Regulation Of Social Relationships Research Articles

Conceptual Replication of Canine Serum Oxytocin Increase Following a Positive Dog-human Interaction

The neurohormone oxytocin is known to exert a special function in the regulation of social relationships throughout vertebrate taxa. Recently it has been discovered that not only within-species, but in certain cases, between-species social bonds are also mediated by the same hormone, e.g. in case of the dog�human relationship. However, despite the exponential growth of findings at the behavioural level, there are still a lot of controversies on the biochemical assessment of oxytocin in canine samples. Thus, in the current study we replicate previous findings of canine serum oxytocin increase following a positive dog�human interaction. We provide a detailed description of both the immunoassay method used as well as the behavioural protocol (including crucial time-parameters). This will serve as a base for further studies that both our group as well as others in the field will conduct.

Šamanizm kak sociokulʹturnyj obʺekt gosudarstvennogo regulirovanija obyčno-pravovoj sfery Vostočnoj Sibiri XIX v.

The main purpose of this research is to analyze the organization of the norms of the common law codification in the 19th century in Eastern Siberia. The above mentioned organization was taking place in the stream of ethno-consolidation processes. The regulation of social relationships in the autochthonous socio-cultural environment took place in the framework of the mythoreligious shamanism complex. Moreover, it appeared as the main form of the ideological system. The aforementioned fact influenced the specific character of the process of the political and legal integration of the indigenous organization of the state’s fiscal activity on the executive managerial level. The unification of the managerial system with the codification of the common law of the indigenous populations was carried out in two stages. The first stage was comprised of the stratification of the indigenous (yasachny) community into three layers. Furthermore, each layer reflected the specific character and tribal structure of each self-government as well as the way of life of the indigenous denizens of Eastern Siberia.The second stage consisted of the legalization of the management system of the common law of the indigenous inhabitants as well as of the predetermination of the parameters of the legislative activity of the administration in light of the common tasks connected with the realization of the integration function of the state.

Dawn Singing Intensity of the Male Brownish‐Flanked Bush Warbler: Effects of Territorial Insertions and Number of Neighbors

AbstractThe dawn chorus is a period of peak singing activity of many songbirds. Numerous studies have sought to understand this widespread phenomenon, and many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the dawn chorus. The social dynamics hypothesis proposes that dawn singing plays an important role in the announcement of territorial occupancy and the regulation of social relationships between males; it predicts that the dawn chorus vocal behavior varies with changes in social relationships. In this study, we tested the influence of territorial insertions and the number of neighbors, on the intensity of the brownish‐flanked bush warbler (Cettia fortipes)'s dawn singing. We found that simulated territorial insertions (playback) caused the males to increase their dawn singing significantly the next day, and males that had many neighbors exhibited more intense dawn singing than did males with few neighbors. Our study provides evidence that dawn singing plays an important role in the announcement of territorial occupancy and the regulation of the social relationships between the males.

FMRI activations of amygdala, cingulate cortex, and auditory cortex by infant laughing and crying

One of the functions of emotional vocalizations is the regulation of social relationships like those between adults and children. Listening to infant vocalizations is known to engage amygdala as well as anterior and posterior cingulate cortices. But, the functional relationships between these structures still need further clarification. Here, nonparental women and men listened to laughing and crying of preverbal infants and to vocalization-derived control stimuli, while performing a pure tone detection task during low-noise functional magnetic resonance imaging. Infant vocalizations elicited stronger activation in amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of women, whereas the alienated control stimuli elicited stronger activation in men. Independent of listeners' gender, auditory cortex (AC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) were more strongly activated by the control stimuli than by infant laughing or crying. The gender-dependent correlates of neural activity in amygdala and ACC may reflect neural predispositions in women for responses to preverbal infant vocalizations, whereas the gender-independent similarity of activation patterns in PCC and AC may reflect more sensory-based and cognitive levels of neural processing. In comparison to our previous work on adult laughing and crying, the infant vocalizations elicited manifold higher amygdala activation.

Embraces and Grooming in Captive Spider Monkeys

Relatively little information is available regarding the role of social grooming and embraces in spider monkeys that live in fission-fusion societies in which individuals are usually split into subgroups. We investigated whether embraces and grooming have similar roles in captive spider monkeys by examining their occurrence in two contexts. One context was fusion, i.e. when the monkeys moved into an area of the enclosure where other monkeys were present, in which individuals from different subgroups were expected to exchange greeting behavior. The other context was the access to young infants, in which females were expected increase their friendly behavior toward mothers. We collected data by observing all individuals within a subgroup and via focal animal sampling. We found that overall embraces occurred more frequently than grooming and that their distributions were not correlated. The frequency of embraces was positively associated with the number of fusion events per observation, whereas the frequency of grooming bouts was not. Furthermore, embraces were more frequent following initial approaches after fusion versus subsequent approaches, and the figure was higher than the corresponding one for grooming. Mothers received more embraces after than before the birth of their infants, whereas there was no such effect for grooming. Embraces, but not grooming, play a role in the regulation of social relationships in spider monkeys. Embraces may serve as signals of benign disposition in contexts that are likely to be associated with tension, such as fusion and access to infants.

