has been a slow but steady process of diffusion of gender in modern Greek historiography in general. The article also shows that historical research on gender relations in Greece initially focused on the study of women, historicising, however, their relations with men. Thus, in line with what Kantsa and Papataxiarchis argue about the relevant scholarship at the international level, no linear transition from the study of women to the examination of gender relations occurred. What has transpired in the last two decades, however, is that the relevant historiography has gradually broadened to encompass a more systematic analysis of the (re)making of masculinities. It has also been enriched by the study of the intersection of gender and age as well as of transnational flows and their impact on gender, tendencies that have been slightly neglected in other reviews of the study of gender in Greek historiography.

New forms of employee involvement in european companies: implications for a peripheral industrial relations system

<p>Best practice examples in terms of worker participation are scarce in the Greek context. Over the past decade though the EU has given an impetus to worker participation; therefore, the introduction of participative structures and practices in European Company (EC) could be transferred in the Greek industrial relations system. The paper examines the extent at which the relevant EC Directive could<br />strengthen the dynamics of employee involvement, improve labour-management relations in Greece and disseminate participation in workplaces other than the subsidiaries of ECs. In addition, it examines the determining factors of such development</p>

The impact of the crisis on the Orthodox Church of Greece: a moment of challenge and opportunity?

ABSTRACTThis article explores the impact of the economic crisis on the Orthodox Church of Greece (OCG). The first three parts of the article set the current stage by offering a short overview of the crisis and the response of the OCG through its charitable social welfare activities. The fourth part looks at church–state relations in Greece, covering more particularly its financial aspects. The fifth and final part discusses how the economic crisis has affected the OCG itself, including its own finances and governance, and sustainability and mission in the long term. Although the OCG provides social assistance to the Greek population during the economic crisis, it also finds itself very much affected by the same crisis. The economic crisis has forced the OCG to reduce its operating costs while at the same time continue its extensive social work. The crisis has also prompted public debates and questions about the finances of the OCG. This situation may gradually force either the Greek state or the OCG, or perhaps both, to rethink their relationship in the future.

The history of public relations in Greece from 1950 to 1980: Professionalization of the “art”

The early development of public relations in Greece is explored through a focus on the period between 1950 and 1980. Specifically, the, article considers the origins and early developments, important actors, international influences, professional bodies and the field of practice. It is found that Greek business public relations were greatly influenced by American practices and through influential practitioners’ contact with the International Public Relations Association (IPRA).

Intermingled Cycles of Hegemony-Building: Europeanization and Minority Policies in Greece During the Simitis Period

Drawing on the changes and continuities in Greek official discourse and state policies towards the Turkish speaking Muslim minority in the 1990s, this article discusses the impact of Europeanization process on the state-minority relations in Greece from the neo-Gramscian perspective. Referring to an upper cycle of hegemony-in-building process between the -EU and Greece in the late 1990s, the article addresses the discursive and/or practical changes and continuities in the minority policy framework during the 1990s as well as prospects of the Greek state’s relations with the Turkish/Muslim minority. Within this context, it examines the likelihood of a hegemonic relationship between the Greek state and the Turkish/Muslim minority, based on the consent of the latter under the framework of a broader hegemonic structure of the European Union.

Secularism in Context: The Relations between the Greek State and the Church of Greece in Crisis

AbstractThe present article addresses the question of secularism in Greece. It discusses the prevalent modernist and civilisationist explanations of the recent crisis in state-church relations in Greece. Based on the idea that there is neither a single route to, nor a single pattern of, modernity and secularism, the article argues that the entanglement between state and church in modern Greece does not necessarily indicate either incomplete modernity or incomplete secularism. The paper emphasises both the structural weakness of the Orthodox Church in the modern Greek state and the secularisation of the church's ideology as core dimensions of the particular pattern of secularism in this country. The recent crisis is interpreted as a result of the twofold challenge of democratisation and globalisation that this historically grown pattern of secularism is facing over the last decades. Further, the article seeks to demonstrate that the nationalist stance of the Church of Greece should not be seen as persistent blind traditionalism and anti-modernism.

