Related Manufacturing Technologies Research Articles

A Review of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting: Materials, Design, and Readout Circuits

Mechanical vibrational energy, which is provided by continuous or discontinuous motion, is an infinite source of energy that may be found anywhere. This source may be utilized to generate electricity to replenish batteries or directly power electrical equipment thanks to energy harvesters. The new gadgets are based on the utilization of piezoelectric materials, which can transform vibrating mechanical energy into useable electrical energy owing to their intrinsic qualities. The purpose of this article is to highlight developments in three independent but closely connected multidisciplinary domains, starting with the piezoelectric materials and related manufacturing technologies related to the structure and specific application; the paper presents the state of the art of materials that possess the piezoelectric property, from classic inorganics such as PZT to lead-free materials, including biodegradable and biocompatible materials. The second domain is the choice of harvester structure, which allows the piezoelectric material to flex or deform while retaining mechanical dependability. Finally, developments in the design of electrical interface circuits for readout and storage of electrical energy given by piezoelectric to improve charge management efficiency are discussed.

Selected Materials and Technologies for Electrical Energy Sector

Ensuring the energy transition in order to decrease CO2 and volatile organic compounds emissions and improve the efficiency of energy processes requires the development of advanced materials and technologies for the electrical energy sector. The article reviews superconducting materials, functional nanomaterials used in the power industry mainly due to their magnetic, electrical, optical, and dielectric properties and the thin layers of amorphous carbon nitride, which properties make them an important material from the point of view of environmental protection, optoelectronic, photovoltaic and energy storage. The superconductivity-based technologies, material processing, and thermal and nonthermal plasma generation have been reviewed as technologies that can be a solution to chosen problems in the electrical energy sector and environment. The study explains directly both—the basics and application potential of low and high-temperature superconductors as well as peculiarities of the related manufacturing technologies for Roebel cables, 1G and 2G HTS tapes, and superconductor coil systems. Among the superconducting materials, particular attention was paid to the magnesium di-boride MgB2 and its potential applications in the power industry. The benefits of the use of carbon films with amorphous structures in electronics, sensing technologies, solar cells, FETs, and memory devices were discussed. The article provides the information about most interesting, from the R&D point of view, groups of materials for PV applications. It summarises the advantages and disadvantages of their use regarding commercial requirements such as efficiency, lifetime, light absorption, impact on the environment, costs of production, and weather dependency. Silicon processing, inkjet printing, vacuum deposition, and evaporation technologies that allow obtaining improved and strengthened materials for solar cell manufacturing are also described. In the case of the widely developed plasma generation field, waste-to-hydrogen technology including both thermal and non-thermal plasma techniques has been discussed. The review aims to draw attention to the problems faced by the modern power industry and to encourage research in this area because many of these problems can only be solved within the framework of interdisciplinary and international cooperation.

Surface Form Accuracy Evaluation in Abrasive Lapping of Single-Crystal Silicon Wafers

Silicon-based materials still dominate the current semiconductor industry for the foreseeable years such that it is needed in continuously developing the related advanced manufacturing technologies. For the abrasive precision lapping of single-crystal silicon wafers, the surface form accuracy is very important which can significantly improve its efficiency and reduce the cost in the following ultra-precision polishing process. In this study, a novel driving system is proposed in the single-side planetary lapping process that could realize the irrational rotation speed ratio of the lapping plate to the workpiece, and it is found from the numerical qualitative and quantitative analysis that the uniformity of the particle trajectories moving on the target surface has been significantly improved using the irrational rotation speed ratio and hence resulting in the higher surface form accuracy than that driven by the rational rotation speed ratio. Moreover, an in-house developed irrational rotation speed ratio driving system has been designed for the experimental study, and it is found that the effect of the rational and irrational rotation speed ratios on surface roughness is not significant, while all the five essential values related to the surface form accuracy are better under the rotation speed ratio of i = 1.0772… than that under the rotation speed ratio of i = 1, which demonstrates that the irrational rotation speed ratio driving system has the advantage of being able to obtain a good surface form accuracy and agrees well with the numerical simulation results.

Energy, time and material consumption modelling for fused deposition modelling process

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) provides an evolutionary paradigm for the next generation of manufacturing. However, the understanding of AM's pattern is not sufficient in manufacturing time, energy and material consumptions. This study aims to provide a flexible and modular modelling method for the aforementioned indicators based on the path planning code and machine characteristics. It enables an accurate consumption prediction from an arbitrary manufacturing task at prefabrication phase and allows users to customise parameters to reduce consumptions. With a small number of experiments on different machine, this method is suitable for other related manufacturing technologies using numerical control programming.