Working with emotion in educational intergroup dialogue

As a form of multicultural education, intergroup dialogue is one method to improve intergroup relations. Furthermore, this form of experiential education inevitably elicits emotional responses to diversity and social justice issues. The theory and research, however, supporting its pedagogy lack a comprehensive framework for working with emotion. Recent empirical and theoretical work on emotion in intergroup interaction gives us some guidance in conceptualizing the centrality and complexity of emotional content and processes in intergroup contact. Additionally, ample evidence exists for the primacy of affect in the regulation of social relationships from the parent–child dyad to intergroup interactions. Most empirical work on affect in intergroup relations primarily focuses on assessing reactions to imagined or actual, one-time laboratory encounters and examines the reactions of only dominant group members. In contrast to experimental work, intergroup dialogue involves complex dynamics within the context of structured, sustained, face-to-face conversation among real people of dominant and subordinate social identity groups. Recommendations to improve intergroup contact include intervention at the level of emotion. Although it does not focus systematically on the affective layer, intergroup dialogues’ philosophy and structure prime the ground to do so. This paper proposes a set of principles to work with emotion in intergroup dialogue that would provide ways (1) to foster overall positive intergroup contact, (2) to work effectively with negative affect and resistance as integral and not subversive to positive intergroup interactions, (3) to attend to the force that ambivalence exerts on intergroup interaction, and (4) to work with facilitators’ affective processes. Implications for research are also discussed.

The Responsibility of Judges in France

In the mountains of Kashmir lived a Sultan, the Sultan of Salamandragore, so concerned that the laws he had prescribed were strictly observed that he found good reasons for his judges to condemn all his subjects to death, and to have them dispatched by his executioner. Deprived of sleep by remorse and haunted by his victims, he blamed his judges, and had them decapitated in their turn. Thus begins a cruel Oriental tale, freely adapted in a poem by Jacques Prévert, which is, it seems to me, quite a good illustration of the paradox of the judge’s responsibility comparing the extraordinary nature of their power to their relationship to politics. Nevertheless, from this point of view, there is indeed in France a question, that is to say a democratic debate, a conflict of opinion generally perceived to be the result of the growing role of law in the regulation of social relationships and the increasing power of judges in the private domain as well as in the public, economic and social spheres.

The Responsibility of Judges in France

In the mountains of Kashmir lived a Sultan, the Sultan of Salamandragore, so concerned that the laws he had prescribed were strictly observed that he found good reasons for his judges to condemn all his subjects to death, and to have them dispatched by his executioner. Deprived of sleep by remorse and haunted by his victims, he blamed his judges, and had them decapitated in their turn.Thus begins a cruel Oriental tale, freely adapted in a poem by Jacques Prévert, which is, it seems to me, quite a good illustration of the paradox of the judge’s responsibility comparing the extraordinary nature of their power to their relationship to politics. Nevertheless, from this point of view, there is indeed in France a question, that is to say a democratic debate, a conflict of opinion generally perceived to be the result of the growing role of law in the regulation of social relationships and the increasing power of judges in the private domain as well as in the public, economic and social spheres.

Regulation of social relationships in later adulthood.

Individuals are seen as coproducers of their social environments who actively manage the social resources that contribute to their positive aging. The regulation of social relationships reflects adaptive mechanisms of deliberate acquisition, maintenance, transformation, or discontinuation of relationships within the individual's personal network. Mechanisms of relationship regulation in later life are illustrated on the individual level with recent empirical findings on social motivation. Close emotional ties are relatively stable until late in life, whereas peripheral (i.e., not close) social relationships are preferably discontinued. Such patterns of change and continuity were found to reflect individual differences in goal priorities and in future time perspectives (i.e., subjective nearness to death). Proactively molding the social world in accordance with one's age-specific needs also contributes to subjective well-being. The regulation of social relationships is proposed as a promising venue for further research in this field that may also reflect key issues in social, emotional, and cognitive aging.

Symbolic control: Issues of empirical description of agencies and agents

This paper arose out of the empirical requirements to describe and position agents and agencies of symbolic control concerned with the regulation of social relationships, consciousness, disposition and desire. These requirements led to a differentiation of agents in terms of their function and discourse and their segmentation through their specialized fields of activity and their stratification according to hierarchical position in a given field. This model generated a sensitive differentiation and segmentation which provides the social basis for expected differences in interests, motivations and identifications of functionally similar agents operating in different fields of activity. The model raises general issues of social class allocation and the relation between theory and methods.

A preliminary study of selective visual attention in female mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei)

Visually attending to conspecifics can give group-living primates important ecological information, help them to anticipate the behavior of others and to regulate interactions with them, and provide other valuable social information. Variation in the importance and quality of social relationships should influence the way individuals selectively attend to fellow group members. Preliminary data on visual monitoring of conspecifics by wild female mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) show that selective attention mirrors variation in social relationships. Social bonds between males and females are central to gorilla society; correspondingly, females are more likely to stop feeding, and focus their attention on males who walk into view than on females, especially when males give dislays. Females are more likely to focus on other females with whom they have antagonistic relationships than those (mostly close relatives) with whom they have affiliative, cooperative ones. Further research on the context and consequences of visual monitoring could help to address questions about the regulation of social relationships and about social cognition in gorillas.