Rehabilitation Of Students Research Articles

Inclusive Education and Rehabilitation of Students with Neurological and Developmental Disabilities: A Case of Pakistani Schools- Community Collaboration

The study was carried out to explore the nature of collaboration between the schools of students with neurological and developmental disabilities(SWNDDs)and the community institutions including family, health, general education, and social welfare. The study is carried out through a quantitative survey. The population of the study was teachers, and the parents of students with neurological and developmental disabilities studying in different schools in Punjab. A total number of 100 teachers (both male and female) and 31 parents(Mothers & fathers ) were selected through a simple random sampling technique. Two structured questionnaires, one for teachers and one for parents, were used to collect the data. Each questionnaire consisted of two sections; demographic information and close-ended statements. The validity of the questionnaires was estimated from experts in special education. The reliability of the questionnaires was .83 and .80(Cronbach’s Alpha). The data analysis shows that schools had a low level of collaboration with health and social welfare departments but a moderate level of collaboration with regular education and families of students with NDDs.The need for strong and effective school-community collaboration for the welfare and uplift of students with neurological and developmental disabilities and their parents is recommended.

REPLACEMENT OF RHYTHM LESSONS IN THE HEALTH CARE OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES

The article provides information on the role and role of rhythmic classes in the rehabilitation of students with disabilities, ways of using movement exercises, and examples of movement games.

Tomorrow Never Comes, But It [Education] Gives You Hope

Higher education in the correctional environment is endorsed globally as the most effective tool for rehabilitation. Studies from the Global North have researched correctional education and its accessibility, but few of those have focused specifically on incarcerated women’s access to tertiary education online. Even fewer consider this topic within the context of the Global South. This study aimed to address that gap by providing a holistic perspective of South African women’s experiences of e-learning and distance higher education while incarcerated. As a qualitative research study utilising feminist narrative inquiry, the lived experiences of seven women incarcerated in the largest correctional facility in South Africa are uncovered through narrative analysis. The findings describe women’s pathways towards obtaining an education online, the challenges they encountered, and the role support played in their completing a tertiary degree through distance education. Ultimately, the findings reveal that online higher education moves beyond student rehabilitation, to enhance the overall well-being of these students and enable them to cultivate empathic relationships with their peers, which in turn fosters further education opportunities for incarcerated women in South Africa.

Effect of Low Vision Devices on Visual Acuity and Visual Function of Students of Schools for the Blind in Southeast Nigeria

Aim: To determine the effect of low vision aids (LVA) on the visual acuity and visual function of students of schools for the blind in South East Nigeria. Settings and design: This was a cross-sectional, interventional study conducted in three schools for the blind in Southeast, Nigeria. Methods: All students who consented and met the eligibility criteria from these schools were enlisted for the study. Each participant underwent visual acuity assessment and a thorough eye examination, which included tests involving low vision aids. Participants who had improvement in their vision were provided with low vision aids and reassessed four months later. In addition, changes in functional vision were assessed using the LV Prasad Functional Vision Questionnaire. Results: Ninety-two students made up of 52 (57.0%) men and 40 (43.0%) women were examined. The mean age was 18.4 ± 6.4 years. Eighty-eight (95.7%) students had visual acuity <3/60 in the better eye before refraction. Eleven (12%) students had improvement in visual acuity to ≥6/60 in the better eye with refraction. Thirteen (14.1%) students had improvement by at least one grade of the WHO visual acuity categories with the use of low vision aids and 10 (76.9%) of these were able to read N10 or better. The improvement in functional vision was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Low Vision Aids are important in the rehabilitation of students with residual vision.

The physical health recovery, the practice of the reproductive method of adaptive physical education

