Reinvestment Strategy Research Articles

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL PAYMENT PLATFORMS AND E-COMMERCE GIANTS: A FIVE-YEAR PERFORMANCE AND STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT STUDY OF VISA, MASTERCARD, AMAZON, AND EBAY

This study conducts a comprehensive comparative analysis of Visa, Mastercard, Amazon, and eBay, focusing on their financial performance, strategic initiatives, and market expansion over a recent five-year period. The research utilizes annual reports and market data to examine the companies' operational efficiencies and strategic trajectories. The findings reveal Visa and Mastercard's robust financial health, characterized by high operating profit margins, signifying their dominance in the digital payments sector. Amazon's vast revenue yet lower profit margins suggest a deliberate reinvestment strategy for market growth, while eBay shows consistent stability in the e-commerce market. The interplay among these entities underscores a dynamic digital economy where strategic partnerships and competitive innovation are crucial. The study's insights are instrumental for stakeholders, providing a nuanced understanding of how these significant players shape and adapt to the digital marketplace, with broader implications for future research on the role of digital transformation in commerce and finance.

Model for Reinvestment Policy in Risk-Free Assets with Various Maturities

Abstract Logistic tasks are aimed at the optimal distribution of material, energy, financial and human resources. This research has a narrow field aimed at optimal management of financial resources and their redistribution. Specifically, a reinvestment policy model is derived by maximizing the profit of a business entity. Reinvestment is done with risk-free assets, but they have different maturity periods. This makes it difficult to assess the optimal investment strategy, as reinvestment can be done at the end of the maturity period. This study develops a model for a dynamic control process, which leads to the formalization of a discrete integer time optimization problem. Its solution gives a sequence of investments and a total optimal return. The solution to the problem is illustrated in an EXCEL environment. The added value of this study stems from the formalization and quantification of the model for the reinvestment strategy in the optimization problem.

Multi-mode Resource Constrained Project Selection and Scheduling Considering the Reinvestment Strategy in a Flexible Time Horizon

Multi-mode Resource Constrained Project Selection and Scheduling Considering the Reinvestment Strategy in a Flexible Time Horizon

Optimal project portfolio selection with reinvestment strategy considering sustainability in an uncertain environment: a multi-objective optimization approach

PurposeThis study aims to develop a model for project portfolio selection considering organizational goals such as budgets, sustainability cash flow and reinvestment strategy under an uncertain environment.Design/methodology/approachA multi-objective mathematical programming model is proposed for project selection, which takes the social, environmental and financial aspects into account as the objectives of the project portfolio selection problem. The project evaluation and selection process in one of the large capitals in the Middle East with numerous urban construction projects was considered as a real case study, in which the subjects of environmental and social sustainability are of great importance. Then, the most significant criteria for project evaluation and selection based on sustainability were identified and ranked using the fuzzy best-worst method (BWM).FindingsThe criterion of “defining clear and real objectives” was ranked first, “project investment return period” was ranked second, “minimum changes in the predicted range” was ranked third, and the other ten sustainability indicators were ranked as well. Next, the presented mathematical programming model was solved using the augmented e-constraint method. The sensitivity analysis indicated that increasing the amount of investments in projects would increase their net present value. Also, increased investment had no effect on sustainability, while decreased investment caused sustainability to not being optimal.Originality/valueThis study focuses on the impact of the amount of investments on projects, and the associated costs of sustainable projects. Further to the authors' knowledge, there has been no relevant study taking uncertainty into account. Also, very few studies proposed a mathematical programming model for the project portfolio selection problem. Moreover, this research uses the brainstorming and Delphi method to identify the sustainability indicators influencing the organization and screens the evaluation indicators. Furthermore, the weights of the evaluation indicators are determined using the fuzzy BWM based on the consistency of opinions.

