Regulatory Solutions Research Articles

The Responsibilities of the Forensic Specialist in the Criminal Process: Problems and Regulatory Solutions

The present work deals with the problem of the activities carried out by the forensic science specialist in the process of the crime investigation. The author pays a great attention to the analysis of the responsibilities of the specialist, which are stipulated in the processual-criminal law and the departmental normative acts of the Forensic Science Service. Arguments are brought in favour of the necessity to eliminate some contradictory processual provisions as well as the necessity to specify and complete the directives that regulate the daily activity of the forensic science specialists.

The Hungarian Retail Sales Tax in the Changing EU Context

In the last twenty years, Hungary has had three periods of special taxes (introduced as a result of the crises), but before and after 2010, and after the recession following the COVID-19 epidemic and the Russian-Ukrainian war, there were different legal policy reasons behind special taxes (including the retail sales tax). This raises questions as to whether the regulatory solutions implemented to address market failures during the first period are playing the same role today as they did in the past, and how their role has changed over the years. The introduced taxes often remain part of the general tax system, i.e. they are applied on a permanent basis (rather than on a temporary basis, as is usual with special taxes), and in 2023 they already accounted for almost 14% of total tax revenue (a higher proportion than, for example, corporate tax), which puts their role in the tax system in a different light. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has repeatedly examined the EU framework, but it appears that the control has been weakened, mainly due to the impact of the current crises. At the same time, the Hungarian Constitutional Court is bound by the limits of the debt brake when examining the constitutional framework. The study explores the regulation of the Hungarian retail sales tax and its EU context, in particular with regard to the changes triggered by the crises. The introduced taxes often remain part of the general tax system, i.e. they are not applied on a temporary basis, and in 2023 they already accounted for almost 14% of total tax revenue (a higher rate than, for example, corporate tax), which puts their place in the tax system in a different light. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has repeatedly examined the EU framework, but it appears that the control has been weakened, mainly due to the impact of the current crises, while the Hungarian Constitutional Court is bound by the limits of the debt brake when examining the constitutional framework.The study deals with the regulation of the Hungarian retail sales tax and its EU context, in particular with regard to the changes induced by the crises.

Regulatory solutions to alleviate the risks of generative AI models in qualitative research

ABSTRACT Generative AI models, with their enhanced capacity for conversation, will soon find widespread applications in qualitative research, especially in the disciplines of social science and public policy. Although researchers guarantee the confidentiality of the data, the tools they use for data analysis are largely their choice and remain unregulated, raising serious ethical concerns. Prior research has established the potentially hazardous effects of such transformative architecture on research integrity and ethics; however, the interventions required to alleviate the risks that impact the 3Rs – Reviewers, Researchers, and Research Respondents – have not yet been studied. Initially, we analysed the potential risks associated with Large Language Models (such as GPTs) by examining scientific publications. We then had a ‘risk workshop’ with four qualitative researchers, followed by open-ended interviews with seven individuals from the 3 R impact groups to develop the various risk scenarios. We compare these risks to the AI-related policies of the European Union, Singapore, the United States, the United Kingdom and China to identify regulatory gaps. The research output illustrates potential regulatory interventions on a continuum, with nodality-based soft laws at one end and more extensive regulatory interventions (hard laws) at the other for various LLM applications in qualitative research.

The dichotomy of inclusiveness and vulnerability as a consequence of banking platform development

The processes of digitalization transform the current banking sectors. Digitalization and the increasing role of FinTech are driving the platformization of banking services, affecting the participants involved in their development and operation. This article examines the relationship between capturing value by different banking platforms' participants and the process of their inclusivity and associated vulnerability. The conflict of basic goals is analyzed through the lens of Paradox Theory. Our contribution is a theoretical model that helps understand how the banking platform's inclusiveness leads to value co-creation while introducing vulnerabilities. The governance structure is essential for the context of value co-creation in banking platforms. The model of governance defines the relations between different platform co-creators and their inclusiveness in a particular model. This research refers to the European Union financial market. The motivation for this focus is the regulatory solutions, embracing open banking and open finance. Understanding these dynamics is essential for shaping future policies and ensuring the sustainable development of banking platforms.

