Rejection Of Trace Organic Compounds Research Articles

Recovering nutrients and rejecting trace organic compounds in human urine by a forward osmosis-membrane distillation (FO-MD) hybrid system.

Urine is a major source of reclaimed water and fertilizer. Urine treatment involves two key processes: the recovery of nutrients and the rejection of trace organic compounds (TOrCs). In this study, we investigated the rejection of TOrCs and the recovery of nutrients in human urine using a seawater-driven forward osmosis and membrane distillation (FO-MD) hybrid system. Three 24 h experiments were conducted at draw solution temperatures of 30, 40, and 50 °C. The average rejection rates of cations, anions, and dissolved organic carbon were more than 93.7% and 79.5% in the FO-MD system and FO side, respectively. Ten types of TOrCs were detected in the feed solution, whereas none were detected in the product water, indicating that the TOrCs were completely rejected. The precipitates, i.e., the recovered nutrients in the FO side, were extremely close to magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite, MgNH4PO4·6H2O), according to their electron microscopic images, elemental composition, and X-ray diffraction spectra, and it was estimated that approximately 85% of the nutrients in the feed solution were recovered. The rejection and recovery efficiencies were unaffected by the draw solution temperature. These results indicate the potential for the sustainable use of FO-MD-based treatments for human urine.

Rejection of trace organic compounds by membrane processes: mechanisms, challenges, and opportunities

Abstract This work critically reviews the application of various membrane separation processes (MSPs) in treating water polluted with trace organic compounds (TOrCs) paying attention to nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis (RO), membrane bioreactor (MBR), forward osmosis (FO), and membrane distillation (MD). Furthermore, the focus is on loopholes that exist when investigating mechanisms through which membranes reject/retain TOrCs, with the emphasis on the characteristics of the model TOrCs which would facilitate the identification of all the potential mechanisms of rejection. An explanation is also given as to why it is important to investigate rejection using real water samples, especially when aiming for industrial application of membranes with novel materials. MSPs such as NF and RO are prone to fouling which often leads to lower permeate flux and solute rejection, presumably due to cake-enhanced concentration polarisation (CECP) effects. This review demonstrates why CECP effects are not always the reason behind the observed decline in the rejection of TOrCs by fouled membranes. To mitigate for fouling, researchers have often modified the membrane surfaces by incorporating nanoparticles. This review also attempts to explain why nano-engineered membranes have not seen a breakthrough at industrial scale. Finally, insight is provided into the possibility of harnessing solar and wind energy to drive energy intensive MSPs. Focus is also paid into how low-grade energy could be stored and applied to recover diluted draw solutions in FO mode.

Fabrication of high performance nanofiltration membrane on a coordination-driven assembled interlayer for water purification

A facile coordination-driven assembly strategy is proposed to construct a multifunctional PSS-metal ions complex interlayer on the substrate for the fabrication of the high performance thin-film composite (TFC) NF membrane with crumpled morphology. The PSS-metal ions interlayer not only acts as nanoscaffold role to provide a more uniform interfacial polymerization (IP) platform that is favorable for forming a thinner and free-defect PA layer with less PA intruded into the pores of support, but also works as macromolecule addition to induce the diffusion-driven instability of IP process that causes the creation of the crumpled PA layer with increased surface area, of which dual roles in regulating the IP process are confirmed by the comprehensive characterization of the top and back surface morphologies and structure of the selective layer. As such, the obtained TFC membrane exhibits a four folds of permeance (up to 22.15 ± 1.14 L m−2 h−1 bar−1) as compared with traditional TFC-0 membrane, while maintaining a competitive rejection for Na2SO4 (about 99.3%). Moreover, owing to the increased surface negative charges and decreased effective pore size, the novel NF membrane shows a simultaneous high rejection of trace organic compounds (TrOCs) and low retention of divalent cation (Ca2+/Mg2+) in a real tap water, suggesting that it has great potential in drinking water treatment. This study provides a new direction to prepare the high-performance TFC membrane for water purification.