The article focuses on the need to introduce modern alternative health-saving methods and technologies of physical education, in particular, health tourism as an important factor in the educational process and a leading factor in the socialization and harmonious development of children and young people with special needs. The problem of physical education of pupil’s and student’s youth is relevant at the present stage of the development of health tourism. Adaptive physical education is an important factor in the rehabilitation of students who have limited physical health opportunities. We admit that the implementation of the program of health measures to organize the physical activity of students using the natural sedative factors of health tourism will have a great impact on the physical and mental development, social and psychophysical condition of students. Purpose: The purpose of the research is to substantiate the scientific and pedagogical aspects of the reproductive method of adaptive physical education of the student youth with special needs using health tourism. Involvement of this category of students in physical education to determine the social significance of adaptive physical culture in renewed and maintaining the state of physical and psychological health of people with special needs. Approach: A set of complementary methods by the assigned task is used in the work. Analysis and generalization of domestic and world experience on the problem of renewal and rehabilitation by methods and means of adaptive physical culture were carried out. The scientific special literature was analyzed on the problems of applying means of physical culture, on the complex resumption of physical health. Students of non-physical education institutions of higher education in Kharkiv took part in the research. The questionnaire survey technique is used in the experiment. In this method, we used the questionnaire that consists of 8 questions and was applied to up to 60 individuals regardless of gender. Results: The reproductive method of adaptive physical education is aimed at improving the knowledge in physical rehabilitation and forming the skills of persons with special needs to use natural factors for body resumption. The introduction of a mental-conceptual model increased awareness of health tourism means and methods by 18,5% (t=2,41; p<0,01). Psychological comfort after the proposed measures to preserve the state of physical and psychological health of students with special needs improved by 61,3% (t = 3,47; p<0,001). Conclusion: The search for ways to make optimal use of health tourism for the renewal of health and social adaptation of persons with special needs is one of the main areas of adaptive physical education.

АКТУАЛЬНІСТЬ ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ ПРОГРАМИ «ЛІКУВАЛЬНА ФІЗИЧНА КУЛЬТУРА ДЛЯ ДІТЕЙ МОЛОДШОГО ШКІЛЬНОГО ВІКУ З ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНИМИ ПОРУШЕННЯМИ ПОСТАВИ В УМОВАХ ЗАГАЛЬНООСВІТНІХ НАВЧАЛЬНИХ ЗАКЛАДІВ»

In the article "Relevance of implementation of the program "Remedial physical education for children of primary school age with functional postural disorders in the conditions of general educational institutions" the priority of corrective classes in schools for children with postural disorders was researched, revealed and updated. Therapeutic physical education is not only a medical discipline that uses physical education for the purpose of treatment and rehabilitation of students, as well as disease prevention. To increase the effectiveness of exercises, the task of exercise therapy includes the use of pedagogical means of influence: developing confidence in one's abilities, a conscious attitude to classes and the need to actively participate in them. The form of therapeutic physical culture is the organizational form in which the means of therapeutic physical culture are used and the methods of exercise therapy are carried out. The methods of physical therapy are actually the tasks of physical therapy. The name of the exercise therapy method indicates the disease or pathological condition in which this method is used. Means of exercise therapy are active therapeutic factors, such as gymnastic exercises, physical exercises in water, walking, classes on simulators, etc. The article also examines the theoretical issues of training physical education teachers for the implementation of the program "Remedial physical education for children of primary school age with functional postural disorders in the conditions of general educational institutions", reveals the age-related anatomical and physiological features of the development of younger schoolchildren, the main causes of functional postural disorders in younger students schoolchildren in the conditions of general educational institutions and at home, the tasks of the program, the prospects for the formation of knowledge, abilities, skills and competences in the process of studying the program are described. Key words: therapeutic physical education, primary school age, functional postural disorders, round back, lateral curvature of the spine, general educational institutions, therapeutic physical education lesson, lesson structure.

Physical Rehabilitation Program for Students of the Special Medical Group

Most of the current programs of physical rehabilitation of students of a special medical group (hereinafter - SMG) are aimed only at a separate contingent depending on the type of nosology, which complicates the work of the teacher and reduces the effectiveness of classes for other students. In fact, no physical rehabilitation programs have been developed for female students who have the highest reproductive potential. Therefore, the creation of a rehabilitation program that will not only be able to cover students with various diseases, but will also be useful for the prevention of risk factors for chronic noncommunicable diseases (CHD) as the most acute demographic problem is relevant. The purpose of the study is to develop, scientifically substantiate and test the program of physical rehabilitation of students of a special medical group, taking into account motor disorders. The developed program of physical rehabilitation of SMG students taking into account motor impairments had a complex character and included the following elements: lifestyle modification, kinesitherapy (with stoppage of fitness yoga, functional training, aerobic training) (swimming, fitness, jogging, health) self-massage with the Lyapko applicator. The control group included 24 individuals, the experimental group consisted of two groups of 24 individuals. The following methods were used to solve the research tasks: analysis of scientific and special literature, surveys and questionnaires, pedagogical testing, methods of determining indicators of physical development, physical fitness and functional state of the organism, methods of mathematical statistics. After the implementation of the developed program of physical rehabilitation for female students, a decrease in the number and intensity of modified risk factors for CHD due to increased physical activity, reduction of bad habits was determined; reducing the number of complaints. Studies on the effectiveness of the program of physical rehabilitation of female students, taking into account motor impairments, tested on a sufficient number of female students of the special medical group, have confirmed data and can serve as a basis for practical implementation of this program.

