Rejection Schemas Research Articles

The Mediating Effect of Relationship Authenticity on the Relationship Between the Disconnection and Rejection Schema and Marital Intimacy: Actor and Partner Effects

The Mediating Effect of Relationship Authenticity on the Relationship Between the Disconnection and Rejection Schema and Marital Intimacy: Actor and Partner Effects

대학생의 단절 및 거절 도식과 자기개념 명확성, 진로신념, 진로적응성의 구조적 관계

The aim of this study is to clarify the structural relationships between college students' perceived disconnection and rejection schema, self-concept clarity, career belief, and career adaptability. In pursuit of this goal, a survey was conducted with 356 college students, and ultimately, data from 349 participants was analyzed. Firstly, the research findings indicate that the structural model fit of college students' perceived disconnection and rejection schema, self-concept clarity, career belief, and career adaptability is satisfactory, suggesting the model's suitability for predicting the structural relationships among variables. Secondly, in relation to college students' career adaptability, self-concept clarity had a negative impact, while career belief had a positive impact. Thirdly, a complete mediating effect of career belief was confirmed in the relationship between perceived disconnection and rejection schema and career adaptability. Additionally, a partial mediating effect of career belief was verified in the relationship between self-concept clarity and career adaptability. Based on these results, the significance of perceived disconnection and rejection schema, self-concept clarity, and career belief for college students' career adaptability was discussed, and future implications for career counseling and education were considered.

Relationship Between Early Maladaptive Schemas, COVID-19 Anxiety, and Death Anxiety During COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic led to significant concerns and public panic. Due to the ambiguous and deadly nature of this virus, it triggers anxiety related to COVID-19 and a fear of death. On the other hand, early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) can impact anxiety. Objectives: The current research aimed to determine the relationship between EMSs, COVID-19 anxiety, and death anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic among Zahedan University of Medical Sciences (ZAUMS) students in Iran. Methods: The present descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 ZAUMS students selected through a purposive and convenience sampling technique from May 2022 to December 2022. The data were collected using the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale, the short version of the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ), and the Templer Death Anxiety Scale (DAS). The data were analyzed in SPSS 22 using various statistical methods, including frequency analysis, mean calculation, standard deviation calculation, descriptive indices, and multiple regression analysis. Results: The disconnection and rejection schema predicted COVID-19 anxiety without a moderator or with a history of contact with a COVID-19 patient as a moderator (B = 0.10, t = 2.69, P < 0.05, R2 = 0.09). Impaired autonomy and performance could predict death anxiety with the moderating role of a history of contact with a COVID-19 patient (B = 0.31 t = 2.14, P < 0.05), history of contracting COVID-19 (B = 0.24; t = 2.12, P < 0.05), discipline, and study period or without any moderator. Over-vigilance could predict death anxiety with the moderating role of discipline or without a moderator (B = 0.41, t = 2.93, P < 0.05). Conclusions: Disconnection and rejection with or without a moderator predict COVID-19 anxiety. Over-vigilance, impaired autonomy, and performance schema domain predict death anxiety. Effective moderators in predicting variables are contact with a COVID-19 patient, history of contracting COVID-19, discipline, and study period.

Comparing the Efficacy of a Specialized Package for Women with Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Schema Therapy on Perfectionism and Maladaptive Schemas in Women with Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Objective: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of a specialized package for women with body dysmorphic disorder and schema therapy on perfectionism and maladaptive schemas in women afflicted with body dysmorphic disorder. Methods: The research employed a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up phases involving two experimental groups and one control group, conducted among women with body dysmorphic disorder visiting psychological centers in Isfahan in the first half of 2022. For this purpose, 45 women were selected by convenience and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. The first experimental group received the specialized package for women with body dysmorphic disorder (researcher-designed), and the second experimental group underwent schema therapy according to the protocol of Young and colleagues (2023) over ten 90-minute sessions, while the control group received no intervention. Participants completed the Perfectionism Questionnaire (1995) and Young's Schema Questionnaire (1998) at pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with SPSS software. Findings: There were significant differences between the groups receiving the specialized package and schema therapy and the control group in terms of negative perfectionism and rejection schemas (p < .01). Additionally, there were differences between the group receiving the specialized package and the schema therapy group in terms of positive perfectionism, autonomy schemas, impaired performance, and impaired limits (p < .01), such that the specialized package had an effect on positive perfectionism, and schema therapy had an impact on autonomy schemas, impaired performance, and impaired limits (p < .05). Moreover, neither treatment had an effect on schemas of other-directedness and hypervigilance. Conclusion: Specialists are recommended to utilize both interventions to improve women with body dysmorphic disorder in terms of reducing negative perfectionism and rejection schemas, to use the specialized package for enhancing positive perfectionism, and to employ schema therapy for reducing autonomy schemas and impaired functioning and limits.

