Relational Work Research Articles

Toward a cultural sociology of taxation

Abstract This article advances calls for a cultural sociology of taxation by arguing that Zelizer’s theory of how monetary exchanges perform ‘relational work’ can be applied to taxpaying. Based on a review of research on taxpaying in the USA, I show this approach offers insight into a disparate set of puzzles about taxation including: why the USA continues to require income tax returns; why anti-tax sentiment persists even at low tax rates; why anti-government conservatives support some social spending; and whether linking taxpaying to citizenship promotes solidarity or racialized hierarchies. Recognizing that taxpaying involves relational work also reveals continuities with other forms of monetary exchange; and supplies evidence that relational work is performed at higher levels of relational abstraction than previously understood. While this article only gestures toward these possibilities, I hope it stimulates future research that fulfills the new fiscal sociology’s aspirations for a cultural sociology of taxation.

Bereavement support after a drug-related death: Professional perspectives

After a drug-related death, the bereaved are at risk of severe social and health consequences, but their need for professional support in their bereavement processes often falls under the radar. The bereaved themselves ask for continued support, and the research shows significant symptoms of prolonged grief for years after the loss. This article explores professionals’ perspectives on providing bereavement support to bereaved clients after a drug-related death. The article builds on focus group interviews with professionals from different health and welfare services in Norway who are likely to encounter the bereaved in their client work. A total of six focus group interviews were conducted, involving 29 professionals from services such as mental health and drug services, residential care, low threshold services, and medical services. The results show that bereavement support for the drug-death bereaved is perceived as demanding relational work that is not part of their primary work tasks. The work is highly individualised because formal organisational structures are lacking, which can impair bereaved peoples’ access to bereavement support. The lack of training, knowledge, and clear responsibility may lead to professionals lacking confidence and withdrawing from support initiatives in order to avoid stress and burnout.

A Relational Construction of Organizational Risk: Normalizing Versus Problematizing Through Risk Work on Concerns Versus Measures

This study examines a public hearing, in which a company normalizes a high-risk project while a group of residents and landowners problematize it through three types of relational risk work including the construction of concerns versus measures, consultations on concerns and measures, and company approach in addressing concerns with measures. They construct risk meanings in a relational context where they respond to the normalizing and problematizing attempts of one another. Accordingly, this study has two main contributions. First, it identifies three types of risk work used by public and business stakeholders to relationally construct and normalize/problematize risk and risk management and thus analyzes the tension between normalizing and problematizing as an issue of interdependence. Second, it brings forward the opposition between concerns and measures as an important topic for risk research and emphasizes the critical role of risk consultations with cooperative approaches in addressing this opposition.

Ethnography beyond the tribe: from immersion to “committed localism” in the study of relational work

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to propose a shift from the ideal of immersion to a practice of “committed localism” in the ethnographic study of relational work in the post-bureaucratic and service-based economy.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on ethnographic fieldwork following management consultancy projects in a hospital and a manufacturing company in Denmark. The approach was predicated on committed attention to the everyday of consultancy work activities and associated relational dynamics. This involved being present at the client sites, observing and listening in concrete situations of interaction and engaging in conversations with the multiple actors involved, both external consultants and members of client organisations.FindingsThe paper shows how “committed localism” was practiced in the ethnographic study of management consultancy as it is relationally accomplished in and through concrete situations of interaction between consultants and different actors in client organizations and the associated meaning production of the involved actors.Originality/valueThe paper develops the notion of “committed localism”, originally introduced by George Marcus, into a methodological concept to challenge the conventional ideal of immersion as the hallmark of “proper” ethnography. Such a shift is particularly pertinent for the ethnographic study of relational processes involving multiple actors occupying different positions in the temporary social spaces of contemporary workplaces.

Ritualized Relational Work: Secret Banquets and Rural Cadres in China

ABSTRACT Despite the Chinese central government’s anti-corruption policies and restrictions on Chinese Communist Party (CCP) cadres’ conduct, many rural cadres still hold or join lavish banquets, but in secret. Why do cadres take such risks? Why is banqueting so important for them? This ethnographic study in one rural county shows how instrumental banqueting (fanju) and associated interactions enhance exchange among rural cadres and businessmen, which can be understood as a process of relational work. This relational work exaggerates and adorns participants’ personal relationships and constructs a moral basis for corruption. This style of relational work uses the Confucian notion of li as an excuse to show benevolence(ren), creating "ritualized relational work." This paper contributes to an understanding of the resilience of guanxi practices during President Xi Jinping’s anti-corruption campaign.