“Civilianization” in Greece versus “Demilitarization” in Turkey

The civil-military-relations literature has long concentrated on domestic factors in explaining the relationship between civilians and the military. This article concentrates on the effect of an external actor, the European Union (EU), on civil-military relations in Greece and Turkey. The main findings reveal that the two countries shared similar characteristics until the mid-1970s. However, their path of civil-military relations diverged considerably as soon as Greece’s EU membership prospect became tangible. While in the Greek case, “civilianization” took place, Turkey had witnessed a mere “demilitarization” of its regime. However, the article also shows how EU membership paves the way for the improvement of civil-military relations in the Turkish case.

The Evolution of Dispute Resolution, Negotiation, and Mediation in Greece

In this paper, a four-phase theory of industrial relations evolution is formulated so as to obtain a deeper understanding of contemporary deuelopments in industrial relations, as well as to situate the pattern of Greek industrial relations prior to 1990. Greece initiated a "U-turn " in its industrial relations system in the 1990s. The institutionalization of free collective bargaining, third party intervention on a voluntary basis, and the establishment of the Organization of Mediation and Arbitration (OMED) form the core of the new status quo in employee-employer relations in Greece. A general evaluation of the three years' experience of OMED indicates that a gradual, positive change in the atmosphere of the Greek industrial relations appears to have taken place. However, the transition from a long-standing low-trust and authoritarian industrial relations pattern requires the diffusion of new knowledge and experience, changes in cultures and support from multiple sources.

Negotiating Pluralism and Specifying Modernity in Greece: Reading Church–State Relations in the Christodoulos Period

The author explores Church–state relations in Greece during the period of Archbishop Christodoulos’ ecclesiastical leadership. Church–state interactions are analyzed as a series of engagements shaped by the logic of pluralism, whereby emblematic episodes reflect the efforts of Church and state to resolve their respective ambivalence regarding the conception, sources and manifestations of, as well as responses to, religious pluralism in contemporary Greece. Re-problematizing Church–state relations within the theoretical framework of pluralism offers analytical and practical gains in resolving the core issue in longstanding debates about constitutional design for Church–state relations in Greece, namely, the need to balance the state’s responsibility for uncompromising protection of the freedom and equality of all citizens, against the sensitivity to both historical and contemporary factors that constitute the cultural particularity of Greece. Finally, exploration of Church–state relations in terms of pluralism situates Greece within the broader reconsideration of the meaning and role of religion in Europe in the 21st century, particularly as such inquiry is linked to the political, legal and social aspects of democratization, and thereby suggests that questions of modernity in Greece are more usefully considered in terms of the country’s particularity rather than its exceptionalism.

A New Role for the Greek Church?

With the advent of Archbishop Christodoulos, a new phase in the relations between the Greek Orthodox Church and the state appears to have opened. Under its new leadership, the church is becoming more and more involved in secular issues, including major policy decisions. However, the church's new activism cannot be assessed in the abstract. The conditions that favored Archbishop Christodoulos's unprecedented popularity existed long before his election in April 1998. These conditions may be understood by examing the institutional framework of church-state relations in Greece and the treatment of religious minorities within that framework.