전문연주자의 단절 및 거절도식이 연주불안에 미치는 영향

Objectives This study verified the mediating effects of perfectionistic self-presentation on the effects of disconnection and rejection schema on performance anxiety of professional music performers.
 Methods For the verification of this, 256 copies were used for final statistical analysis by conducting surveys for 270 professional music performers in the municipal choir members in Korea. For the collected data, descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, for each variable were conducted using the SPSS 23.0 statistical program, and the mediating effect was verified using Process Macro for SPSS V3.5 Model 4.
 Results First, in the results of conducting a statistical analysis to verify the difference in performance anxiety according to the type of performance of professional music performers, the level of performance anxiety in solo was higher than in chorus. Second, in the results of conducting a correlation analysis to verify the relationship of major variables, it was found that the disconnection and rejection schema, performance anxiety, perfectionistic selfpresentation were all positive (+) correlations. Third, in the results of verifying using Process Macro V3.5 Model 4, perfectionistic self-presentation has a mediating effect on the effect of professional music performer's disconnection and rejection schema on performance anxiety, it was confirmed that there is a mediating effect on solo performance anxiety.
 Conclusions First, this study enhanced the understanding of professional music performers by analyzing the disconnection and rejection schema, performance anxiety, perfectionistic self-presentation of professional music performers. Second, it was confirmed that the performance anxiety differed according to the type of performance. Third, it was confirmed that perfectionistic self-presentation affects solo performance anxiety by mediating the disconnection and rejection schema.

기혼여성의 단절 및 거절 도식과 결혼 만족의 관계에서 헌신의 조절효과

Objectives The purposes of this study are identifying whether disconnection and rejection schema out of early maladaptive schemas of married women can influence marriage satisfaction and examining and verifying the relationship between disconnection and rejection schema and marital satisfaction under the assumption that it will differ owing to commitment, which is a moderating variable.
 Methods For this aim, survey targeted 366 married women residing in Seoul, Gyeonggi, Incheon areas and statistical analysis of 300 surveys through SPSS 22.0 program.
 Results The following are the summary of the study results. First, it has been found that the relationships between disconnection and rejection schema, commitment, and marital satisfaction were all significant. Disconnection and rejection schema had significantly negative correlation with marital satisfaction and commitment had positive correlation with marital satisfaction. Second, as a result of examining how disconnection and rejection schema influences marital satisfaction, disconnection and rejection schema had negative correlation with marital satisfaction. Third, as a result of examining how commitment moderates the relationship between disconnection and rejection schema and marital satisfaction, the moderating effect of commitment was significant in the relationship between disconnection and rejection schema and marital satisfaction.
 Conclusions Thus, through this study, the relationship between maladaptive schema and marital satisfaction was examined by looking into the interacting influence of marital satisfaction and commitment of married women with disconnection and rejection schema and it has been verified that the level of marital satisfaction can differ according to commitment level. In that sense, this study is meaningful in the sense that it provided empirical data contributing to improvement of unsatisfactory marriage life. Lastly, the implications in counseling, education regarding maladaptive schema and commitment were discussed and this study's limitations and the necessity of follow-up studies were suggested.

Maladaptive Cognitive Schemas as Predictors of Disordered Eating: Examining the Indirect Pathway through Emotion Regulation Difficulties.