Effect of Training Intervention on Knowledge and Attitude towards Giant Freshwater Prawn Rearing among Students of Rehabilitation Institute in Malaysia

Aquaculture activity can potentially help in rehabilitation. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of training intervention on knowledge and attitude towards giant freshwater prawn rearing in a rehabilitation institute in Malaysia. The program comprised of knowledge transfer on basic techniques of rearing and feed formulation to the students. Effect of the program was evaluated using a pre- and post-interventions design as well as interview. Seventeen trainees from the rehabilitation institute were requested to respond to a 31 items questionnaire. Principal, staff in charge, counsellor and participating students of the institute were interviewed to obtain feedback on the intervention program. Following implementation of the training intervention, there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in the knowledge with most questions acquired correct answers from the students. A positive attitude towards rearing activity was maintained from pre- to post-intervention showing a sustained interest in this activity among the participants. The conducted interviews also indicated encouraging feedback from the intervention. Positive output from this study indicated great potential of this training to introduce giant freshwater prawn rearing activity as an additional activity towards rehabilitation of students in a rehabilitation institute. This preliminary program showed promising outcome that could be continued for other students in such institute.

Peculiarities of local lore and tourist activity with pupil and student youth in Kharkiv region

In the modern socio-political life of Ukraine, the role of local lore is noticeably growing, which is aimed at preserving centuries-old cultural traditions, restoring the historical memory of the people, educating the patriotism of the citizens of an independent sovereign state. Socio-political, economic, environmental changes in the life of our country, which is being intensively reformed, affect on the younger generation. Therefore, the involvement of pupils and students in an interesting, useful and creative life by means of tourism and local lore is a socially necessary function, which is aimed at developing in accordance with the requirements of the time harmoniously developed creative personality. Various forms of work provide a comprehensive nature of tourism and local lore activities in the education, upbringing and rehabilitation of students, it provides ample opportunities for creative activities - sports, science, art, technical, social and pedagogical. The article considers the theoretical and methodological aspects of the organization and conduct of local lore and tourism work in out-of-school education institutions. The role and place of local lore and tourism activities in working with pupils and students on the example of Kharkiv region are indicated. The role of special out-of-school education institutions, in particular of the region in the avant-garde activity of this direction is substantiated. These are the centers of scientific, educational, methodical work first of all. Also in the article features of the organization of tourist and local lore activity of youth are noted. Forms of local lore activity among student youth are considered. The main directions of work with youth in Kharkiv region are investigated, on the example of the Municipal institution "Kharkiv regional station of young tourists" of the Kharkiv regional council. The activity of circles of tourist and local history and local lore directions in Kharkiv region is analyzed. The role and significance of tourist and local lore activities for the younger generation are determined.

Socio cultural rehabilitation of students with cerebral palsy by the method of bibliotherapy,taking into account the peculiarities of personal developmen

Socio cultural rehabilitation of students with cerebral palsy by the method of bibliotherapy,taking into account the peculiarities of personal developmen

БОЙОВИЙ ХОРТИНГ У ПРОГРАМІ ПОЗААУДИТОРНИХ ЗАНЯТЬ ІЗ ЗАГАЛЬНОФІЗИЧНОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ, ВИХОВАННЯ ФІЗИЧНОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ ТА ОСНОВ ЗДОРОВ’Я СТУДЕНТІВ

