Reinforcement In Epoxy Resin Research Articles

Incorporation of coffee grounds powder as reinforcement in epoxy resin for high-performance industrial coatings: a cost of goods sold and blue ocean strategy analysis

In some organic waste treatment facilities, coffee grounds are utilized for biogas production through anaerobic digestion processes. However, this method is expensive and complex. An innovative alternative involves transforming coffee grounds into a new product, a high-performance coating. This study explores a strategic analysis for this new product. The composite is created by adding coffee grounds in an epoxy matrix as reinforcement. Different proportions of coffee grounds were added to epoxy, and resulting composites evaluated for mechanical and thermal properties. Previous analysis shows some promising results for the material, but none evaluations of fabrication cost or revenue were done, so a cross-analysis between the cost of goods sold (COGS) and the Blue Ocean Strategy model was used to identify market opportunities and compared the obtain product with nowadays market ones. Coffee grounds in epoxy offer a sustainable option, opening new market avenues with competitive performance and cost. This composite could impact industrial coatings, promoting eco-friendly practices.

Exploration of halloysite-based nest-like microspheres as a multifunctional reinforcement of epoxy resin

In this study, nest-like microspheres were facilely prepared using halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) as starting material, based on the dehydration reaction between hydroxy groups on the surface of HNTs. The nest-like structure of the obtained HNTs-based nest-like microspheres (HNTs-NMs) is demonstrated by SEM observations. HNTs-NMs exhibit desirable dispersibility in water and commonly used polymer matrices, which can be used as reinforcing agents in preparing epoxy resin composite in situ. The incorporation of HNTs-NMs into the epoxy resin gives rise to higher properties in stretching, impact, and toughness than both epoxy resin and equivalent HNTs-reinforced epoxy resin. The development of HNTs as nest-like microspheres affords the reinforcing agent with simultaneously enhanced mechanical properties for the obtained polymer composites. Furthermore, Mo-anchored HNTs-NMs (Mo-HNTs-NMs) were synthesized and a desirable microwave absorption ability is obtained. The optimal reflection loss is −25.47 dB at 16.91 GHz. When used as reinforcing agent, Mo-HNTs-NMs show a near-equal effect as compared to HNTs-NMs.

The effect of tungsten carbide nanoparticles on the morphological, mechanical and tribological properties of WC/epoxy and WC/TBCP/epoxy nanocomposite

The paper reported on the effect of a polyethylene glycol-block-polypropylene glycol-block-polyethylene glycol (EO-PPO-EO) triblock copolymer (TBCP) on phase separation, mechanical properties of epoxy based on bisphenol F-(epichlorohydrin) and hardener (1-methylethyl-1,1'-biphenyl) (izoforon diamine) system and effect of a tungsten carbide (WC) reinforced two of WC/epoxy resin and WC /triblock (TBCP)/epoxy nanocomposites.In the work, TBCP content was used at 3%, 6%, 9% and 12% wt. for epoxy matrix. The optimal TBCP concentration was discovered to be 3% wt. in order to produce a good balance of mechanical characteristics. The comparative study of morphology and mechanical properties of two systems, tungsten carbide (WC) reinforced epoxy resin and WC /triblock (TBCP) /epoxy nanocomposites, has been examined. WC was added to two systems in three different weight proportions (1%, 2% and 3%). Specimens were fabricated by hand layup technique by pouring epoxy resin and reinforcement mixture into silicon moulds.The addition of nanoparticles did not affect the miscibility of the copolymer on the resin. Tensile, impact and wear tests were performed to ASTM standards. From the results, it was observed that WC reinforcement in epoxy resin results in high tensile strength and modulus and also increases impact strength and wear resistance compared to neat epoxy.Several spherical formations concerning phase separation and the creation of immiscible TBCP structures in the epoxy matrix are seen.The tests proved that epoxy nanocomposite with TBCP and WC as filler demonstrated that the nanoparticles utilised with block copolymers do not affect the distribution of the copolymer in the matrix, suggesting enhancing the nanoparticle's adherence to the matrix were characterised by the best tribological properties and mechanical properties, which was unchanged or better than the epoxy resin used as a matrix.