A scarcity of research has looked into the association of maladaptive core beliefs with dysfunctional eating patterns. Moreover, no prior study has considered the potential role of difficulties in negative emotion regulation when disentangling the complex correlations between early maladaptive schemas and disturbed eating habits. Our study aimed at exploring the distinct relationships between early maladaptive schemas and disordered eating, while investigating the indirect role of emotion regulation difficulties within these associations. We collected data from 982 Lebanese young adults (18–30 years old), distributed across the five Lebanese governorates, who completed the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), the Young Schema Questionnaire—Short Form 3 (YSQ-SF3), and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale—16 Item Version (DERS-16). The results showed that the disconnection and rejection schema domain, under which the early maladaptive schema of mistrust was the most predictive of disordered/inappropriate eating attitudes. All the remaining maladaptive schema domains (i.e., the impaired autonomy/performance, impaired limits, other-directedness, and overvigilance/inhibition schema domains) exerted significant indirect effects on disordered eating attitudes through difficulties in emotion regulation. Our findings gave prominence to a potential intrinsic mechanism through which maladaptive cognitive schemas are linked to disordered eating behaviors, emphasizing the role of emotion dysregulation as a cardinal actor within this model. They sustain the surmise that cognitively and emotionally vulnerable individuals exhibit stronger propensities for inappropriate dietary patterns, as a means to offset their inner weakness. This study broadens the medical community’s insights into the underpinning processes behind eating disorder psychopathology and could therefore make a step towards the adoption of innovative therapeutic approaches that promote emotion regulation skills in the context of schema therapy.

Understanding intergenerational transmission of early maladaptive schemas from a memory perspective: Moderating role of overgeneral memory on adverse experiences

BackgroundPrevious studies demonstrated that early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) are transmitted from mothers to children through adverse childhood experiences, such as maltreatment and unfulfilled core needs. The traumatic memory literature demonstrated that people with a history of trauma recall their traumatic and/or other negative experiences as categories of events—a phenomenon called overgeneral autobiographical memory (OGM)—to avoid the accompanying intense negative feelings. In the long run, OGM originating from an affect-regulation process after childhood traumatic experiences can facilitate the development of EMSs in children. ObjectiveThis study expands the previous literature by studying whether OGM facilitates the transmission of EMSs by strengthening maladaptive thinking patterns after traumatic experiences. Participants and settingsA total of 120 mothers and late adolescents participated in this study. The mothers filled out the forms online through a link sent to their e-mail addresses, and the adolescents completed the forms online through a link posted on social media. MethodLate adolescents completed the Autobiographical Memory Recall Task, Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form-3 (YSQ-SF3), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Mothers filled out the YSQ-SF3 and BDI. ResultsThe results confirmed that adverse childhood experiences significantly mediated the relationship between mothers' and children's disconnection and rejection schemas. Furthermore, this relationship was stronger, especially for children with a higher tendency of overgeneral retrieval of negative experience (β = 0.26 (0.10), 95% CI [0.09, 0.49]). ConclusionsThe present study provides evidence that OGM facilitates the transmission of early maladaptive schemas.

Modeling the structural equations of emotional divorce based on early maladaptive schemas, emotional empathy mediated by emotion regulation in married

Aim: The aim of this study was to model the structural equations of emotional divorce based on early maladaptive schemas, emotional empathy mediated by emotion regulation in married women in Tehran. Methods: The study was a descriptive, correlational and statistical study of married women in Tehran. Using available sampling method, 200 married women living in Tehran were selected as a sample of friends and counselors of the Association for the Protection of Children's Rights online due to coronavirus. .The research instruments were Guttman (1999) Emotional Divorce Questionnaire, Young's maladaptive schemas (1998), Epstein and Mehrabian (1972) emotional empathy, and Gross and John (2003) emotion regulation. All analyzes were performed using SPSS26 and AMOS24 software. Bootstrap method was also used to analyze the intermediate relationships in MACRO Precruheiz (2008).. Results: The results of the direct effect showed that the schema of disconnection and rejection(β=0.343), Overvigilance and inhibition (β=0.294),has a positive and significant effect on emotional divorce, and emotional empathy (β= -0.345), has a negative and significant effect on emotional divorce. Also, the indirect effects of disconnection and rejection schemas (β=0.0320), Impaired Autonomy and performance(β=0.0447), Directedness (β= 0.0509), Overvigilance and inhibition (β=0.0628), impaired limits (β= 0.1252), and emotional empathy (β= -0.0140), on emotional divorce through emotion regulation were significant. The results showed that emotion regulation as a mediating variable could explain the relationship between maladaptive schema and emotional empathy. Conclusion: Since the findings of this study indicate strong and significant relationships between research variables and emotional divorce, it is suggested that through various means including mass media, daily hours to teach life skills, effective and positive strategies for emotion regulation and innovations to modify the schema. Initial incompatibilities should be considered and psychologists should be employed to discuss this issue.