The article defines the content, forms and methods of extracurricular classes on combat horting in higher education institutions to improve general physical training, physical education and basics of student health, reveals guidelines for organizing the educational process of combat horting in higher education institutions and formation of a healthy lifestyle of student youth. The theoretical analysis of the program of extracurricular classes, problems of formation of a healthy way of life of students and conditions of application of improving physical exercises of combat horting is carried out. The implementation of the content of general physical training, physical education and basics of student health in the process of combat horting is provided by adequate to the physical activity of students methods of building training sessions in sports sections of higher education institutions. The presentation of the main material is based on the provisions of the National Strategy for the Development of Education in Ukraine, the Concept of National-Patriotic Education of Children and Youth, other guiding state documents on physical education of students in school and extracurricular activities. This requires new views on the planning and implementation of the modern educational process and rehabilitation of students by conducting extracurricular classes on combat horting in sports sections of higher education institutions. Today, almost every young person living in a country of technological progress has many jobs and responsibilities. As a result, with a load of trivial life and technical problems on a person, he simply forgets the main truths and goals: maintaining his health. And he remembers his health only at the doctor's, when many diseases are in a progressive state, started, and sometimes not cured. And to prevent these consequences is possible only by regularly working on yourself, forming and understanding the values ​​of healthy living, maintaining an active and healthy diet, following the rules of hygiene, regularly preventing dental diseases and oral cavity [4], systematically monitoring their general well-being. In this regard, combat horting is a very effective means of improving well-being, regulation of all processes in the human body in the required rational tone. Therefore, the efforts of the National Combat Horting Federation of Ukraine are aimed at preserving and strengthening the health of young people.

The impact of the application of cloud accounting on accounting programs in Palestinian universities: أثر تطبيق المحاسبة السحابية على برامج المحاسبة في الجامعات الفلسطينية

This study aims to clarify the impact of the application of cloud accounting on accounting programs in Palestinian universities from the point of view of academics working in Palestinian universities. A questionnaire has been used to solicit the opinions of specialists in this field, the questionnaires were distributed to all academics working in the accounting and financial science programs in the Palestinian universities, which are eleven universities, offer the accounting and financial sciences program. 33 valid questionnaires were retrieved for analysis... The study concluded that the application of cloud accounting to accounting programs in Palestinian universities may have the greatest impact in reducing the cost of traditional programs and the number of credit hours. It may also increase student's rehabilitation. Accounting will lead to an increase in the number of students enrolled in accounting programs in the Palestinian universities.

Elective Course as a Means of Forming a Sports Life Style of Students: Physical Culture and Sports

Improving the quality of higher education in Russia necessitates its organization on the basis of modern approaches, including those affecting the field of physical education, upbringing, development and rehabilitation of students. It has long been proven that the basis of human life, his labor activity, achievements, longevity and success is his health. It, in turn, depends on socio-economic, sanitary-hygienic, material, technical, environmental conditions, as well as on the lifestyle of the person himself, his nutrition, on the healthcare system in the country, on the education of the person, and most importantly - on his level physical activity. The healing effect of various physical exercises is that the working muscles are closely interconnected with the human nervous system, its metabolism and the work of internal organs. Based on this, the article substantiates the role of elective courses in physical culture and sport in the educational and cognitive activities of students as the main tool for shaping a sports lifestyle, the need for active physical activity. The basis of elective courses in physical education and sports, the main purpose of which is to strengthen sports-oriented physical education, is to take into account the interests and needs of students involved in the optional sports complex of the educational organization in sports sections. The ability to choose the type of sporting activity and the lack of a form of control as an academic unit significantly increased the positive attitude of students to basic physical education classes.

The Effect of Recreational Swimming on the Health of Students with Poor Somatic Health in Physical Education Classes at University.

Background: The physical education of students who have a deviation in their state of health requires a joint effort from teachers and doctors. Aim: The aim of the study was to substantiate the necessity of swimming classes as an effective means of physical rehabilitation in students with health disorders within the physical education curriculum classes. Methods: Students with low-level somatic health (54 students) were grouped into the Basic Group (BG, 27 students) and the Control Group (CG, 27 students). The Basic Group students were offered special swimming classes aimed at their physical rehabilitation. At the beginning of the study and after 24 training classes the authors assessed the somatic health, physical and mental endurance, and adaptation abilities of the autonomic nervous system. Results: Implementation of the method into the curriculum of the BG students resulted in a significant improvement (by 48.1%) of their somatic health. A reliable re-distribution of the students with “poor” and “lower than average” somatic health to the “average” and “higher than average” health group was noted (p < 0.05). The students’ physical characteristics improved by 36.4%. Conclusion: The conducted research proved the necessity of using sectional swimming activities as a means of physical rehabilitation of students with low health.