Exploring the interactions of organic micropollutants with polyamide nanofiltration membranes: A molecular docking study

The solute-membrane interactions play an important role in adsorption and consequently rejection of trace organic compounds (TrOCs) by nanofiltration (NF) membranes, while the various specific interactions are yet to be identified and quantified. In this study, molecular docking was for the first time explored as a simulation and computation approach to elucidating the solute-membrane interactions. The binding modes between several pharmaceuticals (PhACs) and the polyamide (PA) material in different protonation/deprotonation states were simulated, and the specific interactions including hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, π-cation interaction and ionic bridge binding were identified. Binding energies consisting of van der Waals and electrostatic components were calculated by the Grid scoring of docking, which quantitatively confirmed the contributions of various interactions to the adsorption of PhACs onto the membrane. Regression analysis showed that the adsorbed amounts could be well described jointly by the binding energies and two molecular descriptors of PhACs (i.e., solubility (logS) and polarity (MR)), which depict the effects of solute-membrane and solute-water interactions, respectively. This study provided valuable information to better understanding the adsorption mechanisms which greatly affect the rejection of TrOCs by NF membranes.

Preparation of nanofiltration membranes for high rejection of organic micropollutants and low rejection of divalent cations

A simultaneous high rejection of trace organic compounds (TrOCs) and low rejection of divalent cations (Ca2+/Mg2+) would be desirable for nanofiltration (NF) applied for drinking water treatment. The target was however not attainable by using the currently available commercial NF membranes. In this study, 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid (BA) was used as an additional diamine monomer besides piperazine (PIP) to prepare novel thin film composite NF membranes via interfacial polymerization with trimesoyl chloride (TMC). A series of NF membranes were prepared by varying BA to PIP concentration ratios in order to obtain a proper membrane pore size and a sufficiently high negative surface charge density. Membrane characterizations and performance tests showed that the incorporation of BA could increase the pore size, enhance the negative surface charge and change the structural properties of the membrane, which in turn affected the membrane water permeability and separation performance. The optimal membrane prepared with a BA/PIP ratio of 50%:50% exhibited a low rejection of CaCl2 (25.8%) and MgCl2 (32.0%) in single salt solutions at 10 mmol/L and a moderate rejection of Ca2+/Mg2+ ions (<60%) in a real tap water, while maintaining a reasonably high water permeability and an effective removal (>80%) for six out of eight selected pharmaceuticals (PhACs). The ATR-FTIR spectra and XPS analysis showed that BA could interfere the polymerization between PIP and TMC in forming the membrane active layer while the cross-linking degree between BA and TMC was relatively low. This implied that the proposed treatment target could also be achieved by using some other acidic diamines with similar functionalities of BA.

Role of organic fouling layer on the rejection of trace organic solutes by nanofiltration: mechanisms and implications

To investigate how the organic fouling layers on nanofiltration (NF) membrane surface and the strong matrix effect (particularly by Ca2+) influence the rejection of trace organic compounds (TOrCs), filtration experiments with two TOrCs, bisphenol A (BPA) and sulfamethazine (SMT), were carried out with virgin and organic-fouled NF membrane. Organic fouling layer on the membrane was induced by sodium alginate (SA) at different concentrations of Ca2+. The results indicated that NF membrane maintained consistently rejection of TOrCs with little influence by membrane fouling at lower Ca2+ concentration. In contrast, organic fouling caused at higher concentration of Ca2+ observably restrained the rejections of both BPA and SMT. Furthermore, based on the cake-enhanced concentration polarization (CECP) model, the rejection of TOrCs was divided to the real rejection and the mass transfer coefficient. Moreover, it was found that the decrease in rejection resulted by organic fouling was due to the real rejection that was restrained by fouling layer with irregular impact on the mass transfer coefficient. Although the mechanism of trace compounds rejection was complex, the controlling factors varied among foulants. Nevertheless, the steric effect of the cake layer played an important role in determining solute rejection by organic-fouled NF membrane.

