Rehabilitation Design Research Articles

TouchMark: Partial Tactile Feedback Design for Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Virtual Reality.

The use of Virtual Reality (VR) technology, especially in medical rehabilitation, has expanded to include tactile cues along with visual stimuli. For patients with upper limb hemiplegia, tangible handles with haptic stimuli could improve their ability to perform daily activities. Traditional VR controllers are unsuitable for patient rehabilitation in VR, necessitating the design of specialized tangible handles with integrated tracking devices. Besides, matching tactile stimulation with corresponding virtual visuals could strengthen users' embodiment (i.e., owning and controlling virtual bodies) in VR, which is crucial for patients' training with virtual hands. Haptic stimuli have been shown to amplify the embodiment in VR, whereas the effect of partial tactile stimulation from tangible handles on embodiment remains to be clarified. This research, including three experiments, aims to investigate how partial tactile feedback of tangible handles impacts users' embodiment, and we proposed a design concept called TouchMark for partial tactile stimuli that could help users quickly connect the physical and virtual worlds. To evaluate users' tactile and comfort perceptions when grasping tangible handles in a non-VR setting, various handles with three partial tactile factors were manipulated in Study 1. In Study 2, we explored the effects of partial feedback using three forms of TouchMark on the embodiment of healthy users in VR, with various tangible handles, while Study 3 focused on similar investigations with patients. These handles were utilized to complete virtual food preparation tasks. The tactile and comfort perceptions of tangible handles and users' embodiment were evaluated in this research using questionnaires and interviews. The results indicate that TouchMark with haptic line and ring forms over no stimulation would significantly enhance users' embodiment, especially for patients. The low-cost and innovative TouchMark approach may assist users, particularly those with limited VR experience, in achieving the embodiment and enhancing their virtual interactive experience.

Mechanical Response and Anti-Reflective Crack Design in New Asphalt Overlays on Existing Asphalt Overlaying Composite Portland Cement Pavement

A detection and evaluation system containing a two-level index of structural integrity and bearing capacity was constructed based on ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and a falling weight deflector (FWD). This system was constructed to solve problems with the detection, evaluation, and structural and material design of asphalt rehabilitation for the prevention and control of asphalt reflection cracks in asphalt overlaying composite Portland cement pavement. Based on the detected data from the GPR and FWD, the reasonable and recommended thickness range of the stress-absorbing layer was determined by the finite element method, and the optimization design of an anti-reflective crack structure is proposed. Furthermore, a material design and engineering application of the stress-absorbing layer was carried out. The results show that an additional 10 cm layer of repaved asphalt can reduce temperature stress by 64.1%, reduce fatigue stress by 29.3% at the cement slab bottom, and extend the service life by 23.1 years. The reasonable thickness of the stress-absorbing layer ranges from 1.6 cm to 2.0 cm, and the recommended structural combination design is a 4 cm SMA-13 upper layer, a 4 cm AC-16 lower layer, and a 2 cm stress-absorbing layer overlaying existing asphalt overlay. The impact toughness of the designed stress-absorbing layer is 1.05 times and 1.44 times that of the other stress-absorbing layer and the AC-16 asphalt mixture, respectively, which have been successfully used for more than 5 years. The recommended design rehabilitation has good engineering application. The uniformity of the stress-absorbing layer can reach 63%, and an anti-reflective crack effect is expected. The results of this study provide design methodology and experience for composite pavement repaving.