The Theology of Green Islam: Managerial System of Islamic Transformative Rehabilitation for Mental Disorder Patients at PP Al Qodir

This study seeks to explore the theological ideas of 'Green Islam' as the basis of the managerial system of Islamic transformative rehabilitation for students (santri) with mental disorders in Islamic boarding school (Pondok Pesantren/PP) Al Qodir. Easily, this theology implements psychological and sociological problems that undermine the human psyche through rehabilitation instruments. According to KH Masrur Ahmad, the theology of Green Islam is the basis for the contextualization of Islamic teachings that are friendly to weak people. The Islamic boarding school based model and based on local wisdom experience, integrated with the rehabilitation model which is a secular conception gave birth to a new paradigm related to the pattern of the managerial system of Islamictransformative rehabilitation in PP Al Qodir. While the process of Islamic rehabilitation there are three stages, namely self-cleaning, self-development, and self-improvement. By adopting the rehabilitation process, Green Islam is an effective therapy, as well as a rehabilitation management system that promotes transformative patterns. The success of applying theology is based on the POAC (Planning, Organizing, Actuating, and Controlling) technique that is attached to the figure of KH Masrur Ahmad as the caregiver of PP Al Qodir. G. R Terry emphasizes that managerial systems are a process of planning, organizing, mobilizing and controlling by utilizing knowledge and art in order to achieve previously set goals. So the purpose of this paper is to explore the pattern of the PP Al Qodir managerial system in rehabilitating santri who have mental disorders using the basis of theology of Green Islam. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of transformative Islamic rehabilitation is very dependent on the management of POAC developed by KH. Masrur Ahmad.

Adolescent understandings of disability labels and social stigma in school

Frequent discussion in the field of disability research focuses knowledge on rehabilitation for students with disabilities. However, lacking is a focus on student identity development in the face of a highly stigmatizing and stigmatized label. Semi-structured interviews with four freshman males labeled with high incidence disabilities were conducted. The aim of the study was a student-centered discussion of disability knowledge and awareness of stigma. This student-centered discussion is presented in contrast to a body of literature critiqued as stories that are told about people with disabilities by nondisabled researchers and practitioners. Instead, this paper frames students with disabilities as the experts on their own identity. All students were aware of the stigma of their disability label, though each negotiated this stigma differently. The young men conceptualized disability in differing ways. Results suggest students’ deep knowledge, of, and conscious behaviors to avoid disability stigma.

Психологические особенности инклюзивного образования

The authors draw attention to the recovery period of education in Donbass, emphasizing the need for psychological protection and rehabilitation of students, the creation of special psychological conditions, social and psychological environment in inclusive education.

Динаміка показників серцево-судинної системи й адаптаційного потенціалу у студентів з хронічним бронхітом

Purpose: to determine the impact of the physical rehabilitation program on the state of the cardiovascular system and changes in the adaptive capacity of students with chronic bronchitis. Material & Methods: theoretical analysis of literature and generalization of scientific, methodological and specialized literature; pulseometry, arterial tonometry, a technique for determining the adaptive potential by R. M. Baevsky; methods of mathematical statistics. Results : a comprehensive program of physical rehabilitation was made taking into account the two stages of the period of convalescence, clinical and biological recovery, for students of the same group, additional application of varieties of walking and running on various health-normalizing regimes. After applying the program of physical rehabilitation of students of both groups, a slowdown in the recovery of all cardiovascular parameters and changes in the adaptive potential of the circulatory system was noted, however, the best results were obtained in a group of students, additionally, the versions of walking were used in various health-normalizing regimes with a combination of permutations of hand movements. Conclusion: confirmation of the effectiveness of the developed program of physical rehabilitation was a statistically significant improvement in the cardiovascular system, a slowdown in recovery processes after exercise, an increase in the number of students with a state of satisfactory adaptation.