The relational, emotional and infrastructural work of older people in pandemic digital interventions

ABSTRACT This paper explores the dynamics of peer support and companionship among older adults on a social networking site during the COVID-19 lockdown. Drawing from the authors’ five-month experience as volunteer facilitators and a qualitative study involving users, social workers, and managers, the paper examines two modes of online peer support and companionship: one based on voice messages, the other on visual messages. Guided by critical media and data studies, and incorporating concepts from cultural studies of mobile media and information infrastructure studies, the analysis highlights the interplay of relational/emotional and infrastructural work and uncovers intricate gendered and age-related configurations. Our conclusion emphasises, first, the need to comprehend how socio-technical systems shape emotional, relational, and infrastructural work during emergency digital interventions, and second, the importance of examining how specific notions of support and older people’s agency and response-ability are embedded in the socio-technical organisation of these digital interventions.

Improvements in Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Among Adults With Anxiety or Depressive Symptoms Participating in a Relational Agent-Delivered Digital Mental Health Intervention.

The study aimed to assess changes between baseline and end of treatment in work-related absenteeism, presenteeism, productivity, and nonwork-related activity impairment and estimate cost savings associated with observed improvements. Data from 91 employed adult participants who enrolled in a single-arm, exploratory study of a relational agent-delivered digital mental health intervention and completed Work Productivity and Activity Impairment assessments were analyzed; overall work productivity improvement was multiplied by the overall and education-adjusted US median annual salary to arrive at potential cost savings estimates. Adjusted models indicated more than 20% improvements in presenteeism, work productivity impairment, and activity impairment, yielding cost-savings estimates between $14,000 and more than $18,000 annually. Relational agent-delivered digital mental health interventions may be associated with improvements in work productivity and activity impairment, which could result in a sizable cost savings.

Giving and receiving: Gendered service work in academia

Deploying the perspective of ‘relational work’, this article investigates the mechanisms behind the gender-unequal distribution of academic service. The concept of relational work is used to analyse how men and women in academia balance collective against individual interests when agreeing or disagreeing on service tasks. Four types of relational work are identified: compliance, evasiveness, barter and investment, with compliance being more common among women, evasiveness and barter being more common among men and investment being tied to temporality in a gendered pattern. The article shows that men are more successful in pursuing individual interests against service demands and how this depends on their relational work as well as organisational role expectations, reducing women’s prospects of ‘saying no’. The study is based on qualitative interviews with 163 associate and full professors in the social sciences and CV data on their service contributions.

Talking about relational youth work: why language matters

ABSTRACT The literature on youth work emphasises the importance of ‘relationship’ to good practice, moreover, the characteristics of the youth-work relationship have been posited as a defining feature of youth work in the British-influenced tradition. Despite this, little attention is paid to the choice of language used to describe how professional youth workers relate to young people, or how language choices reflect political framing of youth work and of power relationships within their practice. Language choice has implications for how youth workers perceive their professional identity, for how accountability is construed, and for inter-professional working. In this article we undertake a thematic analysis to identify, analyse and critique various language options, drawing on international literature, with an application focus on Irish and Australian contexts. We address the question, ‘what language choices offer most precision and clarity about youth work professional relationships in different contexts?’ We identify three main ways the relationship between youth workers and young people has been framed: as collaboration; as transaction; or, as rights-based entitlement. We conclude with discussion of how different relational language choices in youth work should be selected to be congruent with the youth work context, power relationships and purposes.

Concealed Exchanges: Relational Work in Racially-Segregated Housing Markets

Concealed Exchanges: Relational Work in Racially-Segregated Housing Markets

VERNACULAR PEDAGOGIES FOR THE SYNTHETIC MEDIA AGE

This paper draws on our research into the cultures of production surrounding the development of deepfakes and use of other forms of generative AI across public sites such as GitHub and YouTube, and subsequent reflective classroom experimentation and learning. Expanding on the notion of ‘vernacular pedagogies’ – informal and in situ education and relational literacy work – we propose a set of approaches for widening participation and involvement in AI and its underlying data practices. We reflect on the kinds of public vernacular pedagogy available on YouTube, GitHub and elsewhere online, and the kinds of experimental project work and learning environments that can be created with higher education students that can widen critical forms of AI participation and literacy.