Transport of trace organic compounds through novel forward osmosis membranes: Role of membrane properties and the draw solution

Forward osmosis (FO) offers to be a very promising technology for the removal of trace organic compounds (TrOCs) from contaminated wastewater, and with the recent developments in FO membranes, the effect of both a higher water flux and reverse salt flux on the rejection of TrOCs needs to be explored. In this study two novel thin-film composite (TFC) membranes with greater water permeability and selectivity than the benchmark cellulose tri-acetate (CTA) membrane were compared at bench-scale in terms of TrOCs permeability. By probing the solute-membrane interactions that dictate the transport of TrOCs through the two membranes in the absence and presence of a draw solution, several conclusions were drawn. Firstly, steric hindrance is the main TrOCs transport -limiting mechanism through TFC membranes unless the negative membrane surface charge is significant, in which case, electrostatic interactions can dominate over steric hindrance. Secondly, the increase in ionic strength induced by the draw solution in the vicinity of and perhaps inside the membrane seems to favour the rejection of TrOCs by “shrinking” the membrane pores or by “shielding” the negative surface charge. Lastly, during FO operation, solute concentration polarisation becomes detrimental when working at high water fluxes, whereas the reverse solute flux has no direct impact on the transport of TrOCs through the membrane.

Quantifying the influence of solute-membrane interactions on adsorption and rejection of pharmaceuticals by NF/RO membranes

The solute-membrane interactions between trace organic compounds (TrOCs) and nanofiltration (NF) or reverse osmosis (RO) membranes result in the adsorption of TrOCs onto membranes and in turn affect the rejection of TrOCs. This study investigated the adsorption and rejection of four positively charged, two neutral and one negatively charged pharmaceuticals (PhACs) by four commercial NF/RO membranes to correlate the adsorbed amount and the steady-state rejection, and to quantitatively evaluate the role of various solute-membrane interactions in adsorption and rejection. The adsorbed amounts of PhACs were determined in static adsorption tests using the isolated polyamide (PA) layers when the RO and tight NF membranes were used, and were calculated from the decline of rejection during filtration when the two loose NF membranes were used. The impacts of electrostatic and non-electrostatic interactions (including hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding) were quantified for positively charged PhACs by comparing the respective adsorption and rejection at neutral pH with that at the isoelectric point (IEP) of each membrane. Results showed that at neutral pH, the adverse effect of adsorption on the steady-state rejection was < 6% for the tight ESPA1 and NF90 membranes and 7–36% for the loose NF270 and HL. A higher adsorbed amount generally corresponded to a larger relative decrease of rejection for all the four membranes. The adsorbed amounts of the positively charged PhACs onto the isolated PA layers of ESPA1 and NF90 at neutral pH were primarily attributed to electrostatic attraction (generally > 65%). Electrostatic attraction was also found to cause the rejection of the tight membranes for the positively charged PhACs to decrease by 0.8–4.3%, that of the loose membranes to decrease by 13.4–28.3%, while the impact of non-electrostatic interactions on the rejection was 1.1–2.3% for the tight membranes and 4.0–9.8% for the loose membranes.

Development of hydrophilic GO-ZnO/PES membranes for treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater.

Membrane application in water reclamation is challenged by fouling which deteriorates membrane performance in terms of permeate flux and solute rejection. Several studies focusing on antifouling membranes incorporated with nanoparticles have been carried out, but these membranes are not yet a viable solution due to their high energy requirements and inability to completely remove or degrade trace organic compounds (TOrCs). Therefore, this study aims at fabricating polyethersulfone (PES) membranes for treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater by using a unique membrane synthesis approach. PES membranes were synthesised by casting two different solutions before coagulation. Therefore, the synthesis technique was called 'double-casting phase inversion'. The membranes were impregnated with nanohybrid graphene oxide-zinc oxide (GO-ZnO) to increase their hydrophilicity, rejection of pharmaceuticals (by decreasing membrane-solute hydrophobic interactions), resistance to organic fouling and photodegradation properties. The addition of GO-ZnO increased membrane hydrophilicity and pure water permeability. The rejection of TOrCs and anti-fouling properties were also improved due to a reduction in membrane-solute and membrane-foulant hydrophobic interactions, respectively. In addition to improved TOrC rejection properties and resistance to fouling, GO-ZnO/PES membranes degraded Brilliant Black.

A PLS model for predicting rejection of trace organic compounds by nanofiltration using treated wastewater as feed

In this study a Partial Least Squares Projection of Latent Structures (PLS) model has been developed for predicting the rejection of pharmaceutical residuals by nanofiltration (NF) using treated mu ...

Efficiently Combining Water Reuse and Desalination through Forward Osmosis-Reverse Osmosis (FO-RO) Hybrids: A Critical Review.