A decision support scheme for solving the mobile coverage gap in rural areas in developing countries – Demonstrated with a case in Indonesia

As a primary means of communication, the role of mobile telecommunications networks is important for a developing country's economic and social development. However, especially rural areas in low-income countries still lack mobile coverage. In the academic literature, only segmented solution strategies for this mobile coverage problem in rural areas are proposed. These are either technological, regulatory, or organizational solutions, whereas solving the mobile coverage gap requires an integrated approach to develop arrangements for mobile network rollout in rural areas. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the causes of the lack of mobile coverage, the available solutions, and how they can be combined. Based on this overview, the paper proposes a decision support scheme for selecting a suitable arrangement for solving the mobile coverage gap. In this decision support scheme, the technical, organizational, and regulatory solutions are combined to develop a set of arrangements that match the local key causes of the lack of mobile coverage and that fit with the local context. In the last phase of the decision support scheme, the relevant stakeholders are involved in selecting the most suitable arrangement. We demonstrate the decision support scheme by applying it to the case of an unserved rural village in Indonesia, Unipa on the island of Papua, to show how it can guide a developing country to initiate the process of developing a solution for mobile coverage problems in rural areas.

Deciphering the interplay between wastewater compositions and oxytetracycline in recovered struvite: Unveiling mechanisms and introducing control strategies

Struvite recovery from wastewater offers a sustainable phosphorus and nitrogen source, yet it harbors the challenge of variable antibiotic residues, notably oxytetracycline (OTC), increasing the ecological risk during subsequent use. Despite the need, mechanisms behind these residues and regulatory solutions remain obscure. We characterized OTC in recovered struvite and showed that increased dissolved organic matter (DOM) enhanced OTC accumulation, while PO43- suppressed it. NH4+ modulated OTC levels through the saturation index (SI), with a rise in SI significantly reducing OTC content. Additionally, excess Mg2+ formed complexes with OTC and DOM (humic acid, HA), leading to increased residue levels. Complexation was stronger at higher pH, whereas electrostatic interactions dominated at lower pH. The primary binding sites for antibiotics and DOM were Mg-OH and P-OH groups in struvite. OTC's dimethylamino, amide, and phenolic diketone groups primarily bound to struvite and DOM, with the carboxyl group of DOM serving as the main binding site. Mg2+ complexation was the primary pathway for OTC transportation, whereas electrostatic attraction of PO43- dominated during growth. Controlling magnesium (Mg) dosage and adjusting pH were effective for reducing OTC in recovered products. Our findings provided insights into the intricate interactions between struvite and antibiotics, laying the groundwork for further minimizing antibiotic residues in recovered phosphorus products.

Entrega de produtos em áreas urbanas utilizando drones: análise de direito comparado da legislação regulatória aeronáutica

The aim of this paper is to analyze the possibility of using regulatory solutions applied in another country to help improving Brazilian aeronautical legislation regarding the use of drones for the delivery of products and food at home. In addition to its military origin, the article brings the definitions of drones, their classes, as well as the types of flight of this equipment. The current scenario of e-commerce and home food delivery in Brazil is presented below, with emphasis on its abrupt growth during the COVID-19 pandemic. Next, we present and analyze the US legislation that defines the process for using drones to deliver products and to obtain the drone pilot certificate and the subsequent comparison between the legal systems. Finally, the article concludes on the urgent need to improve Brazilian legislation to allow the use of drones to deliver products in urban areas, taking advantage of US solutions as a starting point. From a documentary and bibliographic research, the article uses deductive and comparative methods.

Rethinking Consumer Empowerment: New Directions for Sustainable Food Law in an Era of EU Discontent

AbstractEU food law is built on two paradigms – food safety and consumer choice. Consumers should have access to any food they like, provided that it is safe for consumption and that consumers are made aware of the products’ characteristics through adequate information. Growing emphasis on sustainability has not challenged these foundations. On the contrary, the law is intended as a tool to further empower consumers to make a healthy and environmentally responsible choice. However, it will be argued that this information centric approach is no longer a tenable position. The regulatory solutions characteristic of the consumer empowerment logic are of limited effectiveness and do not challenge the biggest obstacles to the sustainable transition of food systems – the commodification of food and the lack of regulation of the food environment. This contribution sketches out some far-reaching yet realistic food law reforms to genuinely address sustainability issues. Mindful of the special status of food and the growing discontent towards the EU and the green transition, this contribution also argues for some changes in the making and design of EU food law, leading towards greater involvement of citizens and local communities, and, ultimately, for truer empowerment of individuals.