Redomiciliation of Foreign Companies in the Russian Federation: Assessment of the Aggregate Financial Result

The paper attempts to assess the fiscal, investment, and monetary repatriation results of the application of legislation on the redomicilation of organizations registered in offshore states to Russian special administrative regions. The study was conducted in the context of the fundamental adjustment of agreements on the avoidance of double taxation concluded with foreign countries, which began in the summer of 2020 on behalf of the President of the Russian Federation. In this regard, the results obtained are more promising than current. In the course of the study, comparative legal and statistical methods were used, and the "reinvestment strategy" of economic entities, which is expressed in the reverse investment of funds previously transferred to the accounts of offshore organizations, was analyzed (In the context of changes in double taxation agreements).The outcomes of the analysis show that direct taxation of an international company that is redomiciled in the Russian Federation does not give a tangible fiscal result and is nothing more than a tool to increase the attractiveness of the Russian legal jurisdiction. However, the volume of mandatory investments accompanying the redomicilation procedure is significant in terms of the degree of financial burden on international companies, which should provide a fiscal effect for the budget system in the medium and long term. Cash-repatriation result of redomiciliation will be equal to the amounts reinvested in Russia from offshore countries; it is expressed in the improvement of the financial system of the Russian Federation by means of displacement of offshore practices. The author summarizes that, in general, the analysis of legal regulation indicates that the Russian Federation does not set the goal of increasing current budget revenues because of the application of the procedure of redomicilation of foreign organizations, but expects a promising financial and economic effect.

The Need for New Cost Measures in Pediatric Value-Based Payment

* Abbreviations: APM — : alternative payment model InCK — : Integrated Care for Kids TCOC — : total cost of care Value-based payment reform is gaining momentum as health care stakeholders seek to reduce costs and improve quality. Reforms have not been evenly distributed, with most alternative payment models (APMs) being focused on adults. The relative lack of child-focused APMs represents a missed opportunity. Early life interventions can improve children’s cognitive and behavioral development, resulting in reduced costs over a lifetime; however, such interventions require new financing models to be sustainable.1 The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation’s recent Integrated Care for Kids (InCK) Model, which requires APM development to support the integration of health care and other family-serving sectors, offers new momentum for child-focused payment reform.2 To capitalize on the reform opportunities, new cost measures for APMs are needed that better capture the value of children’s healthy development and promote greater investment for preventive interventions during this critical life stage. Cost measures play a vital role alongside quality measures in shaping the incentives within an APM. Cost-of-care measures capture the total spending on health care services for a specific duration of time, population, or care setting. APMs use cost measures to ensure that the total amount paid out is not more than what would otherwise be spent absent the APM. For example, the total cost of care (TCOC) captures the total spending for a patient population over a certain duration … Address correspondence to Nathaniel Z. Counts, JD, Mental Health America, 500 Montgomery St, Suite 820, Alexandria, VA 22314. E-mail: ncounts{at}mhanational.org

A technology portfolio optimization model considering staged financing and moratorium period under uncertainty

Technology commercialization needs a large amount of financial resources and governments in developed and developing countries play a critical role in resource allocation to the technology commercialization, especially through “Technology Development Funds (TDFs)”. But, because of resource limitations, determining high priority technologies with higher impact on the country’s innovative performance and the optimal resource allocation to technology development is very important for science and technology policymakers. “Technology portfolio planning” has been developed and applied in this regard. Accordingly, a two-phase decision-making framework has been proposed. At the first phase, the priorities of technology fields are determined by using the best-worst method (BWM) and at the second phase, a two-stage stochastic technology portfolio planning model is developed by considering technological projects’ risks and export market, as one of the important factor in the “Global Innovation Index” (GII) ranking. It also has been considered technology fields’ priorities, staged-financing, moratorium period, reinvestment strategy, and technology readiness levels (TRL) in allocating financial resources to technological projects The main advantages of our proposed model are considering uncertainty and early signaling about under performing technological projects Due to the uncertain nature of the problem, our solution methodology is based on the Sample Average Approximation (SAA). In order to demonstrate the applicability of this model, a real case study and its computational results are presented.