Moment-magnitude relations based on strong-motion records in Greece

AbstractIn this work, the variation of the local magnitude, MLSM, derived from strong-motion records at short distances is examined, in terms of moment magnitude, MW. Strong-motion data from Greek earthquakes are used to determine the strong-motion local magnitude, MLSM, by performing an integration of the equation of motion of the Wood-Anderson (WA) seismograph subjected to an input acceleration. The most reliable strong-motion data are utilized for earthquakes with seismic moments log M0 ≧ 22.0 dyne · cm and calculated local magnitudes, MLSM ≧ 3.7. The correlation between the seismic moments, log M0, and the calculated local magnitudes, MLSM, using strong-motion records is given by log M0 = 1.5*MLSM + 16.07, which is very similar to that proposed by Hanks and Kanamori (1979). Moreover, it is shown that MLSM is equal to moment magnitude, MW, for a large MLSM range (3.9 to 6.6). Comparison of the strong-motion local magnitude and the ML magnitude estimated in Greece (MLGR) and surrounding area shows a systematic bias of 0.4 to 0.5, similar to the difference that has been found between MW and MLGR for the same area. The contribution of the local site effects in the calculation of the local magnitude, MLSM, is also considered by taking into account two indices of soil classification, namely, rock and alluvium or the shear-wave velocity, v30s, of the first 30 m, based on NEHRP (1994) and UBC (1997). An increase of MLSM by 0.16 is observed for alluvium sites. Alternative relations showing the MLSM variation with, v30s are also presented. Finally, examination of the WA amplitude attenuation, −log A0, with distance shows that the Jennings and Kanamori (1983) relation for Δ < 100 km is appropriate for Greece. The same results confirm earlier suggestions that the 0.4 to 0.5 bias between MLGR and MW (also MLSM) should be attributed to a low static magnification (∼800) of the Athens WA instrument on which all other ML relations in Greece have been calibrated.

Women'S Employment and Gender Relations in Greece

The purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which the modernizing changes experienced in Greece in the postwar period are reflected in more equitable gender relations. The analysis indicates that although Greece has become one of the most progressive countries with respect to women's legal status, this is not necessarily reflected in behavioural changes at the interpersonal level. The influx of Greek women in the labour market is a necessary prerequisite, but not a sufficient condition, for the development of a new gender contract. Given the persistence of traditional economic structures within which the family retains a significant role, women's involvement in paid employment does not in itself signify a transformation of gender relations. For a large proportion of Greek women, therefore, work may be viewed as the result of a family strategy for collective income procurement and not necessarily as an indicator of more liberal gender-role ideologies. The article concludes that it is vitally important to establish the meaning that work carries for women themselves, as well as others in their social environment, by supplementing statistical information with qualitative in-depth analyses.

Recent Developments in Greek Industrial Relations: Statutory and Attitudinal Changes Towards Participation and Cooperation

ABSTRACT: Industrial relations in Greece were characterised in the past by labour‐management mistrust and conflict, as well as by strong government intervention which invariably influenced the state of industrial relations. Political instability and other serious interruptions, such as World War II, the enemy occupation, civil war and two military dictatorships, made any effort for improvement very difficult, if not impossible, in the 1936‐1974 period. Some concerted efforts were made later and especially in the 1980s (with EEC influence and support), which met with considerable success. A series of parliamentary acts and ministerial decrees, restored trade union freedoms, introduced statutory consultation and participation, strengthened collective bargaining, and established an independent agency for the settlement of disputes. Some degree of unity was also achieved among the major political factions represented in the trade union movement.More importantly (and in spite of their traditional reluctance to cooperate) the social partners represented on the employers‘ side by the Association of Greek Industries (SEV), and on the workers‘ side by the Greek General Confederation of Labour (GSEE) are beginning to move towards the development of innovatory systems of cooperation for the solution of problems of mutual concern. Furthermore, there are also some significant structural developments, including the establishment of a growing number of enterprise‐level trade unions, which are engaged in contract negotiations and agreements, and participation at the enterprise level. Additionally, appropriate research and training on both sides are helping to meet the socio‐economic challenges of the current decade and beyond.

Revenus Paysans et Rapports Sociaux en Grèce au XIXe Siècle

Dans une économie marchande de type capitaliste, le prix de la force de travail est déterminé à son niveau inférieur par le pouvoir d'achat du travailleur. Ce prix est bien entendu différent de la valeur produite par celui-ci. La différence entre le prix de la force de travail et la valeur produite détermine la base économique des rapports d'exploitation. Le pouvoir d'achat des travailleurs n'est pas fonction d'un type abstrait de régime combinant calories et vitamines, mais des habitudes locales ou nationales historiquement déterminées. La reproduction naturelle du travailleur, quel que soit le niveau de vie considéré, dépend exclusivement ou en grande partie du pouvoir d'achat que lui confère son salaire journalier. Cela suppose sa dépendance par rapport au marché du travail où il vend sa force de travail et où se fixe le prix de celle-ci.