Comparative analysis of soil pollution management policies in China and the United States: Towards sustainable environmental strategies

Soil pollution is a significant worldwide issue that has adverse effects on food security, public health, and environmental sustainability. The paper aims to examine additional research on assessing the extent of soil contamination, identifying its origins, and evaluating the efficacy of regulatory and technical solutions in addressing this issue. This study examines the soil pollution regulations of China and compares them to those of the United States. It purposes to identify areas where both countries are moving towards sustainable soil management by reducing sources of pollution. This study will utilize a literature analysis to examine the historical background, effectiveness, and diverse factors associated with economic development and environmental conservation programs. Both countries have built risk-based control systems that adhere to the polluter pays principle and comply with internationally recognized standards. The paper identifies the difficulties in putting the regulations into practice and suggests that future research should focus on doing comparative assessments with other nations, evaluating the effectiveness of the implementation process, and exploring technical advancements for soil remediation. This comparative analysis highlights the significance of soil pollution reduction and efficient management strategies, since they hold global significance.

Post-Globalisation Development Of Competition Law: Challenges & Opportunities

Competition law is an essential aspect of modern regulatory frameworks that aim to promote fair competition, prevent monopolistic practices, and safeguard consumer interests within markets. Globalisation has brought forth new challenges and opportunities in the post-globalisation era, necessitating a recalibration of competition enforcement mechanisms to address transnational anti-competitive practices. The liberalisation of trade and investment regimes under globalisation has also raised concerns about cross-border conspiracy and abuse of dominance. In response, competition authorities have adopted more collaborative approaches to enforcement and grappled with intricate jurisdictional issues. The rise of digitalisation and e-commerce, integral components of globalisation, has presented new competition challenges, such as platform monopolies and data-driven market manipulation. Regions have reassessed traditional competition paradigms to safeguard consumer welfare and promote innovation in the digital age. Moreover, globalisation has fostered a convergence of competition norms and principles, exemplified by the proliferation of international competition networks and the harmonisation of competition laws across jurisdictions. This underscores the imperative for greater cooperation and coordination among competition authorities to address cross-border competition concerns effectively. The evolution of competition law in the post-globalisation era embodies a compelling narrative of adaptation and recalibration in response to the transformative forces unleashed by globalisation. This evolution unfolds against the backdrop of a burgeoning recognition of the interconnectedness of markets and the imperative for harmonised regulatory responses to address cross-border competition challenges effectively. However, several challenges persist in the post-globalisation landscape, including navigating jurisdictional conflicts, addressing enforcement gaps in digital markets, combating transnational anti-competition ve practices, and balancing competition objectives with broader policy goals. These challenges require nuanced and innovative regulatory solutions that prioritise consumer welfare and promote fair competition. Despite the challenges, the post-globalisation era offers significant opportunities for competition law frameworks worldwide. By embracing collaborative approaches, leveraging technological innovation, and fostering international cooperation, we can enhance the effectiveness of competition law frameworks. This will promote competitive markets that foster innovation and safeguard consumer welfare. In conclusion, competition law regimes worldwide must adapt to post-globalisation reality and adopt policies that promote fair competition and innovation. By prioritising consumer welfare, embracing collaboration, leveraging technology, and fostering international cooperation, we can create a regulatory framework that fosters competitive markets and benefits consumers worldwide. Abstract Globalisation has transformed the world economy by promoting the integration of economies and societies worldwide. This has led to the emergence of multinational corporations that wield significant market power across borders, necessitating a recalibration of competition enforcement mechanisms to address transnational anti-competitive practices. The liberalisation of trade and investment regimes under globalisation has also raised concerns about cross-border collusion and abuse of dominance. Competition authorities have responded by adopting more collaborative approaches to enforcement and grappling with intricate jurisdictional issues. The rise of digitalisation and e-commerce, integral components of globalisation, has presented new competition challenges, such as platform monopolies and data-driven market manipulation. This has prompted regulators to reassess traditional competition paradigms to safeguard consumer welfare and promote innovation in the digital age. Furthermore, globalisation has fostered a convergence of competition norms and principles, exemplified by the proliferation of international competition networks and the harmonisation of competition laws across jurisdictions. This underscores the imperative for greater cooperation and coordination among competition authorities to address cross-border competition concerns effectively. The evolution of competition law in the post-globalisation era embodies a compelling narrative of adaptation and recalibration in response to the transformative forces unleashed by globalisation. This evolution unfolds against the backdrop of a burgeoning recognition of the interconnectedness of markets and the imperative for harmonised regulatory responses to address cross-border competition challenges effectively. The post-globalisation landscape presents many challenges and opportunities for competition law regimes worldwide. Challenges include navigating jurisdictional conflicts, addressing enforcement gaps in digital markets, combating transnational anti-competitive practices, and balancing competition objectives with broader policy goals. However, amidst these challenges lie significant opportunities. By embracing collaborative approaches, leveraging technological innovation, and fostering international cooperation, we can enhance the effectiveness of competition law frameworks. This will promote competitive markets that foster innovation and safeguard consumer welfare.