Seismic rehabilitation of RC frames with innovative precast U-shaped UHPC jackets: Experimental evaluation and computational simulation

The rehabilitation of post-earthquake reinforced concrete (RC) frames is crucial for both restoring structural integrity and enhancing seismic resilience against future seismic events. Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is distinguished by its exceptional strength, crack-control capabilities, ductility, and durability. Despite numerous studies on its use for structural retrofitting, its application in rehabilitating damaged RC frames remains limited. This study introduced a novel precast U-shaped UHPC jacket designed for the post-earthquake rehabilitation of RC frames. The jacketing method promotes composite action in rehabilitated members through lap splicing and dowel bars, complemented by cast-in-place connections using UHPC to minimize splice length and strengthen potential weak areas under external loads. The efficacy of this jacketing approach was rigorously evaluated through cyclic loading experiments on two RC frame specimens. Results indicated that the UHPC rehabilitation method not only recovered but significantly enhanced the seismic performance of the previously damaged frame, improving initial stiffness, yield strength, peak strength, displacement ductility, and energy dissipation capacity. However, the rehabilitated frame showed a reduced yield drift and increased residual displacement compared to the as-built frame. The experimental results also revealed the necessity of accounting for bond slip in structural rehabilitation analysis and design to prevent overestimating lateral stiffness. Furthermore, the study developed a computational model that incorporates flexure, bond slip, and shear responses, aiming to effectively simulate the load-displacement behavior of rehabilitated RC frames with reasonable accuracy.

Therapeutic Garden Design at Marzoeki Mahdi Hospital

Abstract Mental disorders is characterized by clinically significant disturbance in a person’s cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior. Dr. H. Marzoeki Mahdi Hospital (RSMM) is one of the mental hospitals that provides psychosocial rehabilitation services. Psychosocial rehabilitation consists of various activities to hone the patient’s ability so that they live independently. One of the activities is vocational and occupational therapy. The hospital garden is a necessity in the patient rehabilitation process so it needs to be designed to make it can be utilized optimally. The research objectives are to identify and analyze activities, user needs, potentials and constraints on the site; determine the design concept and create a therapeutic garden design for psychosocial rehabilitation at Marzoeki Mahdi Hospital. This research uses a descriptive method with stages such as preparation, research and analysis, concept and design. Data was collected through surveys, interviews, questionnaires and literature studies. The proposed design is a therapeutic garden to support psychosocial rehabilitation. The design concept applies one of patients rehabilitaion activities, namely socializing, which is depicted in a circular pattern and rehabilitation activities carried out repeatedly are depicted in a repetitive pattern. In addition, a symmetrical pattern is also applied which illustrates organized life and firmness. Based on this pattern, spaces are designed to support rehabilitation activities, namely the welcome area, active therapy area, passive therapy area and parking area.

Reclaiming urban lost spaces around elevated urban linkages: the case of El Sawy Cultural Wheel, Egypt

In recent times, elevated urban linkages (EULs) have emerged as crucial components of urban development, cutting through the cities’ urban fabric to accommodate the rapid expansion of urban cores and to facilitate traffic flow. However, these massive infrastructures have inadvertently given rise to urban lost spaces—vacant, inefficient areas within the urban fabric. Recognizing these lost spaces as untapped public assets, the paper explores sustainable development strategies to reclaim them into the urban fabric, transforming them into vibrant, multi-functional public spaces. The paper aims to achieve a set of urban design guidelines for rehabilitation design interventions which will be deduced into a comprehensive framework. This framework encompasses criteria for selecting appropriate approaches and types of rehabilitation design interventions, as well as design principles ensuring the desirability of the reclaimed space. The paper applies this framework to assess the El Sawy Cultural Wheel in Egypt, revealing it as a successful example of a reclaimed space. While positive aspects of rehabilitation design interventions are evident in terms of the approach and type of intervention in this case study, there are identified areas with shortcomings in fully implementing the design principles, if enhanced, could elevate the overall quality of the reclaimed space.

A Study on the Design of Knee Exoskeleton Rehabilitation Based on the RFPBS Model.