Mechatronic Systems to the Braking Mechanisms

With the evolution of technology, the construction and geometry of the piston, together with the materials from which it is made, as well as the related manufacturing technologies, have been continuously improved. Thus, modern engines have become less polluting, working at higher temperatures and pressures. Body aerodynamics have been improved, leading to lower resistance forces from the air. Also, the internal losses of the engines, generated by friction, as well as those at the level of the tire-road interface were diminished. All these improvements to motor vehicles have led to a proportional decrease in native braking capacity. Moreover, this decrease is evident in tonnage vehicles, which are disadvantaged in terms of the small contact area of the friction elements in conventional braking systems. For these reasons as well as due to the attempts to coordinate the platoon of cars, the decrease of the fuel consumption, the increase of the safe speed of movement resulted in the necessity of the development of new auxiliary braking systems, or the improvement of the already existing ones.

Recent advances in silk-based wearable sensors

In recent years, wearable electronics has received extensive attention, providing new opportunities for implementing health monitoring, human disease diagnosis and treatment, and intelligent robotics. Sensor is one of the key components of wearable electronics. Silk (Bombyx Mori) material shows unique features including high yield, excellent tensile strength (0.5–1.3 GPa) and toughness ((6–16) × 10<sup>4</sup> J/kg), good biocompatibility, programmable/controllable biodegradability, novel dielectric properties, and various material formats. With the rapid development of biomaterials and related manufacturing technologies, advanced silk-based materials have been studied and applied to wearable sensors. Here, we firstly introduce the five-level structure of silk fibroin from bottom to top and characteristics of silk-based advanced materials, and then review the research progress of silk-based advanced materials in wearable sensors in recent years, including mechanical sensors, electrophysiological sensors, temperature sensors and humidity sensors. The working mechanism, structure and performance of different sensors, the role of silk proteins in them, and their applications in health monitoring are discussed and summarized. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of silk-based wearable sensors in practical applications are put forward.

Special Issue on the Latest Machine Tool Technologies and Manufacturing Processes

With the 2011 launch of Industrie 4.0, a German project aiming to promote the computerization of manufacturing, the integration of physical or actual manufacturing systems with cyber-physical systems (CPS) using various technologies, such as the Internet of things (IoT), industrial Internet of things (IIOT), and artificial intelligence, is considered to be more important than ever before. One of the goals of the Industrie 4.0 is to realize smart factories or smart manufacturing using advanced digital technologies. However, the core component in the manufacturing systems is still machine tools. This special issue, composed of eleven excellent research papers, focuses on the latest research advances in machine tools and manufacturing processes. It covers various topics, including machine tool control, tool path generation for multi-axis machining, and machine tool components. Furthermore, this special issue includes innovative machining technologies, including not only cutting and grinding processes but also the EDM process and burnishing process connected effectively with force control techniques. All the research contributions were presented at IMEC2018, a joint event with JIMTOF2018, held in Tokyo, Japan in 2018. The editors would like to sincerely thank the authors for their dedication and for their well written and illustrated manuscripts. We are also profoundly grateful for the efforts of all the reviewers who ensured their quality. Finally, we sincerely hope that studies on machine tools and related manufacturing technologies will further contribute to the development of our global society.

55‐1: Roadmapping Strategies for Rapidly Diversifying FPD Applications and Manufacturing Technologies

This study examines the increasing complexity of FPD applications and related manufacturing technologies. It offers a roadmap of key developments over the next six years and uses detailed analysis of QD OLED, LTPO, and inkjet printing to provide a framework for FPD supply chain companies to manage their businesses as the industry rapidly evolves.

Corrosive effect of environmental change on selected properties of polymer composites

The development of composite materials and the related design and manufacturing technologies is one of the most important advances in the history of materials. Composites are multifunctional materials having unprecedented mechanical and physical properties that can be tailored to meet the requirements of a particular application. Ageing is also important and it is defined as the process of deterioration of engineering materials resulting from the combined effects of atmospheric radiation, heat, oxygen, water, micro-organisms and other atmospheric factors. The present article deals with monitoring the changes in the mechanical properties of composites with polymer matrix. The composite was formed from the PA matrix and glass fibers (GF). The composite contains 10, 20 and 30 % of glass fibers. The mechanical properties were evaluated on samples of the composite before and after UV radiation on the sample. Light microscopy was evaluated distribution of glass fibers in the polymer matrix and the presence of cracks caused by UV radiation.

Systematic Development Strategy for Smart Devices Based on Shape-Memory Polymers.

Shape-memory polymers are outstanding “smart” materials, which can perform important geometrical changes, when activated by several types of external stimuli, and which can be applied to several emerging engineering fields, from aerospace applications, to the development of biomedical devices. The fact that several shape-memory polymers can be structured in an additive way is an especially noteworthy advantage, as the development of advanced actuators with complex geometries for improved performance can be achieved, if adequate design and manufacturing considerations are taken into consideration. Present study presents a review of challenges and good practices, leading to a straightforward methodology (or integration of strategies), for the development of “smart” actuators based on shape-memory polymers. The combination of computer-aided design, computer-aided engineering and additive manufacturing technologies is analyzed and applied to the complete development of interesting shape-memory polymer-based actuators. Aspects such as geometrical design and optimization, development of the activation system, selection of the adequate materials and related manufacturing technologies, training of the shape-memory effect, final integration and testing are considered, as key processes of the methodology. Current trends, including the use of low-cost 3D and 4D printing, and main challenges, including process eco-efficiency and biocompatibility, are also discussed and their impact on the proposed methodology is considered.