The Relationship among Insecure Attachment, Disconnection and Rejection Schemas and Relationship Satisfaction, Subjective Well-Being of University Students: The Mediating Effect of Active Stress Coping Strategy

목적 본 연구는 대학생의 불안정 애착, 단절 및 거절 도식과 대인관계만족도, 주관적 안녕감의 관계에서 적극적 스트레스대처 방식의 매개 효과를 검증하고 변인들의 구조적 관계를 분석하였다. 방법 이를 위해 2020년 1월에서 2020년 3월까지 서울, 경기, 충청 5개 대학의 1,100명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하고 회수된 1,024부 중 불성실 응답과 결측치가 있는 자료를 제거한 후 928부를 연구 분석에 활용하여 SPSS 23.0과 AMOS 23.0을 통해 구조방정식모형 분석을 실시하였다. 결과 연구결과, 첫째, 대학생의 불안정 애착, 단절 및 도식, 대인관계만족, 주관적 안녕감, 적극적 스트레스대처 방식은 모두 유의미한 상관관계가 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 둘째, 구조모형 분석을 통해 애착불안, 애착회피, 단절 및 거절 도식 수준이 높을수록 대인관계만족과 주관적안녕감이 낮게 나타났다. 셋째, 구조모형 분석을 통해 대학생의 애착불안, 애착회피, 단절 및 거절 도식과 대인관계만족, 주관적 안녕감의 관계에서 적극적 스트레스대처 방식이 부분 매개하는 것으로 나타났다 결론 본 연구를 통해, 대학생의 대인관계만족도와 주관적 안녕감을 위해 애착불안, 애착회피, 단절 및 거절 도식 그리고 매개변인인 적극적 스트레스대처 방식과 관련하여 보다 통합적인 이해가 필요하며, 적극적 스트레스대처 방식을 통해 대인관계만족과 주관적 안녕감을 향상시킬 수 있음을 검증하였다. 이로써 대학생들의 삶의 질과 행복감 향상을 위해 대학 현장에서 실질적인 상담 개입과 교육적 활용방안의 기초 자료를 제공하는데 의의가 있다.

The Mediating Effect of Rejection Sensitivity, Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness and Fear of Intimacy on the Relationship Between Disconnection and Rejection Schemas and Loneliness

The Mediating Effect of Rejection Sensitivity, Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness and Fear of Intimacy on the Relationship Between Disconnection and Rejection Schemas and Loneliness

The Potential Role of the Early Maladaptive Schema in Behavioral Addictions Among Late Adolescents and Young Adults.