The gait rehabilitation knee exoskeleton is an advanced rehabilitative assistive device designed to help patients with knee joint dysfunction regain normal gait through training and activity support. This paper introduces a design framework based on the process knowledge representation method to optimize the design and control efficiency of the knee exoskeleton. This framework integrates knowledge of design objects and processes, specifically including requirements, functions, principle work areas, and the representation and multi-dimensional dynamic mapping of the Behavior-Structure (RFPBS) matrix, achieving multi-dimensional dynamic mapping of the knee exoskeleton. This method incorporates biomechanical and physiological knowledge from the rehabilitation process to more effectively simulate and support gait movements during rehabilitation. Research results indicate that the knee rehabilitation exoskeleton design, based on the RFPBS process knowledge representation model, accomplishes multi-dimensional dynamic mapping, providing a scientific basis and effective support for the rehabilitation of patients with knee joint dysfunction.

Bound by Experience: Updating the Body Representation When Using Virtual Objects.

Four web-based experiments investigated flexibility of disembodiment of a virtual object that is no longer actively controlled. Emphasis was on possibilities to modify the timescale of this process. Interactions with virtual objects are commonplace in settings like teleoperation, rehabilitation, and computer-aided design. These objects are quickly integrated into the operator's body schema (embodiment). Less is known about how long such embodiment lasts. Understanding the dynamics of this process is crucial because different applied settings either profit from fast or slow disembodiment. To induce embodiment, participants moved a 2D virtual hand through operating a computer mouse or touchpad. After initial embodiment, participants either stopped or continued moving for a fixed period of time. Embodiment ratings were collected continuously during each trial. Results across all experiments indicated that embodiment for the virtual hand gradually increased during active use and gradually decreased after stopping to use it. Disembodiment unfolded nearly twice as fast as embodiment and showed a curved decay pattern. These dynamics remained unaffected by anticipation of active control that would be required in an upcoming task. The results highlight the importance of continuously experiencing active control in virtual interactions if aiming at inducing stable embodiment of a virtual object. Our findings suggest that applications of virtual disembodiment such as virtual tools or interventions to affect a person's body representation critically depend on continuous updating of sensorimotor experience. However, if switching between virtual objects, for example, during teleoperation or video gaming, after-effects are unlikely to affect performance.

An innovative approach for lid design for rehabilitation of maxillary oncological defect using hollow bulb obturator

BackgroundPost Maxillectomy, prosthodontic treatment modalities include surgical obturator, interim obturator and followed by definitive obturator. The surgical and interim obturator serves the purpose of providing a matrix on which surgical packing can be placed, reduces the contamination during wound healing, facilitates speech and permits deglutition and lessens the psychological impact of surgery. Local drug delivery techniques at the surgical site and the fabricated prosthesis have an impact on the targeted tissue. ObjectivesTo design a hollow bulb obturator with a detachable lid with attachments in the palatal surface of the obturator and to facilitate local drug delivery. MethodsDuplication of patient's maxillectomy cast, pre-shaped plaster bolus was incorporated inside the defect space to create the hollow space. After which a wax pattern was fabricated and acrylized. Wax template of the lid design was made and acrylized incorporating pins. ResultThe weight of the prosthesis is reduced. Due to the lesser weight of the prosthesis retention and physiologic function increases. The decrease in pressure to the surrounding tissue aids in deglutition and encourages the regeneration of tissue. The fabricated lid appears stable and retentive, which can be easily removed and placed back according to the need. ConclusionLocal drug delivery techniques at the surgical site and the fabricated prosthesis has an impact on the targeted tissue.The ability of the drug to reach the appropriate anatomic region will always be important, and has been the subject of much research in the past 5 years. Modified hollow bulb of the obturator in this research can aid in local drug delivery in surgical and interim obturators avoiding the removal of the obturator as the whole.