507 A Comparison of Regulatory Mechanisms for the Approval of Herbal Medicines

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To compare the herbal medicine (HM) programs of the U.S. to those of different countries–including the European Union, South Korea, China, and India–and to examine each regulatory body’s process for obtaining market approval for HM drugs. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The European Union, South Korea, China, and India’s respective HM regulatory programs were examined and compared to the U.S. FDA’s HM process. These specific regulatory bodies were chosen based on the country’s long history with HM and/or the robustness of their existing HM review processes. International HM programs were researched using official government websites and journals published by independent, external research institutions that were accessed via USC’s library services. Data regarding the efficacy of HM policies such as HM IND approval rates, number of marketed HM drugs, and establishment of unique HM sectors will be collected. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Investigational New Drug (INDs) applications regarding HM from each country will be categorized and displayed according to their approval status in order to provide insight on a HM program’s efficiency. Results also included a table displaying common challenges for approval for HM drugs across federal regulatory bodies. If applicable, effective solutions implemented to address some of these obstacles that proved to be effective will also be displayed in the form of a table. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Tables displaying the collective flaws of international HM programs and the resulting regulatory solutions can provide clearer guidance for companies seeking to submit HM INDs and for the U.S. FDA seeking to develop improved HM regulations.

Drug shortages in Israel, revisited: a bitter pill to swallow.

In 2017, we published an article addressing drug shortages (DS) in Israel, exploring regulatory perspectives, challenges, and potential solutions. Since then, DS remain a significant concern for patients, healthcare providers, and policymakers globally. In this updated article, we revisit the topic, providing new insights, data, and analysis on the current DS landscape in Israel, efforts to mitigate them, and propose strategies to combat this escalating issue. We conducted a comprehensive search of the Israeli Ministry of Health (MOH) DS database, spanning from 2014 to the present. We extracted DS numbers and theirreasons. Further searches on the Israeli MOH website, pharmaceutical division archives, and the internet yielded official MOH publications and correspondence regarding regulatory responses to DS from 2017 onwards. Additionally, two specific cases of DS were examined to analyze their handling. Recent activities and publications from the Israeli MOH aimed at reducing DS were also reviewed. Between 2014 and 2022, DS surged 2.66-fold. Total DS were 3228; 672 due to commercial reasons, and 2556 to operational reasons (20.5% and 79.5% respectively). The average duration of intermittent DS increased 1.56-fold, from 85 to 133days. Manufacturers informed the MOH 22days prior to actual shortage on average. Analyzing 2022's DS (640) by ATC groups, prominent categories included nervous system drugs (18%), drugs acting on the alimentary tract and metabolism (14%), and dermatologicals (11%). Operational DS in 2022 (n = 564) were primarily due to stock delivery delays (38%), stock over-utilization (12%), and raw material shortages (9%). Sixteen official MOH publications on DS were identified from 2017 onwards. Moreover, two high-impact DS case studies were examined. Despite routine monitoring by the Israeli MOH and updating the DS policy throughout this period, DS persist, intensifying annually and posing serious health risks. This trend mirrors international patterns, affecting countries globally. In Israel's uniquely structured healthcare system, with its swift stakeholder cooperation and implementation capabilities, more effective DS management is conceivable. We propose ten universally applicable rules to address DS challenges.