Introduction

Symbolic Aspects of Male /Female Relations in Greece Introduction Loring M. Danforth The papers presented here under the title "Symbolic Aspects of Male/ Female Relations in Greece" represent a continuation of the early work done by John Campbell and Ernestine Friedl on the position of women in rural Greece. They also mark the application of more recent theoretical work on the anthropology of women and gender roles to the ethnography of rural Greece. The authors of these papers strive to remain faithful to the perspectives adopted by both the men and the women of rural Greece toward their social roles, their intrinsic natures, and the relationships between the sexes. In this way these authors successfully avoid the patricentric bias that has characterized much anthropological writing in the past and focus proper attention on the ideology and cultural models of women which are so often "muted" (to use Edwin Ardener's term) and therefore overlooked by anthropologists. While the authors of these papers make use of the oppositions between public and private, culture and nature, sacred and profane, purity and pollution, which have been formulated to deal with the symbolic aspects of male/female relations, they all recognize the limitations and weaknesses of an approach to gender roles and symbolism that relies exclusively on a paradigm of binary oppositions in which women are associated with the private, the natural, the profane, and the polluting (see particularly Dubisch, this volume). They recognize that the complexity of male and female symbolism calls for a more 157 158 Loring M. Danforth refined application of structural analysis, for more careful interpretation (what Clifford Geertz would call "thicker description"), and for a greater sensitivity to the context in which symbols for male and female are used. Regardless of whether their approach to the study of gender roles is feminist, Marxist, structuralist, semiotic, or symbolic, the authors of these papers all acknowledge the polysemous quality of symbols and emphasize the importance of ambiguity, ambivalence, paradox, conflict, and mediation in the analysis of symbolic systems. In this way their contributions to the study of the symbolic aspects of male/female relations in Greece attempt to do justice to the richness of rural Greek culture. In "Semantic Slippage and Moral Fall: The Rhetoric of Chastity in Rural Greek Society," Michael Herzfeld argues that "the lament for lost virtue" (the claim that women are no longer as chaste as they once were) should be understood as a symbolic act, an artifact of a particular ideology, rather than as a factual statement of some literal history of sexual morality. With an appropriate warning as to the dangers of cross-cultural comparisons and the difficulties of demonstrating continuity through time, and with an admirable sensitivity to "the hidden semantic divergence" between katharevousa and dimotiki, Herzfeld examines the changing meanings of the terms γάμος and εξωτικά. He concludes by showing how the phenomenon of semantic slippage enables Greek villagers to perpetuate "an immutable sense of recently corrupted morality" and maintain their "moral theory in the face of repeated violations." Ruth Mandel, in "Sacrifice at the Bridge of Artà : Sex Roles and the Manipulation of Power," applies the techniques of symbolic and structural analysis to the well-known folk song "The Bridge of Arta." Mandel demonstrates convincingly that this song is an expression of the marginal or liminal position occupied by women in rural Greek society. She argues that it is the wife of the master builder who must be sacrificed so that the bridge will stand, since, as an affine, she is both δική (an insider, a relative) and ξÎ-νη (an outsider, not a consanguineal relative). A woman "is expendable, yet her incorporation into the patrilineal unit is essential to insure its continuity. Her presence is required to secure the foundation of both the lineage and the bridge—yet not to sustain it." Mandel goes on to discuss other aspects of the mediating position women occupy in rural Greek society, pointing out that women serve as a link or bridge between their families of origin and their families of marriage, as well as between the world of the living and the world of the dead. Jill Dubisch's "Greek Women: Sacred or Profane" is an examination of...