Этиопатогенетические механизмы возникновения дезадаптивных расстройств у человека в процессе обучения

Цель исследования. Анализ факторов риска и патогенетических механизмов развития дезадаптивных расстройств (ДР) у человека в процессе обучения. Методика. В работе использованы общенаучные методы теоретического познания: абстрагирование, анализ и синтез, аналогия, индукция и дедукция, мысленное моделирование. Результаты. Показано, что пограничные расстройства адаптации имеют бифункциональную природу и характеризуются бессимптомным течением. Установлена роль социогенных факторов среды в возникновении ДР. Акцентируется, что ДР часто формируются в процессе обучения под воздействием неблагоприятных факторов среды и образа жизни. Рассмотрена роль этиологических факторов риска в развитии ДР, обсуждаются особенности течения психосоматических расстройств у студентов, их психофизиологический статус и особенности проявления у них дезадаптации. Детально анализируются современные представления об организации ДР при различных вариантах приспособления организма человека к условиям учебной среды. Обсуждается влияние типологии на уровень адаптации (дезадаптации) организма и системная организация психических функций. Показано ведущее значение в патогенезе ДР активации лимбико-ретикулярных образований, дисфункции срединно-стволовых структур мозга и дезинтеграции корково-подкорковых взаимоотношений. Заключение. Сделан вывод, что понимание механизмов развития ДР позволяет применять различные методы профилактики ДР. Обсуждаются некоторые немедикоментозные и фармакологические средства коррекции ДР и санаторная реабилитация обучающихся. Установление истинных механизмов развития дезадаптивных расстройств обеспечит решение многих вопросов патофизиологии интегративной деятельности мозга. Это в свою очередь позволит найти пути нормализации психосоматических нарушений, применять более эффективные методы медико-психологической помощи населению. Aim. Based of published reports to analyze risk factors for development of disadaptive disorders (DD) and to elucidate pathogenetic mechanisms of DD development during education for their timely prevention and correction. Methods. In this study, general scientific methods of theoretical knowledge were used, such as abstraction, analysis and synthesis, analogy, induction and deduction, and mental modeling. Results. This review examined the literature on development of DD in people during training. We presented evidence that borderline disorders of adaptation are bifunctional and characterized by an asymptomatic course. The role of sociogenic, environmental factors in the occurrence of DD was established. Emphasis was placed on the fact that DD often develop in the process of learning under the influence of adverse environmental factors and lifestyle. Opinions on the role of etiologic risk factors in the development of DD were presented. Features of psychosomatic disorders, psychophysiological status, and manifestations of maladaptation in students were discussed. Current ideas about the DD organization and different types of body adaptation to the conditions of educational environment were analyzed in detail. The author focused on the effect of typology on the level of adaptation (maladaptation) in the body and the systemic organization of mental functions. Activation of limbic-reticular formations, dysfunction of mid-brain stem structures, and disintegration of cortical-subcortical relationships were shown to play a leading role in the pathogenesis of DD. Conclusion. A detailed understanding of DD mechanisms allows to use different methods for prevention of DD. Some non-drug and pharmacological methods for DD correction and sanatorium rehabilitation of students were discussed in this review. Identifying true mechanisms for development of maladaptive disorders will provide a solution of many issues in pathophysiology of brain integrative activity. This, in turn, will help finding ways to correct psychosomatic disorders and to use more effective methods in medical and psychological care.

Вплив оздоровчо-нормалізуючих режимів ходьби на стан дихальної системи студентів при хронічному бронхіті

Purpose: to determine the influence of the types of walking on the state of the respiratory system of students with chronic bronchitis in the period of convalescence. Material & Methods : 73 students were studied at the age of 17–20 years, MG1 (n=25) and MG2 (n=21) were engaged in the developed program, but MG1 students additionally applied the types of walking and running at various health-normalizing regimes, CG (n=27) did not have bronchopulmonary pathology and were engaged in physical culture according to the program of the university. All students underwent spirometric studies, hypoxic tests. Results : at the end of the course of physical rehabilitation of students of MG1, spirometric indicators were statistically significantly improved and reached the level of CG indices. MG2 students observed improvement in all parameters, but they did not receive any statistical significance. Conclusion : it is proved that the inclusion in the program of physical rehabilitation during the convalescence period of varieties of walking and running on various health-normalizing regimes promotes the complete restoration of the lost functions of the respiratory system.