INTEGRATING AI WITH BLOCKCHAIN FOR ENHANCED FINANCIAL SERVICES SECURITY

Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) with blockchain technology presents a transformative approach to enhancing security in financial services. This fusion leverages the strengths of both AI and blockchain to mitigate various security risks, including fraud, data breaches, and identity theft, thereby bolstering trust and confidence in financial transactions. This abstract explores the synergies between AI and blockchain, highlighting their combined capabilities, applications, and potential benefits for the financial services industry. AI algorithms, including machine learning and natural language processing, empower financial institutions to analyze vast amounts of data in real-time, identifying patterns, anomalies, and suspicious activities indicative of fraudulent behavior. By integrating AI-powered fraud detection systems with blockchain-based transactional networks, organizations can enhance security and transparency throughout the entire financial ecosystem. Blockchain's immutable ledger ensures the integrity and traceability of transactions, while AI algorithms provide advanced analytics and predictive insights to detect and prevent fraudulent activities effectively. Furthermore, AI-driven identity verification and authentication systems enhance security in digital transactions by accurately verifying user identities and detecting unauthorized access attempts. By integrating AI-based biometric authentication with blockchain-based identity management solutions, financial institutions can streamline customer onboarding processes, enhance security, and protect sensitive information from unauthorized access. Moreover, AI-powered smart contracts automate and enforce the execution of contractual agreements, reducing the risk of fraud, errors, and disputes in financial transactions. By combining AI-driven smart contract platforms with blockchain technology, organizations can facilitate secure, transparent, and tamper-proof transactions, eliminating intermediaries and reducing transaction costs. The integration of AI with blockchain also offers opportunities for regulatory compliance and risk management in financial services. AI-powered regulatory compliance solutions analyze vast amounts of regulatory data, identify compliance risks, and ensure adherence to regulatory requirements. By integrating these solutions with blockchain-based regulatory reporting systems, financial institutions can enhance transparency, auditability, and regulatory oversight, fostering trust and compliance in the financial ecosystem. In conclusion, the integration of AI with blockchain technology holds immense potential for enhancing security in financial services. By harnessing the combined capabilities of AI and blockchain, organizations can detect and prevent fraudulent activities, enhance identity verification and authentication, streamline transaction processes, and ensure regulatory compliance. This abstract underscores the transformative impact of integrating AI with blockchain on security in financial services, paving the way for a more secure, efficient, and trusted financial ecosystem..
 Keywords: Al, Blockchain, Enhanced, Financial, Services Security.

Australian researcher's perspectives on the Australian industry-led moratorium on genetic tests in life insurance.

Fear of insurance discrimination can inhibit genetic research participation. In 2019, an industry-led partial moratorium on using genetic results in Australian life insurance underwriting was introduced. This mixed-methods study used online surveys (n = 59 participants) and semi-structured interviews (n = 22 participants) to capture researchers' perceptions about the moratorium. 66% (n = 39/59) were aware of the moratorium before the survey. Of researchers returning genetic results, 56% (n = 22/39) reported that insurance implications were mentioned in consent forms, but a minority reported updating consent forms post-moratorium (n = 13/39, 33%). Most researchers reported that concerns regarding life insurers utilizing research results inhibited recruitment (35/59, 59%), and few perceived that the moratorium positively influenced participation (n = 9/39, 23%). These findings were supported by qualitative findings which revealed that genetic discrimination concerns were a major issue for some individuals, though these concerns could be eclipsed by the promise of a diagnosis through research participation. The majority thought a regulatory solution should be permanent (n = 34/51, 67%), have financial limits of at least ≥1,000,000 AUD (37/51, 73%), and involve government oversight/legislation (n = 44/51, 86%). In an era where an increasing number of research studies involve genomics as a primary or secondary objective, it is crucial that we have regulatory solutions to address participants' hesitation.

Navigating uncharted waters: Challenges and regulatory solutions for flag state jurisdiction of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships under UNCLOS

The emergence of commercial Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) is transforming the shipping industry, presenting significant challenges to flag state jurisdiction under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The flag state is under the primary obligation to ensure that MASS comply with the provisions in UNCLOS and other international instruments. This paper explores the primary challenges MASS pose to flag states to fulfil their jurisdictional obligations under UNCLOS. It also examines potential regulatory pathways to address these issues. The paper recommends using International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulatory instruments as rules of reference as the most practical and feasible approach. It advises flag state to exercise caution in registering MASS particularly when the Remote Control Centre (ROC) is located outside their territorial jurisdiction, pending the adoption of the MASS Code and amendments to relevant conventions.