Finite element analysis and die design of heading processes of magnesium alloy screws

This study is to develop related manufacturing technologies of LZ91 magnesium alloy M6 screws. Firstly, a warm heading process composed of three stages is proposed. The material flow pattern of the billet inside the die is analyzed using the finite element analyses. The effects of the friction factor, die speed and forming temperature on the heading load are discussed. The effects of the stroke at the first stage on the formability at the second stage are also discussed. Finally, warm heading experiments are conducted using a self-designed die set and a lubricant of MoS2. The experimental values of heading load and product shapes and dimensions are compared with the simulation results to verify the validity of the finite element models and the proposed warm heading procedures.

Size effects of 109° domain walls in rhombohedral barium titanate single crystals—A molecular statics analysis

Ferroelectric functional materials are of great interest in science and technology due to their electromechanically coupled material properties. Therefore, ferroelectrics, such as barium titanate, are modeled and simulated at the continuum scale as well as at the atomistic scale. Due to recent advancements in related manufacturing technologies the modeling and simulation of smart materials at the nanometer length scale is getting more important not only to predict but also fundamentally understand the complex material behavior of such materials. In this study, we analyze the size effects of 109° nanodomain walls in ferroelectric barium titanate single crystals in the rhombohedral phase using a recently proposed extended molecular statics algorithm. We study the impact of domain thicknesses on the spontaneous polarization, the coercive field, and the lattice constants. Moreover, we discuss how the electromechanical coupling of an applied electric field and the introduced strain in the converse piezoelectric effect is affected by the thickness of nanodomains.

On molecular statics simulations of ferroelectric functional materials

AbstractThe simulation of ferroelectric materials on the atomistic length scale is getting more and more important due to recent advancements in related manufacturing technologies. Therefore, we present an extended molecular statics algorithm in order to not only compute equilibrium configurations efficiently but also to consider the deformation of a discrete particle system due to macroscopic stress. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of mechanical stress and strain on the spontaneous polarization and the magnitude of the coercive field of a ferroelectric barium titanate system. (© 2015 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

生物医用电极制造技术及应用研究进展

Biomedical electrodes convert the ion potential generated by electrochemical activities into an electronic potential that can be measured by instrumentation systems; they are widely used as sensors in modern clinical detection and biomedical measurement. In recent years, with increasing applications in the fields of electrocardiography (ECG), electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), and electrical impedance tomography (EIT), a great number of new biomedical electrodes with novel structural design and new material selection have been explored and developed; low-cost fabrication methods are also being intensively studied. In this paper, biomedical electrodes are classified into five types, including traditional silver/silver chloride electrodes, microneedle electrodes, flexible textile electrodes, foam electrodes, and insulated dry electrodes. The conversion mechanisms from ion potential to electronic potential of different biomedical electrodes described in the prior literature are firstly introduced, and then the latest research results concerning the fabrication processes for different biomedical electrodes, and the methods of using them, are reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of each type of electrode for practical applications are discussed, based on the published literature. A general description of the current applications of biomedical electrodes in ECG, EEG, EMG, and EIT is presented. Typical results from researchers in various countries are reviewed to further introduce the detailed application of different biomedical electrodes. Emerging application fields for biomedical electrodes, such as electrooculography, electrogastrography, and the study of the nervous system, are also presented. Finally, the development and application prospects of biomedical electrodes are described briefly. With the rapid development of microelectronics, micro-nano manufacturing and signal processing technology, the related manufacturing technologies and signal processing methods for biomedical electrodes have achieved great progress; in particular, a much deeper understanding about the contact mechanism with human tissue and skin has been obtained. We believe that many new biomedical electrodes will be developed in the next few years to greatly improve the detection level of bioelectric information.

Special Issue on High Performance Cutting and Related Manufacturing Technologies

The 4th CIRP International Conference on High Performance Cutting had been held at the Nagaragawa Convention Center in Gifu City of Japan in October 2010. The scope of the conference was to review and discuss the visions, state of the art and innovations in the area of high performance cutting and related manufacturing technologies. This conference is originated from the CIRP Working Group in High Performance Cutting established by Professor G. Byrne in 2001. After four workshops in Europe, the 1st international conference on HPC was held in Aachen in 2004 chaired by Professor Byrne and Professor F. Klocke. The second one was held in Vancouver under the chairmanship of Professor Y. Altintas and the 3rd one was organized by Professor Byrne and Dr. O’connell in Dublin. In this conference, 144 interesting papers were presented from 19 countries. The editorial committee of IJAT selected the excellent papers presented at the conference and requested the authors to contribute manuscripts in expanded version of conference papers. As a result, 25 papers were accepted for the publication. I believe that this special issue provides the readers valuable information at the leading edge of manufacturing technologies. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to all of the authors and reviewers for their invaluable effort.