Re-inventing protection in a post-pandemic world: A new aerodynamic endonasal filtration technology

Is there a “missing device” for respiratory personal protection? Does it exist an easy-to-use device, allowing extensive use in everyday settings by the population, maximizing tolerability and low visual and physical invasiveness protecting from a wide range of threats including airborne pathogens, hence including the particle range of fine and ultrafine particles? Looking at the recent past, in the urgency of finding ready-to-use solutions for the respiratory protection of the population during the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, devices for occupational safety have been used, such as filtering face masks. These are devices intended for workers operating during work shifts in environments characterized by potential high risk, known a priori, often directly sensible; this makes wearers motivated to tolerate discomfort for a given period to face a localized risk, and safety managers determined to supervise compliance with usage specifications. Their use by general population has implied known shortcomings, such as weak compatibility with relational work and activities, low tolerability during prolonged use, low compliance with the proper use of the device, all of this lessening actual protection. The need for a new perspective has emerged, targeting effectiveness in whole daily life, rather than punctual efficacy. Nasal filters are promising candidates to protect individuals throughout the day during the most varied activities, but they lack a systematic definition as a device and as a product; it follows that the high complexity needed to reach an effective performance envelop is generally underestimated. By reviewing available literature, the present paper draws on the experience from the pandemic and infers systematic product specifications and characterization methods for a new, effective personal respiratory protection device; these specifications are compared with the stringent constraints associated with the endonasal applications and, based on air filtration state of the art, quantifies the need for technology disruption and outlining possible new development paths.

Mobile Payment and Service Interaction: Change and Chance for Delivering Service in Mobile Payment Checkout

This study explores how mobile payment reconfigures checkout service by investigating role and script changes and customers’ reactions to interactions beyond transactions. Study 1 utilized video analysis, showing that although checkout clerks are less involved in payment, they have chances for achieving nonpayment interactions (i.e., functional work and relational work). Study 2 adopted a survey-based experimental design to examine whether customers exhibited psychological discomfort when facing nonpayment interactions considering tie strength and customer orientation type. This study suggests the importance of nonpayment interactions in utilitarian retail contexts and reinspects the role and script of customers and employees in mobile checkouts.

Correction to: Relational Police Work: How Police Officers Work With, On and Through ‘Personal Relationships’ in a Danish Gang Exit Programme

Correction to: Relational Police Work: How Police Officers Work With, On and Through ‘Personal Relationships’ in a Danish Gang Exit Programme

A Narrative Exploration of One Teacher’s Storied Experiences of Online Learning during COVID-19

The hubbub of teaching lives is enriched by the relationships between students, colleagues, parents and the larger schooling community. When these relationships are disharmonious, attending to the dissonance within these relationships may offer insight into teachers’ relational work. This autoethnographic article focuses on one international elementary school teacher’s experience of teaching online in West Africa during COVID-19. Teaching online in a developing country with political and physical instabilities compounded the chaotic experience of living and working during the pandemic. Guided by this research question, “How did online learning impact my relationship with students?”, the author utilized writing as an inquiry approach to make sense of the challenging aspects of her online teaching experiences. By delving into narrated moments, the author engaged in reflexive analysis of storied experiences. This process illuminated the meaning-making steps that she took to appreciate the nuances contained within specific moments that she had with a student and his father. Through storying and re-storying these moments, the author wondered and metaphorically wandered to unearth potential emotions, assumptions and motivations that permeated her experiences. Such an explorative focus on teachers’ subjective meaning-making process augments the wider body of work on online education and, in particular, this study’s inquiry into the complexity of educational relationships through a narrative lens offers insights into the inner workings of teacher emotions and feelings. This paper reveals how teachers may benefit from adopting a reflective and reflexive sense-making approach towards understanding their emotions, feelings, responsibilities and relationships with students and parents, especially during a time of crisis. This article contributes to the ongoing discussions about the complexities of teachers’ relational work and it enriches the extant literature on online education by shedding light on the individualistic ways that teachers cope with the uncertainties of teaching during a time of crisis. Deeping our collective understanding of how teachers cope can help us to provide better support for teachers and students during crises such as COVID-19.