Design and development of a wrist rehabilitation device with an interactive game

In this paper, a wrist rehabilitation device integrated with an interactive game is developed. The device is designed for flexion/extension and ulnar/radial motions. The motion of the wrist joint is measured by an optical encoder. A hall sensor is also used to measure the force emitted from the DC motor. These data are fed back to the interactive gaming environment to create the movement of goals in the video game. There are two types of interactive games designed. The first requires the practitioner to move their wrist to achieve a specific goal. The second exercise requires the practitioner to move their wrist joint continuously to reach moving targets. In the game interface, therapists can easily adjust training intensity, training time, and change training limits depending on the recovery status of the patients. At the same time, it also records the patient's training efforts and monitors visual graphs of performance during exercise. The experiments were conducted to tune the games and to get a preliminary evaluation of the device. The feedback from the patients and therapists are recorded to improve the device and game interfaces. Game parameters are adjusted during the patient's exercise process under the supervision of a physiotherapist. The values of rotation angle and torque are collected and then presented in graphs so that physiotherapists can assess the patient's recovery status. The results show that the patients enjoy the games. The therapist is satisfied with the game interface and says that the games are intuitive and easy to play.

National Pavement Design Method (MeDiNa) applied to rehabilitation and restoration: a literature review

The poor condition of Brazilian highways is primarily attributed to traffic exceeding the designed capacity, overloading, and the use of an empirical design method from the 1960s. Pavement rehabilitation or restoration designs are generally carried out using outdated standards (DNER PRO 11/79 and DNER PRO 269/94). In response to this situation, the National Pavement Design Method (MeDiNa) emerged, which is a software accompanied by two other calculation routines and uses the mechanistic-empirical concept. This paper aims, based on a literature review, to evaluate the Brazilian scientific approach to pavement restoration/rehabilitation using the MeDiNa method. Through a systematic search in a database, a low number of papers that used the method was identified, and only 20 % of these articles performed reinforcement calculations, which does not align with the demand and defects presented in the Brazilian road network. Additionally, emerging trends on the topic were outlined through a bibliometric analysis. Furthermore, syntheses of the papers on rehabilitation or restoration found in the systematic search, as well as those from complementary literature, were conducted to situate the reader concerning the issue. Finally, points for improvement and the need for further research were identified, such as the investigation of results from backanalysis and interlayer bonding. The conclusion is that MeDiNa, still in the implementation phase, has great scientific potential to be explored, which will help validate this method.

Development of die drawing design factor prediction models for trenchless rehabilitation of water pipes: a case study

ABSTRACT Maintenance and replacement of aging water pipes are critical for urban development. To this end, trenchless rehabilitation methods that do not require excavation offer an efficient replacement for aging water pipes. Thus, this study developed a trenchless method using die drawing, which continuously inserts polyethylene (PE) liners into the reach point while maintaining traction in the host aging pipe. If the traction is removed after a certain period, the initially contracted liner pipe undergoes expansion under natural restoration and tightly adheres to the inner wall of the host pipe to achieve structural regeneration of the aging pipe. This study aimed to determine the factors influencing the die drawing process using a rehabilitation design. Accordingly, we experimented with the die drawing method to achieve structural reinforcement using high elasticity PE liners. Thereafter, based on the experimental data, we developed prediction models to estimate traction, pipe restoration rate after traction release, and pipe restoration period. The developed models estimated the minimum required restoration period and provided deeper insights into the restoration behavior of the die drawing method employed in pre-equipment maintenance before on-site construction.

Explaining Health Anxiety in Patients after Open Heart Surgery: A Qualitative Study

Background: Health anxiety is one of the most prevalent psychological reactions observed in patients after open heart surgery. Thus, the present study was conducted to explain health anxiety in these patients. Methods: In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 patients with a history of open heart surgery in educational hospitals affiliated to Zahedan University of Medical Sciences in 2023-2024. The interviews were immediately transcribed and underwent conventional content analysis. MAXQDA 2022 software was used for data categorization and data were also analyzed using the method proposed by Lundman and Graneheim. Results: According to the current study results, open heart surgery can lead to health anxiety among patients. This anxiety appears as mental turmoil, ineffective psychological reactions to the disease, pathological search for information and treatment, and the incidence of mood disorders. Conclusion: The results of the present research demonstrate that open heart surgery is a stressor and patients develop health anxiety after surgery. Hence, it is suggested that hospitals pay attention to patients’ health anxiety in their educational programs, consultations, and rehabilitation programs and design and implement influential psychological interventions in the form of standard protocols to be used at the level of hospitals and cardiac rehabilitation centers.