Time-based Fixed Income Performance Attribution

In this short article, a new approach to performing the profit or loss attribution is put forward. This approach is based on cash-flows rather than sensitivities. It has the advantage of being exact in the sense that there are no unexplained terms. It is time-additive, meaning that the sum of partial contributions is identical, for the main attribution measures, to the contribution calculated directly over the entire reporting period. The roll-down effect emerges naturally from the theory. Finally, this approach is well suited to forecasting profit, assuming that the reinvestment strategy is provided. It should be added that the decomposition to the traditional set of risk factors can trivially be deduced from this approach.

Flexible time horizon project portfolio optimization with consumption and risk control

Most of the existing models for project portfolio selection are proposed on the framework of fixed investment horizon. One recent and promising strategy for project portfolio selection is flexible time horizon investment that can enable investors more chances to increase their gains. The aim of this paper is to discuss the optimal investment and consumption decision for project portfolio selection with flexible time horizon, in which wealth is divided among a riskless asset and multiple projects. Two flexible time horizon project portfolio selection models are proposed. In the two proposed models, some realistic decision criteria are taken into consideration including risk control over bankruptcy to avoid a possibility of bankruptcy at each period, project start time constraint and reinvestment strategy. Then, a novel genetic algorithm is designed to solve the proposed models. Finally, two numerical examples are given to demonstrate the application of the two proposed models and illustrate the effectiveness of the designed solution algorithm.

Sustainable project selection: Optimal project selection considering sustainability under reinvestment strategy

Reflecting the call being made by the United Nations Environmental Protection and society to adopt innovative approaches to resolve current sustainability challenges, there is a strong need for studies that incorporate sustainability concerns in decision-making processes. Yet the quantitative method of measuring sustainability in project investment practice is still limited. Besides, reinvestment is seldom considered. In light of this, the authors have proposed an integrated novel optimization approach in which sustainability cost is quantitatively quantified and reinvestment strategy is adopted. Our method creates win-win situation which prevents environmental damages and in the meantime efficiently allocates budget and maximizes the investors' income. A case study is presented to illustrate the applicability of the proposed method and the impact of sustainability measure with reinvestment strategy incorporated in project selection decision-making processes. Expected net present value is employed to calculate the return of the project investment. Based on demonstrated optimization results, some significant observations have been got: (1) range of sustainability cost significantly influences investors' objective value and optimal project selection decision. Investors' project selection decision and maximum objective value is obtained at 3% sustainability cost; (2) compared to traditional project selection practices, consideration of sustainability can maximize investors' net profit value; (3) objective value varies with different reinvestment strategies and it is more sensitive with total reinvestment strategy than with partial reinvestment strategy; (4) appropriate use of reinvestment strategy ensures efficient budget allocation to the projects for the effective implementation of project investment without exceeding investors' available capital even when additional 3% cost on sustainability is employed. The results verify the proposed methodology.

Restore: An R of sustainability that can tame the “Conundrum”

The environmental benefits of sustainability efforts can be rendered less effective due to economic feedback mechanisms. As a remedy against such rebound effects, a reinvestment strategy towards environmental causes has been suggested. Here, a practical implementation of such a reinvestment strategy is presented. It involves a) estimating the financial savings resulting from sustainability efforts, b) informing the participants that the environmental benefit of the efforts is reduced by economic feedback mechanisms and c) asking them to donate a fraction of the expected savings towards environmental causes. An easy-to-use methodology for estimating rebound effects of sustainability efforts is presented in order to quantify the efficacy of this approach. CO2 emission offsets are used as an example of donations towards environmental causes. It is shown, that donating even a small amount (less than 1% of financial savings obtained from conservation or engineering savings) of donated carbon offsets can more than eliminate the estimated rebound effects. This then leads to the restore principle, that states that the environmental benefit of reducing activities with average environmental impact is dramatically improved if a fraction of the resulting financial savings is applied towards environmental causes. This approach is made practical by augmenting the common reduce, reuse, recycle motto with a fourth component: reduce, reuse, recycle and restore.