Pragmatics in Translation. Mediality, Participation and Relational Work, written by Daria Dayter, Miriam A. Locher, and Thomas C. Messerli

Pragmatics in Translation. Mediality, Participation and Relational Work, written by Daria Dayter, Miriam A. Locher, and Thomas C. Messerli

Entanglements

This editorial of the Journal of Awareness-based Systems Change delves into the complex entanglements of our inner and outer worlds. We delve into the nuances of feeling overwhelmed, and fatigued due to our deep, visceral connections with global events. Central to our narrative is the recognition of the intricate web of relationships that underpin all systemic change efforts. Through a lens of decolonialization and Awareness-Based Systems Change, we explore the necessity of reevaluating and transforming these connections. The editorial underscores the urgency of mending and honoring these relationships, emphasizing their role in reshaping our systems. We advocate for a holistic approach that includes affective, relational, and intellectual work, aiming to transcend traditional boundaries and foster a more interconnected and empathetic world. This editorial is a call to action for conscious engagement, inviting readers to participate in collective purpose-shaping and world-making, transforming vulnerabilities into a collective strength for systemic renewal

Intercultural communication during pandemic: new ways to build intercultural dialogue and relationships

ABSTRACT The article explores how intercultural relations can be fostered at the level of an undergraduate university degree during the pandemic. It offers one specific intervention within intercultural education to provide new ways of thinking about how intercultural relations can and do happen. By drawing on the self-reflexive narratives of the article’s authors – a university lecturer and three students – we consider the ways in which intercultural education can enable people from diverse cultures to build a learning community. On the basis of a thematic analysis, we explore the role of reflection and action in the creation of intercultural knowledge that can lead towards developing meaningful relations and can assist in further supporting students in their well-being. We first map some key issues in intercultural education at the university level and provide a short literature review. Secondly, we briefly describe our intercultural initiative. We put our narratives into conversation in order to facilitate deeper understanding of how to build meaningful intercultural relationships, while learning, and collaborating together. Our goal is to reflect on perceptions of the quality of intercultural relationship experiences at the level of a university degree and to show how complex relational work fostered intercultural collaboration during the pandemic. On the basis of our inductive research, we offer an original approach to fostering intercultural education based on four stages: constructing and fostering an initial encounter; promoting group participation; emphasising reciprocity; and constructing activities to promote trust and care. Our experience demonstrated how forming intercultural relationships can meaningfully help students with their expectations, aspirations, and ultimately, careers.

Enablers of transdisciplinary collaboration for researchers working on climate risks in African cities

This study explores enablers that help researchers to undertake collaborative transdisciplinary work with non-academic actors to co-produce knowledge on complex climate risks in African cities. Enablers were explored using a qualitative case study approach and expansive learning theory, which emphasises the embeddedness of practices in cultural and historical contexts. Concepts associated with expansive learning helped to consider relational enablers, namely: (i) capabilities required by researchers to understand the perspectives, values and motives of non-academic actors and make their own explicit; (ii) characteristics of spaces that allowed diverse participants to engage with perspectives, values and motives of others; and (iii) knowledge of the motivation behind different practices of non-academic actors, as embedded in different contexts. Findings highlight the importance of researchers’ intentional efforts to engage non-academic actors in their city contexts and respond to local priorities. Design elements that enabled relational work included explicit co-production framings, sharing experiences and opportunities for understanding various actor groups through structured activities and informal dialogues. The study highlights the situated and dialectical relationship between growing relational capabilities of researchers and their engagement in transdisciplinarity, provided spaces were created for reflection on activities. Relational enablers helped researchers to understand the heterogeneous experiences of actors working in African cities and tensions that influence their practices including traditional knowledge paradigms and siloed ways of working. The “champions” identified by researchers were those non-academic actors who took agency to engage with these tensions and begin transforming their practices towards multi-actor transdisciplinary knowledge co-production.

Experts in care: homeroom teachers, care work and the development of practice-based care expertise

ABSTRACT In this study we explore the care work of homeroom teachers, who, in many educational systems, are responsible for the social and emotional wellbeing of students in their homeroom classes. The study is based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with 70 homeroom teachers in Israeli elementary, middle and high schools, and draws on Tronto’s ethics of care combined with a practice-based approach to expertise. We argue that homeroom teachers develop unique, practice-based expertise, based on four distinct but interrelated forms of care work: intuitive work, relational work, emotional work and sensory work. Homeroom teachers develop their care expertise amid institutionalised deficiency in professional training in care work and a lack of organisational support for this work in schools. These structural problems detract from teachers’ ability to provide competent caregiving, a necessary element in Tronto’s ethics, and they constitute a warning sign concerning the capacity of k-12 education to provide good care.