Radiographic Evidence of Bone Changes Around Intraosseous Transcutaneous Amputation Prosthesis: An 11-Year Retrospective Cohort Study

ABSTRACT Introduction Percutaneous Osseointegrated Implants (POIs) influence the load transfer path to the host bone. In turn, mechano-regulatory processes (strain adaptive bone remodeling) drive periprosthetic bone changes that influence implant stability and fixation outcome. These bone changes have not yet been reported for the Intraosseous Transcutaneous Amputation Prosthesis (ITAP) clinical trial. Objectives This study will first standardize the zoning and reporting of periprosthetic bone change in POI radiographs. Second, it will retrospectively measure periprosthetic bone change from radiographs of 12 participants with an ITAP up to 11 years. Finally, the results will be qualitatively compared with those from participants with different POI designs. Materials and Methods Twenty participants with unilateral transfemoral amputations received an ITAP in a 2-center UK clinical trial in either 2008/09 or 2013/14. Participant radiographs from one center were available (n = 12) over 11 years and have been collated and processed in a repeatable way. Transverse plane periprosthetic bone change measurements at 3 equidistant points along the implant stem were measured in AP and ML. Results Total median bone growth in AP was double that in ML (57.6 mm and 31.12 mm, respectively). Median lateral and posterior bone change (1.44 mm and 1.09 mm) was greater than median medial and anterior (0.83 mm and −0.005 mm) bone changes, respectively. The greatest change in radial bone growth was observed distally and the least proximally. Conclusions Bone changes were similar to other collared pressfit POIs in the literature. We demonstrate the influence of stem design and mechano-regulatory remodeling in stable fixation; however, additional influences on periprosthetic bone change were inferred from the results and further investigations are necessary. Clinical Relevance To identify ITAP design features and fixations that minimize endosteal resorption, thus promoting implant stability and contributing to clinical guidelines for rehabilitation and future design and fixation choices.

Environmental color analysis and facade color design in a street rehabilitation: Adana, Kayalıbağ

AbstractStreets and buildings that become inactive within the historical texture of cities can be restored to the district through rehabilitation projects and color designs, which encourage urbanites to use them more actively. Such spaces are especially important for urban memory, yet they risk losing their integrity over time due to uncontrolled development. Therefore, making them available for urban use is important for socio‐cultural and economic development. This study involves the application, under a rehabilitation project, of a holistic approach to façade color design for buildings located on two streets in the center of Adana, a city in southern Turkey that dates back to the Common Era. The study began with collecting color samples from the area as part of environmental color analyses, after which the colors of the samples were measured. In line with the environmental characteristics that affect color perception, a range of colors with Munsell's equivalent value and hue contrast was considered appropriate for application to the facades of buildings in the Kayalıbağ neighborhood. In the color design, five different hues with high‐value (light) and low chroma were selected to increase the attractiveness of the historically and archeologically highly significant district. The aim of the color design was to increase the livability and attractiveness of the district, while not overshadowing the cultural qualities of the urban environment.