Развитие трансграничных платежей с помощью цифровых активов и цифровых валют для достижения целей экономического развития

The subject of the study is the sphere of cross–border payments as a factor in the restoration of Russian foreign trade in the face of sanctions pressure from Western countries. The relevance of the topic of the article is due to the fact that in order to accelerate economic growth, an early recovery of export volumes and preservation of import volumes are required, which, among other things, encounter problems in settlements with foreign counterparties, solved through the digital transformation of the financial sector and the use of new payment mechanisms to alleviate pressure on Russia and its trading partners. The purpose of the work is to assess the current state of the use of digital financial assets in cross–border settlements with friendly jurisdictions. The article finds that in 2022 – 2023, the volume of Russian imports and exports underwent significant fluctuations due to the reconfiguration of Russian foreign trade to the markets of Asia, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America. At the same time, the need to create a safe and effective payment mechanism protected from the negative impact of primary and secondary sanctions came to the fore. The key problems in the field of international payments have become the disconnection of the largest Russian banks from SWIFT and the large-scale blocking of correspondent accounts of Russian banks by foreign counterparties, which can be overcome through the use of cross-border settlements through such instruments as digital financial assets, cryptocurrency, and digital currencies of central banks. However, it is concluded that in the presence of a well-formed legislative framework and obvious potential to mitigate sanctions pressure, the use of new payment mechanisms is difficult due to the lack of necessary regulatory and/or infrastructure solutions.

Governance Dilemmas and New Regulatory Solutions to Algorithmic Price Discrimination

Governance Dilemmas and New Regulatory Solutions to Algorithmic Price Discrimination

Zachowania pracowników muzeów w okresie COVID-19 w perspektywie ekonomii behawioralnej na przykładzie Muzeum Okręgowego w Rzeszowie

Purpose – The pandemic has hampered the functioning of all cultural institutions, including museums. The only way to reduce the transmission of the virus in the population was to change behavior. NPI (nonpharmaceutical interventions) are tools that tried to control the course of the pandemic. The aim of the article was to identify behavioral errors in the work of professional employees of the District Museum in Rzeszów during the COVID‑19 pandemic. Research method – The method of critical literature analysis was used. In the form of a case study, the work of the District Museum in Rzeszów was analyzed, using information from participant observation and structured interviews. Results – The pandemic crisis has led to increased digital transformation activities and highlighted problems related to the financing aspect. The identified errors in the behavior of museum employees were errors resulting from information overload, uncertainty of the future, concerns about the use of interventions, and wishful thinking. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – The originality of the study results from the diagnosis of the research gap relating to museum employees in terms of their response to non‑medical interventions in the workplace during the COVID pandemic. There are no known analyzes of behavioral errors at the workplace in relation to non‑medical interventions. Therefore, this is an innovative approach to the topic and important from the point of view of implementing regulatory solutions during the crisis.

A Model of Online Misinformation

Abstract We present a model of online content sharing where agents sequentially observe an article and decide whether to share it with others. This content may or may not contain misinformation. Each agent starts with an ideological bias and gains utility from positive social media interactions but does not want to be called out for propagating misinformation. We characterize the (Bayesian-Nash) equilibria of this social media game and establish that it exhibits strategic complementarities. Under this framework, we study how a platform interested in maximizing engagement would design its algorithm. Our main result establishes that when the relevant articles have low-reliability and are thus likely to contain misinformation, the engagement-maximizing algorithm takes the form of a “filter bubble”— creating an echo chamber of like-minded users. Moreover, filter bubbles become more likely when there is greater polarization in society and content is more divisive. Finally, we discuss various regulatory solutions to such platform-manufactured misinformation.

Peculiarities of legal protection of natural world heritage sites in Australia on the example of the Great Barrier Reef

The study examines the practice of legal protection of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Site located in Australia. It reflects the main content of the decisions of the World Heritage Committee and the International Union for Conservation of Nature on the protection of the Great Barrier Reef, looks at the features of its management as a World Heritage Site (hereinafter also - WHS), as well as regulatory and organisational solutions aimed at preventing threats to the ecological state of the Great Barrier Reef WHS. The analysis of the legal framework and practice of protection of World Heritage Sites allows to conclude that some elements of the Australian experience can be used to strengthen the institutional and legal framework of the environmental regime of Lake Baikal. The proposal to develop a management plan for the Lake Baikal World Heritage Site in accordance with the requirements and standards of the World Heritage protection system, as well as to adopt special strategic development plans has been formulated. According to the authors, to ensure the effective development of specific management decisions, it is necessary to establish normatively the general principles of management plan formation. Based on the practice of engaging local communities in the management of World Heritage Sites and Australian experience of organising Marine Advisory Committees, the authors have verbalized a proposal to create an Advisory Council of representatives of various spheres of society, operating in the territory of the Lake Baikal World Heritage Site, environmental organisations and representatives of the public.