Forward osmosis (FO) is a promising membrane technology to combine seawater desalination and water reuse. More specifically, in a FO-reverse osmosis (RO) hybrid process, high quality water recovered from the wastewater stream is used to dilute seawater before RO treatment. As such, lower desalination energy needs and/or water augmentation can be obtained while delivering safe water for direct potable reuse thanks to the double dense membrane barrier protection. Typically, FO-RO hybrid can be a credible alternative to new desalination facilities or to implementation of stand-alone water reuse schemes. However, apart from the societal (public perception of water reuse for potable application) and water management challenges (proximity of wastewater and desalination plants), FO-RO hybrid has to overcome technical limitation such as low FO permeation flux to become economically attractive. Recent developments (i.e., improved FO membranes, use of pressure assisted osmosis, PAO) demonstrated significant improvement in water flux. However, flux improvement is associated with drawbacks, such as increased fouling behaviour, lower rejection of trace organic compounds (TrOCs) in PAO operation, and limitation in FO membrane mechanical resistance, which need to be better considered. To support successful implementation of FO-RO hybrid in the industry, further work is required regarding up-scaling to apprehend full-scale challenges in term of mass transfer limitation, pressure drop, fouling and cleaning strategies on a module scale. In addition, refined economics assessment is expected to integrate fouling and other maintenance costs/savings of the FO/PAO-RO hybrid systems, as well as cost savings from any treatment step avoided in the water recycling.

Role of permeate flux and specific membrane-foulant-solute affinity interactions [formula omitted] in transport of trace organic solutes through fouled nanofiltration (NF) membranes

In the literature, sieving effects, charge interactions and adsorptive/hydrophobic interactions have been named as major mechanisms influencing the rejection of trace organic compounds (TOrCs). However, dominant mechanisms influencing TOrC rejection by fouled membranes are not yet fully understood. Most studies have attributed the decline in rejection to cake-enhanced concentration polarisation (CECP) effects and have overlooked the influence of flux decline and attractive membrane-TOrC interactions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of various factors in TOrC rejection for nanofiltration (NF) membranes fouled in cross-flow filtration. To further gain insight into the role of affinity interactions on TOrC rejection, membrane-solute interaction energies (∆Gslm) were computed from the contact angle measurements based on the Lifshitz-van der Waals/acid-base approach. A novel fouling approach (termed sequential fouling) is used to investigate CECP effects for different fouling layers. Sequential fouling results are validated using the CECP model. For a virgin membrane, TOrCs are rejected through sieving mechanisms and repulsive non-electrostatic membrane-TOrC interactions. Upon fouling (especially in the presence of calcium), there was an improvement in the rejection of some TOrCs (solute permeation decreased) due to an improvement in sieving effects. The rejection of some TOrCs decreased over time (solute permeation increased) but the rejection values were close to those of the virgin membrane at similar fluxes showing the influence of flux. When solute permeation increased as a result of fouling, TOrC transport was mainly influenced by non-electrostatic membrane-TOrC affinity interactions and CECP effects (as evidenced by novel sequential fouling experiments and the CECP model).

Assessment of the hindered transport model in predicting the rejection of trace organic compounds by nanofiltration

The DSPM&DE (Donnan steric pore model and dielectric exclusion) model was employed to predict the rejection of six haloacetic acids (HAAs) and six pharmaceuticals (PhACs), selected to have different molecular weight, hydrophobicity and charge, by two commercial nanofiltration (NF) membranes (HL and NF270). Increasing filtration pressures were applied to vary the rejection ratios. Glucose and NaCl were used as the probe solutes for the determination of the three adjustable parameters involved in the model. Results showed that the model could accurately predict the rejection of the HAAs by both NF membranes with general deviations less than 5%, but it generally over-predicted the rejection of the PhACs. According to the DSPM&DE model, diffusion was the predominant mass transport mechanism in the membrane for both the HAAs and the probe solutes. Experimental determination by conducting diffusion cell test however showed that diffusion only played a minor role in the overall mass transport normally with a contribution less than 10%. The disagreement of model calculation from experimental determination might be due to the improper quantification of the coefficients for solute partitioning between the water phase and the solid (membrane) phase and the hindrance factors for convection and diffusion by the DSPM&DE model. The high accuracy of the model in predicting the rejection of HAAs was owing to the high similarity in physicochemical properties of HAAs with the used probe solutes. If nizatidine were used as the probe solute, the rejection of ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol by both HL and NF270 would be well predicted.