Synchronous modification of ZIF-67 with cyclomatrix polyphosphazene coating for efficient flame retardancy and mechanical reinforcement of epoxy resin

Cyclomatrix polyphosphazenes have attracted widespread attention in the field of polymer flame retardancy. Nevertheless, the optimal manifestation of their distinctive structural attributes and flame-retardant properties necessitates a judicious selection of condensation monomers and synergistic templates during the fabrication of polyphosphazene flame retardants. In our previous studies, it was discovered that when ZIF-67 is functionalized with polyphosphazene, the by-product HCl from phosphazene polycondensation causes etching on ZIF-67. Based on this “synchronous etching” effect, a series of hybrid materials comprising cyclomatrix polyphosphazene and ZIF-67, denoted as ZIF-67@PDS (PDS, poly-(cyclotriphosphazene-co-4,4’-diaminodiphenyl sulfone)), ZIF-67@PBS (PBS, poly-(cyclotriphosphazene-co-Bisphenol A)), and ZIF-67@PZS (PZS, poly-(cyclotriphosphazene-co-4,4’-sulfonyldiphenol)), was synthesized utilizing DDS (4,4’-diaminodiphenyl sulfone), BPA (Bisphenol A), and BPS (4,4’-sulfonyldiphenol) monomers as precursors, respectively. Upon the incorporation of 2.0 wt.% of ZIF-67@PDS, ZIF-67@PBS, and ZIF-67@PZS, the flame retardant and mechanical characteristics of EP composites exhibited marked enhancement. The unique structural characteristics of hybrid and the synergistic effects of Co-P-N contribute to the improvement of comprehensive properties. Compared with pure EP, EP/ZIF-67@PZS has the best enhancement effect, and its pHRR, THR, and TSP decreased by 34.0%, 30.0%, and 40.5%, respectively. In terms of mechanical strength, ZIF-67@PZS also increases the flexural strength of EP by 37.42%. Relying on the “synchronous etching” effect, this study explores and verifies the effective combination of ZIF-67 and different types of polyphosphazenes, and obtains a series of ZIF-67-derived cyclomatrix polyphosphazene hybrids with different morphologies and properties in one step. It provides a new idea and strategy for the simultaneous modification of polyphosphazene materials and the preparation of multifunctional flame retardants in the future.

A review on improved physical and thermal properties of oxide nanoparticles reinforced epoxy composites

Epoxy resins are well-known because of their desirable thermal and mechanical characteristics in a variety of fields, including the automotive, construction, and aerospace sectors. However, the inherent brittle nature of highly cross-linked epoxy resins generally leads to weakness in resisting the formation of cracks and their movement. The brittleness of the epoxy resins is one of the major obstacles inhibiting its use at a wider scale. Therefore, many researchers focused on reinforcement of epoxy resins by different types of nanostructures including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), organic/inorganic nanofillers to provide higher strength, without diminishing other essential thermo-physical characteristics of the nanocomposites. Most of the review articles focused on the CNT-reinforced epoxy composites and very limited review articles are available that focus on the oxide nanofiller reinforced epoxy composites. In this review article, epoxy nanocomposites reinforced with alumina (Al2O3), titania (TiO2), silica (SiO2), and zirconia (ZrO2) nanoparticles have been investigated. The influence of the oxide nanoparticles in modifying the physical and thermal properties of the epoxy nanocomposites has been presented, compared, and critically analysed to optimize the performance of epoxy nanocomposites.

Effect of Epoxy Resin Reinforcement on Screw Withdrawal Strength of Fiberboard and Particleboard Used in Furniture Industry

The study aimed to increase the screw withdrawal strength of medium density fiberboard and particleboard used in furniture strength by using epoxy resin in the screw pilot hole. Therefore, the effects of pilot hole diameters, screw diameter, and amount of epoxy resin on screw withdrawal strength of medium density fiberboard and particleboard from face and edge were investigated. According to TS EN 13446, 50 mm × 50 mm specimens were cut from commercial medium density fiberboard and particleboard boards. A static load was applied parallel to the screw direction. The screw withdrawal strength of medium density fiberboard was higher than the screw withdrawal strength of particleboard because of its density. Besides, the screw withdrawal strength of medium density fiberboard and particleboard samples with a 3.5 mm screw diameter was higher compared to those with a 4.5 mm screw diameter. A decrease in pilot hole diameter and an increase in the amount of epoxy resin provided higher screw withdrawal strength of materials. Using 20 % epoxy resin of the volume of the pilot hole resulted in two times better screw withdrawal strength values. The study showed that a higher amount of epoxy resin, smaller pilot hole diameter, and smaller screw diameter contribute to better screw withdrawal strength of both medium density fiberboard and particleboard from the face and edge.