Joint kinematics and SPM analysis of gait in children with and without Down syndrome

BackgroundIndividuals with Down syndrome (DS) walk with altered gait patterns compared to their typically developing (TD) peers. While walking at faster speeds and with external ankle load, preadolescents with DS demonstrate spatiotemporal and kinetic improvements. However, evidence of joint kinematic adjustments is unknown, which is imperative for targeted rehabilitation design. Research questionHow does increasing walking speed and adding ankle load affect the joint kinematics of children with and without DS during overground walking? MethodsIn this cross-sectional observational study, thirteen children with DS aged 7–11 years and thirteen age- and sex-matched TD children completed overground walking trials. There were two speed conditions: normal speed and fast speed (as fast as possible without running). There were two load conditions: no load and ankle load (2% of body mass added bilaterally above the ankle). A motion capture system was used to register the ankle, knee, and hip joint angles in the sagittal plane. Peak flexion/extension angles, range of motion, and timing of peak angles were identified. In addition, statistical parametric mapping (SPM) was conducted to evaluate the trajectory of the ankle, knee, and hip joint angles across the entire gait cycle. Results and significanceSPM analysis revealed the DS group walked with greater ankle, knee, and hip flexion compared to the TD group for most of the gait cycle, regardless of condition. Further, increasing walking speed led to improved ankle joint kinematics in both groups by shifting peak plantarflexion closer to toe-off. However, knee extension during stance was challenged in the DS group. Adding ankle load improved hip and knee kinematics in both groups but reduced peak plantarflexion around toe-off. The kinematic adjustments in the DS group suggest specific motor strategies to accommodate their neuromuscular deficits, which can provide a foundation to design targeted gait-based interventions for children with DS.

Perceptual benefits of implicit auditory learning of rule-based nonspeech sound patterns in younger and older adults

Sounds in everyday environments typically precede and follow one another in systematic ways determined by the properties and interactions of corresponding sound sources. Familiar and predictable contextual relationships between consecutive sounds are known to provide perceptual benefit under adverse listening conditions. Previous work has demonstrated implicit learning of arbitrary rule-based sound patterns by young normal hearing adults. However, the role of such rule-based learning on identification of individual sounds within a sound pattern and the effect of listener age has not been investigated. Here younger and older adults with age-appropriate hearing were first familiarized with a set of rule-based nonspeech sound sequences produced by a finite-state machine. Subsequently, they identified individual target sounds within sequences under a range of signal-to-noise ratios (0 to -15 dB). The test sequences were (a) familiar, rule-based; (b) novel, rule-based; or (c) novel, non rule-based. The results for both younger and older listeners revealed superior sound identification in sequences versus in isolation, and a greater overall accuracy of rule-based versus non rule-based sequences. Younger listeners significantly outperformed older listeners. Implicit learning benefit did not correlate with measures of working memory processing. Current findings have implications for audiologic rehabilitation and auditory display design.

Design of a novel low-speed gait rehabilitation device incorporating a synthesized geared five-bar mechanism

People with difficulty walking due to a stroke or neurophysiological gait deficit require gait rehabilitation. Recent research indicates that the optimal speed range for gait rehabilitation of such patients is less than 0.4 m/s. The design of a novel low-speed gait rehabilitation device based on a single degree of freedom (DOF) geared five-bar mechanism is presented in this paper. For this purpose, a natural gait meta-trajectory is generated using the recently acquired low-speed gait data suitable for human walking. A less-bulky single-DOF geared five-bar mechanism is synthesized and adjusted by applying the accurate and robust shadow robot control (SRC) synthesis method. Therefore, a practical and easily controlled gait rehabilitation device is designed, which can be mounted on any commercial treadmill and enables the patient to walk as close as possible to a normal gait. This device applies to a wide variety of individuals with different physiologies due to the mechanism’s adjustability, provided by the profile blending algorithm method. This method generates a set of continuous and speed-dependent gait trajectories for various individuals. The proposed device is inherently safe and easy to control due to the limited motion range of the single-DOF mechanisms and the use of a single actuator. Furthermore, because it only has two points of contact with the body (at the hip and the ankle), it takes less time for the user to don and doff.