BackgroundBehavioral addiction (BA) is a recent concept in psychiatry. Few studies have investigated the relationship between BA and early maladaptive schemas (EMSs). EMS is the core of Schema Therapy (ST). According to the ST model, psychiatric disorders result from the development of EMSs in response to unmet emotional needs in childhood. Bach et al. (2018) grouped the 18 EMSs into four domains: (1) disconnection and rejection; (2) impaired autonomy and performance; (3) excessive responsibility and standards; and (4) impaired limits. This study aims to assess the possible association of the most frequent BAs with EMSs in a large group of late adolescents and young adults and to evaluate their self-perceived quality of life (QoL).MethodsA battery of psychological tests assessing food addiction (FA), gambling disorder (GD), internet addiction (IA), and QoL was administered to 1,075 late adolescents and young adults (N = 637; 59.3% women). A forward-stepwise logistic regression model was run to identify which variables were associated with BAs.ResultsFood addiction was more frequent among women and GD among men, while IA was equally distributed. Regarding the EMSs, participants with FA or IA showed significantly higher scores on all four-schema domains, whereas those with GD exhibited higher scores on impaired autonomy and performance and impaired limits. Besides, average scores of all domains increased with the association of two or more comorbid BAs. Self-perceived QoL was lower for participants with FA and IA, but not for those with GD; the presence of comorbid BAs was associated with lower Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) scores. Finally, specific EMS domains and demographic variables were associated with each BA.ConclusionLate adolescents and young adults with FA or IA have a lower perception of their mental and physical health. The most striking result is that FA appears to be associated with the disconnection and rejection schema domain, IA with all the schema domains (except for impaired autonomy and performance), and GD with impaired autonomy and performance schema domain. In conclusion, our findings suggest that EMS should be systematically assessed during psychotherapy of patients with BAs.

Adverse childhood experiences lead to trans-generational transmission of early maladaptive schemas

BackgroundAccording to schema theory, early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) are formed due to unsatisfied core emotional needs in childhood. However, there is limited research about the association between parent’s EMS and the child’s EMS. ObjectiveThe current study investigated the mechanisms underlying the relationship between the parent’s disconnection and rejection schemas and the child’s disconnection and rejection schemas. Participants and SettingOne hundred seventy-nine mother-late adolescent dyads participated in the study. Mothers filled out the forms at home, and adolescents completed the forms in the classroom. MethodsThe adolescents completed the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form-3 (YSQ-SF3), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Father Involvement Scale, and Resilience Scale. The mothers completed only the YSQ-SF3. ResultsMothers' EMSs related to the disconnection and rejection domain predicted their children's EMS in the same domain. Adverse childhood experiences also significantly mediated this relationship only when father involvement was low (β = .08, SE = .04, 95% CI [.01, .18]). ConclusionsThe current study provides evidence that EMSs are passed on from one generation to the next through adverse childhood experiences especially when fathers do not provide enough support in childrearing.

Bidirectional Relationships Between Stress, Depressive Symptoms, and Cognitive Vulnerabilities in Adolescents

Introduction: Depression is a highly prevalent problem in adolescence, with great clinical and social relevance. Recent models of psychopathology in childhood and adolescence underscore that the relationships between stress, cognitive vulnerabilities, and depressive symptoms are bidirectional. In addition, according to cognitive therapy models, cognitive vulnerabilities are organized hierarchically, with deep schemas guiding more superficial cognitive processes such as rumination. The present study examines the longitudinal predictive relationships between two levels of cognitions (early maladaptive schemas and rumination), stressors, and depression. Method: A sample of 584 Spanish adolescents (262 girls; mean age = 15.99, SD = 1.10) completed measures of depression, stressors, rumination, and three early maladaptive schema domains (disconnection and rejection, impaired autonomy and other-directedness) over 4 intervals of 4 months. Path analysis was used to test the hypotheses of the study. Results: Disconnection and rejection domain systematically predicted an increase in depression, new stressors, and rumination over time. In addition, depressive symptoms predicted an increase of disconnection/rejection scores at all time points. Finally, from Time 2 on, stressors predicted an increase in all schema domains. Discussion: The outcomes suggest the importance of the disconnection and rejection schema domain. These results are important to understand the mechanisms underlying stress and depression in adolescents.

The Mediating Effects of Rejection Sensitivity and Fear of Intimacy in the Relationship between Disconnection and Rejection Schemas and Emotional Cutoff

The Mediating Effects of Rejection Sensitivity and Fear of Intimacy in the Relationship between Disconnection and Rejection Schemas and Emotional Cutoff

The Mediating Effect of the Perceived Marital Support in the Influence of Disconnection and Rejection Schema on the Marital Intimacy: Actor-Partner Interdependence model

The Mediating Effect of the Perceived Marital Support in the Influence of Disconnection and Rejection Schema on the Marital Intimacy: Actor-Partner Interdependence model

단절 및 거절 도식과 정신건강 간의 관계에서 방어기제의 매개효과

The purpose of the present study is to examine relationships between disconnection and rejection schema, defense mechanism, and mental health in college students using structural equation modeling. The present study suggested a proposed model in which defense mechanism exerted a full mediating effect on the relation between disconnection and rejection schema and mental health. Goodness of fit tests were used to compare the proposed model against competing models. The subjects consisted of 304 college students. They completed the Young Schema Questionnaire(YSQ-SF), the Defense Style Questionnaire(DSQ), and the Mental Health Scale. The results showed that the second model had a better goodness of fit. Based on these findings, it is suggested that psychological interventions for mental health in college students should consider strategies to use more flexible and more adaptive defense mechanism style.