Preparation of Poly (styrene-methyl acrylate) Reinforced on Ag-rGO Nanocomposite Under Photocatalytic Conditions and Its Use as a Hybrid Filler for Reinforcement of Epoxy Resin

Preparation of Poly (styrene-methyl acrylate) Reinforced on Ag-rGO Nanocomposite Under Photocatalytic Conditions and Its Use as a Hybrid Filler for Reinforcement of Epoxy Resin

Influence of mechanical defibration and chemical interaction of chitosan nanofibers on epoxy resin reinforcement

Influence of mechanical defibration and chemical interaction of chitosan nanofibers on epoxy resin reinforcement

Optimization of mechanical properties of bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid nano composites by response surface methodology

At present, materials obtained from nature are adopted with high priority due to exploitation of natural resources ofthe materials. This work is focused on the use of natural fibre with nano-silica as reinforcement in epoxy resin as a matrix. The polymer composites were developed by mixing an appropriate amount of nano SiO2 with bamboo fibres. After composite fabrication, specimens of standard size were prepared, and tests related to mechanical properties were performed. 32H compositesperformed best in the tensile test. The flexural test value for 32G composite was the highest. We found that the 32H composite had better energy absorption capacity. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to find the optimum composition of composites, and the effects of fibre and nano-SiO2 on their mechanical properties were investigated. A central composite design was employed to analyse the composite properties. A second order polynomial model was used for predicting strength of the composites. It has been found that the composite was best fit by a quadratic regression model with an excessive co-efficient to determine the R2 value. Effects of bamboo fibre and nano-SiO2 were examined using analysis of variance (ANOVA).Experiment found that two-layer natural bamboo fibre with 2 wt.% of silica is of high quality. Nano composites of fabricated natural fibre reinforced polymer has numerous uses in automotive, aircraft, aerospace, sporting, structural, and home appliance industries.

Study the mechanical properties of epoxy resin reinforcement by ziziphus spina-christi powder

Ziziphus Spina-Christi bark and other natural debris may be found in abundance in the nearby area. The mechanical qualities of all of these waste natural resources are outstanding, and they may be utilized more professionally to create composite materials for a variety of applications. Epoxy resin modified with organic natural particles such as Ziziphus Spina-Christi bark powder has been used as reinforcements in polymer matrixes instead of non-degradable synthetic reinforcement such as glass, carbon, or aramid. The tensile, impact and flexural characteristics of the Ziziphus Spina-Christi bark particles enhanced epoxy resin are examined in this publication. This paper studies the effects of weight fraction (3, 5, 7 & 9%) on the characterization of composite materials. The results show that the mechanical characterization of epoxy improved when added 7% from the particles of Christi. Where the hardness increased up to 77 (Mpa). Also, the impact strength reached 8.7 (KJ/m2 ) with a 7 wt% filler added, and the tensile strength increased from 18 (MPa) to 45 (MPa). The flexural strength of pure epoxy is 160 (MPa), and it increases linearly with the addition of Ziziphus Spina-Christi bark to 173 (MPa).

Efficient reinforcement of epoxy resin with amine‐rich rigid short‐chain grafted graphene oxide

AbstractFor improving the mechanical properties of epoxy resin (EP), it is an effective strategy to utilize surface‐modified graphene oxide (GO) as a reinforcement. However, there is nearly no report on surface modification using rigid short‐chain grafted GO, especially with multiple reactive sites. In this work, a novel surface functionalization of GO with an amine‐rich rigid short‐chain was successfully prepared and applied as a filler for EP with simultaneously high toughness and mechanical strength. Superior toughness and mechanical strength of the resultant epoxy nanocomposite can be obtained by grafting amine‐rich rigid short‐chain onto GO (DHN‐GO) owing to the enhanced interface binding ability with the EP and the optimized dispersibility in the matrix. Compared with the pure EP, the epoxy nanocomposites at an extremely low loading (0.75 wt‰) of DHN‐GO showed excellent mechanical properties. The tensile strength, elongation at break, and bending strength are increased by 28%, 37%, and 29%, respectively. This work is expected to provide more inspiration for the preparation of GO/EP composites with high toughness and mechanical strength.

Mechanical Characterization of Areca Fiber and Coconut Shell Powder Reinforced Hybrid Composites

The use of natural fibers in polymer matrix composites are increases because of their advantages like good stiffness, strength, environmental friendly, low cost and biodegradable. In the present investigation, hybrid fiber reinforced composites are fabricated using areca fiber and coconut shell powder (CSP) as reinforcement in epoxy resin. Unidirectional areca fiber and CSP reinforced epoxy composites were fabricated by varying the overall fiber loading (10, 20, 30, and 40 wt.%) and different weight ratios of areca fiber and CSP (1:1, 1:3, and 3:1). Effect of fiber loading and weight ratio on mechanical properties like tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), impact energy and surface hardness of hybrid composites were evaluate experimentally. All the hybrid composite samples fabrication and mechanical testing was done as per ASTM standards. The experimental investigation reveals that the tensile, flexural and ILSS properties show their maximum values at 30 wt.% of fiber loading with areca fiber and CSP weight ratio as 1:1. From the impact and hardness results it has been found that composites with areca fiber and CSP weight ratio as 3:1 and 1:1 respectively shows their maximum values at 40 wt.% of fiber loading. Interfacial analysis of the hybrid composites were also observed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Reinforcement of Epoxy Resin by Lignin

Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin with cycloaliphatic polyamine curing agent was modified with lignin to improve thermal and mechanical properties of of polymer composite. A systematic study of lignin loading, between 5 and 20 phr (per hundred parts resin) as compared to neat epoxy, was conducted for the reinforcement effect of epoxy resin composites. With the as-received lignin having spherical particles of 80 to 100 microns in diameter, the Tg of the epoxy-filler composites increased with a small addition of lignin up to 10 phr. Likewise, the yield stress and stiffness (Young’s modulus) of the epoxy resin-lignin composites significantly increased to a maximum value of 49.32 MPa and 2.75 GPa, respectively, with 10 phr lignin, due to the higher modulus of the filler compared to the bulk epoxy resin. Correspondingly, the storage moduli of the lignin-containing composites also increased upon filler addition up to 10 phr due to the impact of lignin. Conversely, however, the tanδ decreased in intensity with increasing lignin filler content, which reflects the dampening effect due to restricted chain mobility in thepresence of lignin particlesin epoxy systems.

3D printing of spent coffee ground derived biochar reinforced epoxy composites

Semi-crystalline carbon biochar is derived from spent coffee grounds (SCG) by a controlled pyrolysis process at high temperature/pressure conditions. Obtained biochar is characterized using XRD, SEM, and TEM techniques. Biochar particles are in the micrometer range with nanostructured morphologies. The SCG biochar thus produced is used as reinforcement in epoxy resin to 3 D print samples using the direct-write (DW) method with 1 and 3 wt. % loadings. Rheology results show that the addition of biochar makes resin viscous, enabling it to be stable soon after print; however, it could also lead to clogging of resin in printer head. The printed samples are characterized for chemical, thermal and mechanical properties using FTIR, TGA, DMA and flexure tests. Storage modulus improved with 1 wt. % biochar addition up to 27.5% and flexural modulus and strength increased up to 55.55% and 43.30% respectively. However, with higher loading of 3 wt. % both viscoelastic and flexural properties of 3D printed samples drastically reduced thus undermining the feasibility of 3D printing biochar reinforced epoxies at higher loadings.

Comprehensive investigation of mechanical and thermal properties of vetiver grass and red mud reinforced hybrid composites

ABSTRACT The study deals with the mechanical and thermal characterization of novel composite consisting of vetiver grass fiber (Chrysopogon zizanioides) (VF) and red mud (RM) as reinforcement in epoxy resin. Five types of composites were fabricated using hand lay-up technique by varying the weight percentage (wt%) of vetiver grass and red mud. Various mechanical properties like tensile strength, impact strength, and flexural strength of the said composites were evaluated and discussed. The thermal properties in terms of thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) were evaluated whereas the chemical composition characteristics were analyzed using FTIR and XRD spectroscopy. The fractured surfaces of the tested specimens were studied using a scanning electron microscope. From the results, it was observed that properties of polymer composites were improved by hybridization with vetiver grass fibers and red mud. The improved mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced composites were noticed in increment of wt% of red mud. Highest tensile strength of 51.78 MPa, flexural strength of 35.92 MPa and impact strength of 29 KJ/m2 was obtained for C5 composite which contains highest wt% of red mud. TGA shows better resistance to thermal degradation for the composites containing higher percentage of red mud. Looking at the results it can be concluded that the developed composites in this work can be an efficient alternative for building and automotive application which requires high strength and thermal stability.

Thermal and dynamic mechanical behavior of epoxy composites reinforced with post‐consumed yerba mate

AbstractYerba mate (YM) is widely consumed in Latin American countries, and its residues can be used as bio‐resources such as reinforced in epoxy composites. The present work aims to produce epoxy resin composites and evaluate the influence of post‐consumed YM as reinforcement. The concentrations of YM used were 5, 10, and 20% (wt/wt). Chemical, thermal, morphological, and dynamic mechanical behaviors were explored. The YM incorporation did not influence chemically on the epoxy structure and a pull‐out phenomenon was observed as YM content increased. The YM at lower concentrations (5 and 10%) led to higher values of activation energies calculated from model‐free isoconversional methods. On the other hand, the composite e/YM 20 wt% improved all dynamic‐mechanical properties. YM proved to be a suitable and cheap reinforcement for epoxy resin.