NPD project portfolio selection using reinvestment strategy in competitive environment

NPD project portfolio selection using reinvestment strategy in competitive environment

Optimal selection of project portfolios using reinvestment strategy within a flexible time horizon

Abstract In this paper, we address the issue of optimal selection of portfolio of projects using reinvestment strategy within a flexible time horizon. We assume that an investor intends to invest his/her initial capital on the implementation of some projects in a flexible time horizon. The investor’s motivation for considering a flexible time horizon is to maximize his/her gain by determining the optimal time horizon for investing on the selected portfolio of projects. Projects have different durations and their potential rates of return are also different. The profit yielded by the completed projects can be reinvested in the implementation of other projects. The implementation costs of projects can be allocated at equally spaced intervals with equal amounts during their life cycles or can be assigned to each project according to its estimated s-curve . We assume that the profit yielded by each project is accrued after the investment for the project ends. Therefore, in order to maximize gains, the investor needs to optimize three issues: combination of projects, schedule of the selected projects and the time horizon. An integer program is presented and discussed to address the given issues.

Doing Better Than Divestment

In the next several years we will see an increasing number of divestment campaigns spring up among student bodies nationwide. Given this trend, I believe it would be helpful to those interested in divestment at U.Va and other institutions to first examine the discussion that has followed the campaign so far. What is divestment? Is it well argued? Does it make economic sense? Should we divest? If so, what steps should we take? Frequent campaign failures indicate that the divestment argument needs some reworking. The ultimate objectives of this paper are 1) a new argument that elucidates more compelling incentives for U.Va to take action against fossil fuels and 2) a financially responsible reinvestment strategy that reflects the greater values of our university. Note to Reader I have searched endlessly for papers that condense the divestment conversation down to one, digestible text. The best works I have found are long, dense and perhaps not written for students who are generally interested in the subject. So I have dedicated some time to creating one that is. “Doing Better Than Divestment” is broken up into six parts, or six articles presenting six different arguments that ultimately contribute to the whole. I hope it helps.

Models and Simulations for Portfolio Rebalancing

In 1950 Markowitz first formalized the portfolio optimization problem in terms of mean return and variance. Since then, the mean-variance model has played a crucial role in single-period portfolio optimization theory and practice. In this paper we study the optimal portfolio selection problem in a multi-period framework, by considering fixed and proportional transaction costs and evaluating how much they affect a re-investment strategy. Specifically, we modify the single-period portfolio optimization model, based on the Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) as measure of risk, to introduce portfolio rebalancing. The aim is to provide investors and financial institutions with an effective tool to better exploit new information made available by the market. We then suggest a procedure to use the proposed optimization model in a multi-period framework. Extensive computational results based on different historical data sets from German Stock Exchange Market (XETRA) are presented.

Mutually beneficial company-community partnerships in plantation development: emerging lessons from Indonesia

Social conflicts with local people have caused some unsuccessful timber plantation developments in Indonesia. Company and community partnerships have provided opportunities for companies to accommodate local communities' involvement and attempt to overcome these difficulties. Constraints in establishing mutually beneficial partnerships were studied, mainly to improve their long-term viability. The main components of a successful mutually beneficial partnership were defined as: commercial feasibility, equitable contractual agreements, the full understanding of both parties of the potential benefits and costs, and risks of joining the partnership, and a shared understanding of co-management and participatory approaches. The implementation of all three case studies suffered from: a lack of mechanisms to build trust; challenges to commercial viability due to inadequate management planning and consequently poor implementation; inadequate assessment of community needs and resulting waste of companies' funds when developing income generating packages; no clear long-term reinvestment strategy; and poorly developed negotiation and renegotiation mechanisms.

A Housing Reinvestment Strategy for Durham, North Carolina

A Housing Reinvestment Strategy for Durham, North Carolina