Predictors of child-to-parent aggression: A 3-year longitudinal study.

Although we rarely hear about it, children sometimes aggress against their parents. This is a difficult topic to study because abused parents and abusive children are both reluctant to admit the occurrence of child-to-parent aggression. There are very few research studies on this topic, and even fewer theoretical explanations of why it occurs. We predicted that exposure to violence in the home (e.g., parents aggressing against each other) and ineffective parenting (i.e., parenting that is overly permissive or lacks warmth) influences cognitive schemas of how children perceive themselves and the world around them (i.e., whether aggression is normal, whether they develop grandiose self-views, and whether they feel disconnected and rejected), which, in turn, predicts child-to-parent aggression. In a 3-year longitudinal study of 591 adolescents and their parents, we found that exposure to violence in Year 1 predicted child-to-parent aggression in Year 3. In addition, parenting characterized by lack of warmth in Year 1 was related to narcissistic and entitled self-views and disconnection and rejection schemas in Year 2, which, in turn, predicted child-to-mother and child-to-father aggression in Year 3. Gender comparisons indicated that narcissism predicted child-to-parent aggression only in boys and that exposure to violence was a stronger predictor of child-to-father violence in boys. This longitudinal study increases our understanding of the understudied but important topic of child-to-parent aggression, and will hopefully stimulate future research.

Brooding rumination as a mediator in the relation between early maladaptive schemas and symptoms of depression and social anxiety in adolescents

Theory states that different cognitive constructs can be included in an integrated sequential model. This 3-wave longitudinal study assessed whether schema domains predict brooding rumination and brooding in turn predict depression and social anxiety symptoms among adolescents. A total of 1170 adolescents (Mage = 13.44 years old, SDage = 1.30) completed measures of schema domains, brooding rumination, depression and social anxiety symptoms at baseline, 6- and 12-month follow-up (T1, T2, T3, respectively). Results revealed that the Disconnection and Rejection schema domain at T1 predicted prospective depression symptoms at T3 directly but not through brooding rumination. However, this schema domain did not predict social anxiety symptoms. The Other-Directedness schema domain at T1 predicted social anxiety symptoms at T3 both directly and through brooding at T2. Furthermore, this schema domain also predicted depression symptoms at T3 through brooding at T2. Identifying specific schema domains and the mechanisms through which these domains predict psychological symptoms has implications for interventions with adolescents.

The Role of Childhood Trauma on Early Maladaptive Schema Domain

ObjectivesZZThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of childhood trauma on early maladaptive schema domains. MethodsZZA total of 305 graduate students completed the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form, the Korean version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (K-CTQ), and the Beck Depression Inventory. ResultsZZAccording to the classification based on the total score of the K-CTQ, the group that experienced childhood trauma (n=41) showed higher scores than the group with no trauma (n=264) in all five schema domains. Subsequent multiple regression analyses revealed that four out of five schema domains were significantly explained by childhood trauma ; among them, childhood trauma was the most significant predictor of the Disconnection and Rejection schema domain, accounting for 15% of the total variance in this domain (F=8.1, p<0.001). In terms of the types of childhood trauma, emotional neglect had significant general effects on all schema domains except the Impaired Limits domain. ConclusionZZThese findings in a nonclinical sample support the notion that childhood traumatic experiences may significantly impact the maladaptive schema domains, particularly the Disconnection and Rejection schema domain. In addition, this study emphasized the diffuse impact of emotional neglect upon schema domains, which may be overlooked because of its implicit nature. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2013;52:334-341