Pull-out strength of glued-in GFRP rods in timber connections by using of epoxy resin reinforced by nanoparticles

ABSTRACT Background: In timber structures, connections are the most important and critical section which supply the strength of each structural element. The aim of this study was evaluation the behavior of epoxy resin reinforced by nanoclay (at three levels) on the pull-out strength of glued-in GFRP rods in glulam. For this purpose, two rods with three lengths (50, 150 and 250 mm) and diameters (6.4, 12.7 and 19.1 mm) were inserted at two opposite sides of glulam blocks (with dimension of 8.89 x 8.89 x 29.94 cm) which were glued by epoxy resin. Samples underwent tensile testing and their tensile strength and shear strength were measured. The obtained data were analyzed statistically and the effects of studied factors on bond strength were evaluated. Results: The results showed that the strength of bonding increased with the addition of a low amount of nanoclay, and the length of the rod had a greater effect than its diameter. Furthermore, the amount of nanoclay, rod length and diameter could not significantly affect simultaneously, the performance and strength of glued-in GFRP rods. Conclusion: Nanoclay particle can be considered as a reinforcement for epoxy resin in glued-in GFRP rods and its effect may cause a considerable increase in the mechanical strengths of joints.

Reinforcement of Epoxy Resin by Additives of Amine-Functionalized Graphene Nanosheets

In this study, graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were modified with an amine functional group to obtain amine-functionalized graphene (AMG) nanosheets and then blended with the aniline curing agent of bisphenol-A (BPA) epoxy resin to crosslink BPA epoxy resin. The AMG-blended curing agent and BPA epoxy resin formed an intermolecular hydrogen bond that was stronger than the π–π stacking force between benzene rings of graphene nanosheets. Therefore, AMG nanosheets exhibited excellent dispersion in the aniline curing agent. The amine group of AMG-blended curing agents and the epoxy functional group of BPA epoxy resin exhibited strong chemical activity and underwent crosslinking and polymerization. AMG nanosheets were mixed with BPA epoxy resin to form a crosslinked structure through the epoxy ring-opening polymerization of the resin. The mechanical properties of the epoxy resin nanocomposites were significantly improved by the added 1 wt.% AMG nanosheets. The tensile strength was enhanced by 98.1% by adding 1 wt.% AMG in epoxy. Furthermore, the impact resistance of the epoxy resin was enhanced by 124.4% after adding 2.67 wt.% of AMG nanosheets. Compared with other reinforced fillers, AMG nanosheets are very light and can therefore be used as nanocomposite materials in coating applications, the automotive industry, aerospace sheet materials, wind power generation, and other fields.

Mechanical behaviour of Kenaf-Jute-E-glass reinforced hybrid polymer composites

Natural fibers have predominantly gained hobby in reinforcement for hybrid PMC due to free availability, eco-friendly and also with superior mechanical properties. Most of the authors predicted the benefits of using kenaf and jute fiber related polymerized materials in for structural and automotive applications, due to certain drawbacks, which are found in fibers such as greater water-absorption tendency, and simultaneously shows low mechanical strength propertie than the glass fibers. The exceptional properties of kenaf and jute fibers can be solved by hybridization with synthetic fibers. The laminated hybrid composites were prepared from E-glass, jute/kenaf woven fabric as reinforcement for epoxy resin under vacuum bagging process. The fabricated composite laminates were tested for flexural and tensile as per ASTM D790 and ASTM D3039 respectively. Results of the tests are tensile strength and flexural strength is 88.08 MPa of S6 plate and 243.856 MPa of S9 plate. Results proved that the hybrid laminates having the combination of kenaf and glass fibres can improve mechanical properties than that of jute and glass fibres, with the increase in number of glass plies can further increase the mechanical properties.

Utilization of Chemically Modified Novel Urena Lobata Fibers as Reinforcement in Polymer Composites – an Experimental Study

ABSTRACT In the present research work, chemically modified Urena lobata (UL) fibers have been reinforced in epoxy resin matrix for fabrication of natural fiber polymer composite. The extracted fibers have been chemically modified with different concentration of NaOH (i.e. 4%, 5%, 6%, and 7%) and characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). From the tensile test results it has been found that 6% NaOH treated fiber gives maximum tensile strength. Composites have been fabricated using various weight percentages of treated fibers as reinforcement in epoxy resin and their mechanical and thermal properties have been evaluated. From the results it has been observed that 20 wt% of fiber loading gives optimum properties.