Performance of nanofiltration membrane in rejecting trace organic compounds: Experiment and model prediction

This study aimed to investigate the rejection ratios for 40 trace organic compounds (TOrCs) by the Desal HL nanofiltration (NF) membrane and to assess the applicability of the DSPM&DE model in predicting the rejection performance. Steady state rejection ratios were considered. A higher water flux normally led to a higher rejection ratio. At a filtration flux of 6.59×10−6m/s, the NF membrane could effectively reject most of the TOrCs (>80%), except for a few that included acyclovir, caffeine, carbamazepine, chloramphenicol, metronidazole, nandrolone, oxytetracycline, sodium nifurstyrenate and trenbolone. Most poorly rejected TOrCs had a molecular weight lower than 275Da. Steric hindrance effect was the primary mechanism that contributed to the rejection of TOrCs by the NF membrane. The rejection ratio for methylparaben decreased when the water flux increased. The DSPM&DE model was successful in predicting the rejection ratios for acyclovir, caffeine and ranitidine, which all have relatively low molecular weight and are hydrophilic. The model generally over-predicted the rejection ratios for the remaining TOrCs. The over-prediction could not be explained by high hydrophobicity only. Lack of consideration of the TOrC-membrane interactions on the partitioning of TOrCs to the membrane material was probably the primary reason for over-prediction by the model.

Rejection of Trace Organic Compounds by Forward Osmosis Membranes: A Literature Review

To meet surging water demands, water reuse is being sought as an alternative to traditional water resources. However, contamination of water resources by trace organic compounds (TOrCs), including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, disinfection byproducts, and industrial chemicals is of increasing concern. These compounds are not readily removed by conventional water treatment processes and require new treatment technologies to enable potable water reuse. Forward osmosis (FO) has been recognized in recent years as a robust process suitable for the treatment of highly impaired streams and a good barrier to TOrCs. To date, at least 14 studies have been published that investigated the rejection of various TOrCs by FO membranes under a variety of experimental conditions. In this paper, TOrC rejection by FO has been critically reviewed, evaluating the effects of membrane characteristics and orientation, experimental scale and duration, membrane fouling, feed solution chemistry, draw solution composition and concentration, and transmembrane temperature on process performance. Although it is important to continue to investigate the removal of diverse TOrCs by FO, and especially with new FO membranes, it is critically important to adhere to standard testing conditions to enable comparison of results between studies. Likewise, feed concentration of TOrCs during FO testing must be environmentally relevant (most commonly 10-100 ng/L range for most wastewaters) and not excessively high, and in addition to testing TOrC rejection in clean feedwater, the effects of real water matrix and membrane fouling on TOrC rejection must be evaluated.

Rejection and fate of trace organic compounds (TrOCs) during membrane distillation

In this study, we examined the feasibility of membrane distillation (MD) for removing trace organic compounds (TrOCs) during water and wastewater treatment. A set of 29 compounds was selected to represent major TrOC groups, including pharmaceuticals, steroid hormones, phytoestrogens, UV-filters, industrial chemicals, and pesticides that occur ubiquitously in municipal wastewater. Results reported here suggest that rejection and fate and transport of TrOCs during MD are governed by their volatility and, to a lesser extent, hydrophobicity. All TrOCs with pKH>9 (which can be classified as non-volatile) were well removed by MD. Among the 29 TrOCs investigated in this study, three compounds (i.e. 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-tert-butylphenol and benzophenone) possess moderate volatility (pKH<9) and therefore had the lowest rejection efficiencies of 54%, 73% and 66%, respectively. The results suggest that the rejection of TrOCs with pKH<9 may be governed by the interplay between their hydrophobicity and volatility. In addition, the fate and transport of the TrOCs during the MD process was also investigated. Hydrophilic TrOCs having negligible volatility were concentrated in the feed, while hydrophobic compounds with moderate volatility were substantially lost due to evaporation or adsorption. When MD treatment was integrated with a thermophilic membrane bioreactor (MBR), near complete removal (>95%) of all 29 TrOCs investigated in this study was achieved despite their diverse physicochemical properties (i.e. hydrophobicity, persistency and volatility). The results suggest that MD could be a promising post-treatment to be used in conjunction with thermophilic MBR for TrOC removal.