Dynamic Model of Lower Limb Motion in the Sagittal Plane during the Gait Cycle

Context: This work presents the development of a dynamic model for human lower limb motion in the sagittal plane during the gait cycle. The primary objective of this model is to serve as a powerful tool for the design of rehabilitation and assistive devices, such as exoskeletons, prostheses, and orthoses. It achieves this by facilitating the estimation of joint torques, the detailed analysis of kinematic variables, optimal actuator selection, and the exploration of advanced control techniques. Method: The dynamic model consists of two primary components: (1) the plant model and (2) a closed-loop controller. The plant model represents the forward dynamics of human gait and is based on a multi-mass pendulum composed of three segments of the lower limb (thigh, lower leg, and foot) and three joints (hip, knee, and ankle). It is analyzed using the Euler-Lagrange formulation and the nonlinear second-order differential equations are implemented in MATLAB’s Simulink. To reproduce reference human gait trajectories and simulate the functioning of the neuromusculoskeletal system and the central nervous system, a closed-loop PID controller is incorporated into the plant model. It is noteworthy that the scope of this dynamic model is specifically confined to the sagittal plane. Results: The dynamic model is evaluated in terms of angular displacement tracking using the relative maximum error (RME) and the root mean square error (RMSE) for reference trajectories of healthy adult male human gait as reported in the literature. The model demonstrates tracking with errors below 2.2 [°] in magnitude and 3,5% for all three considered segments (thigh, lower leg, and foot). Conclusions: The quantitative results show that the dynamic model developed in this work is reliable and allows for a precise reproduction of human gait trajectories.

Landscape design of aging rehabilitation in community park based on improved YOLOv4

In the aging rehabilitation landscape design of community parks, the crack detection of landscape architecture is very important, which is related to the beauty and safety of landscape architecture. In order to improve the poor effect of current landscape building crack detection methods, an intelligent landscape building crack detection model based on improved YOLOv4 is proposed. Aiming at the inadequacy of information feature extraction in YOLOv4 algorithm, the coordinate attention module with extended convolution structure optimization is adopted to optimize it. Aiming at the defect that YOLOv4 algorithm has poor information feature utilization rate of shallow position, an improved K-means algorithm is designed to determine the optimal size of prior frame, so as to improve the performance of the algorithm. The performance of the algorithm is improved. Finally, combined with the above content, an intelligent detection model of landscape building cracks based on improved YOLOv4 is constructed. The results verify that the fitting degree of the model is 0.986, which is 0.008 and 0.016 higher than that of the CRF-CNN and Faster-RCNN models, respectively. The F1 value is 0.951, 0.10–0.12 higher than the two models. The accuracy was 98.26%, 0.47%-0.51% higher than the two models. Recall value was 96.44%, which was 0.47%-0.51% higher than that of the two models. The AUC value is 0.988, which is 0.009–0.016 higher than the two models. To sum up, the model built in the study can detect the cracks in landscape architecture with high accuracy and efficiency, and improve the safety and beauty of the landscape. Meanwhile, this model can assist in the design of aging rehabilitation landscape in community parks.

Rehabilitation and Techno design of Distribution transformer and 11kV feeder of a radial distribution system

In any transmission and distribution system- the performance of that system mainly depends on voltage regulation and efficiency. Hence for the better operation of the system, it is required to maintain constant voltage regulation with good power factor and low power loss throughout the feeder. This can be achieved by using various methods. Out of those, placement of a capacitor bank at the densely loaded areas is the best-proven method compared to any other method. This research work considered the feeder-5 of the Al-Uwainath primary substation which was suffering from low voltage–poor regulation- problems. Here in this research modeled and analyzed 3 different techniques for rehabilitation to this low voltage, poor regulation, and power factor problem and recommended the most efficient method out of the three methods. As a part of this project simulated the same conditions of the site after collecting the data of the feeder from the site by using ETAP software and checked the performance by calculating its voltage regulation, power losses, and power factor in all three 3 different methods and recommended the most efficient method of feeder-5 rehabilitation by comparing the results of three methods with the exciting system.