Comprehensive Bench- and Pilot-Scale Investigation of Trace Organic Compounds Rejection by Forward Osmosis

Forward osmosis (FO) is a membrane separation technology that has been studied in recent years for application in water treatment and desalination. It can best be utilized as an advanced pretreatment for desalination processes such as reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) to protect the membranes from scaling and fouling. In the current study the rejection of trace organic compounds (TOrCs) such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, plasticizers, and flame-retardants by FO and a hybrid FO-RO system was investigated at both the bench- and pilot-scales. More than 30 compounds were analyzed, of which 23 nonionic and ionic TOrCs were identified and quantified in the studied wastewater effluent. Results revealed that almost all TOrCs were highly rejected by the FO membrane at the pilot scale while rejection at the bench scale was generally lower. Membrane fouling, especially under field conditions when wastewater effluent is the FO feed solution, plays a substantial role in increasing the rejection of TOrCs in FO. The hybrid FO-RO process demonstrated that the dual barrier treatment of impaired water could lead to more than 99% rejection of almost all TOrCs that were identified in reclaimed water.

Solute transport model for trace organic neutral and charged compounds through nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes

Rejection of trace organic compounds, including disinfection by-products (DBPs) and pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs), by high-pressure membranes has become a focus of public interest internationally in both drinking water treatment and wastewater reclamation/reuse. The ability to simulate, or even predict, the rejection of these compounds by high-pressure membranes, encompassing nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO), will improve process economics and expand membrane applications. The objective of this research is to develop a membrane transport model to account for diffusive and convective contributions to solute transport and rejection. After completion of cross-flow tests and diffusion cell tests with target compounds, modeling efforts were performed in accordance with a non-equilibrium thermodynamic transport equation. Comparing the percentages of convection and diffusion contributions to transport, convection is dominant for most compounds, but diffusion is important for more hydrophobic non-polar compounds. Convection is also more dominant for looser membranes (i.e., NF). In addition, higher initial compound concentrations and greater J 0 /k ratios contribute to solute fluxes more dominated by convection. Given the treatment objective of compound rejection, compound transport and rejection trends are inversely related.

Rejection of organic micropollutants by high pressure membranes: comparison of bench-scale versus single element tests

There has been considerable information reported on rejection of trace organic compounds from pilot-scale and full-scale experiments with reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF), but this information has limited value in predicting the rejection of these compounds by high-pressure membranes. The goal of this research is to define relationships between compound properties, membrane properties, and operational conditions, e.g. pressure, recovery, affecting trace organic compound rejection, comparing bench-scale recirculation tests and bench-scale single-pass tests. In addition, bench-scale results are compared against single element tests to ascertain scale-up effects.

Dielectric constant of electrolyte solutions confined in a charged nanofiltration membrane

A facile coordination-driven assembly strategy is proposed to construct a multifunctional PSS-metal ions complex interlayer on the substrate for the fabrication of the high performance thin-film composite (TFC) NF membrane with crumpled morphology. The PSS-metal ions interlayer not only acts as nanoscaffold role to provide a more uniform interfacial polymerization (IP) platform that is favorable for forming a thinner and free-defect PA layer with less PA intruded into the pores of support, but also works as macromolecule addition to induce the diffusion-driven instability of IP process that causes the creation of the crumpled PA layer with increased surface area, of which dual roles in regulating the IP process are confirmed by the comprehensive characterization of the top and back surface morphologies and structure of the selective layer. As such, the obtained TFC membrane exhibits a four folds of permeance (up to 22.15 ± 1.14 L m−2 h−1 bar−1) as compared with traditional TFC-0 membrane, while maintaining a competitive rejection for Na2SO4 (about 99.3%). Moreover, owing to the increased surface negative charges and decreased effective pore size, the novel NF membrane shows a simultaneous high rejection of trace organic compounds (TrOCs) and low retention of divalent cation (Ca2+/Mg2+) in a real tap water, suggesting that it has great potential in drinking water treatment. This study provides a new direction to prepare the high-performance TFC membrane for water purification.