Payment Regulation Research Articles

The role of tax policy in ensuring the financial and economic security of the state

The initiated scientific research is devoted to the urgent issue of determining the role of tax policy in ensuring the sustainable functioning of the financial and economic security of the state. It has been proven that the proper provision of such a component is one of the important prerequisites for the necessary stability of the entire national economic system and is a guarantee of its progressive development. In view of the importance of this component, the need to implement all the available potential of means of all its authorized support is emphasized. It is indicated and argued that the tax policy is one of the most promising measures for the fulfillment of such tasks in the current period. The peculiarities of the financial and economic security of the state are defined and analyzed. It was found that the category of the same name is an understudied but promising object of scientific knowledge. It is emphasized that a wide range of mutual relations with the financial component in comparison with the rest of the subsystems of the economic security of the state are in favor of its use. Its exceptional importance is emphasized from the point of view of direct and indirect prevention and counteraction of many challenges, threats and risks to the national security of Ukraine. The tax policy in modern domestic realities is characterized. It is noted that it is characterized as the activity of many state bodies on issues of establishment, organization, as well as legal regulation of tax administration and tax payments. Such activity itself involves the active application of various management forms, methods, and methods and is carried out with the help of appropriate tools. The role of such a tool from the point of view of influence on the course of processes under the auspices of the financial and economic security of the state is evaluated. It was noted that tax policy in current conditions is often of decisive importance from the standpoint of mobilization, distribution and redistribution of financial resources, stability of the financial and economic component, support and growth of its potential, guaranteeing the interests of taxpayers, ensuring fair conditions for the latter, etc.

Negotiating pricing and payment terms for insurance covered mHealth apps: a qualitative content analysis and taxonomy development based on a German experience

BackgroundGermany was the first country worldwide to offer mobile digital health applications (mHealth apps, “DiGA”) on prescription with full cost coverage by statutory health insurances. Especially statutory health insurances criticize the current pricing and payment regulations in Germany due to “free and non-transparent” pricing in the first year and lack of cost use evidence. The study consists of two parts: The first part evaluates interests of digital health application providers and statutory health insurances in Germany to identify overlaps and divergences of interests. The second part includes the development of a comprehensive pricing and payment taxonomy for reimbursable mHealth apps in general.MethodsBoth parts of the study used the input from 16 expert interviews with representatives of digital health application providers and statutory health insurances in Germany. In part one the authors conducted a qualitative content analysis and in part two they followed the taxonomy development process according to Nickerson et al. (2013).ResultsA value based care model is expected to bring the greatest benefit for patients while statutory health insurances welcome the idea of usage based pricing. The final pricing and payment taxonomy consists of four design and negotiation steps (price finding, payment prerequisites, payment modalities, composition of negotiation board).ConclusionsAs healthcare resources are scarce and thus need to be optimally allocated, it is important to implement pricing and payment terms for reimbursable mHealth apps that result in the greatest benefit for patients. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there has been no structured study yet that examines alternative pricing strategies for reimbursable mHealth apps.The developed pricing and payment taxonomy for reimbursable mHealth apps serves as planning and decision basis for developers, health policy makers and payers internationally.

The Evolution of the International Monetary System: Impacts on Multinational Firms and Global Trade

The International Monetary System is a global system that regulates money transfers between different nations. It includes currency exchange rates, regulation of international payments, legislations on capital movements, and worldwide financial organizations, including the IMF. The paper analyses how the change over time of the International Monetary System (IMS) affects the international trade and MNCs. Thus, from the Bretton Woods new exchange regime established in 1944–1971 to the current floating exchange rate system, it has been analyzed in regard to the IMS's historical development. Because of the increasing volatility in the currency rate, this has consequently had an impact on the stability of international transactions and trade volumes. The IMS study investigates exchange rate systems, capital flow regulations, and the role of international financial organizations, including the IMF. For its methodology, the study resorted to a mixed-method approach, combining numbers analysis-that includes regression models and time- series data on exchange rates, amounts of international trade, and MNC performance-with analysis of the historical record and inspection of IMF policy documents. The study shows that trade goes down during big financial troubles, like the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997 and the Global Financial Crisis in 2008. It also shows that changes in exchange rates make global trade smaller, especially during these crises. Also, while IMF help, such as structural adjustment programs, often causes short-term problems for multinational companies (MNCs), like less foreign direct investment (FDI), these policies usually help stabilize economies and lead to recovery in the long run. The outcomes indicate how the IMS, international trade, and multinational corporations are intertwined. Acquainting oneself with the fluctuating money system is very crucial because it enables a person to make informed decisions about the world economy. Keywords: International Monetary System (IMS), Exchange Rate Volatility, Multinational Corporations (MNCs), International Trade, International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Fair overtime pay: the need and rationale for changes

Amendments to the overtime payment regulations provided for by the Federal Law “On Amendments to Article 152 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation” dated 04/22/2024 No. 91-FZ, effective September 1, 2024, were considered. The analysis of the need for such amendments, which were initiated by law enforcement practice, drew attention to the absence of appropriate conditions in the Labor Code, which allowed the employer to consider only the salary (official salary) of such an employee when calculating remuneration for overtime work. This circumstance infringed on the rights of employees to fair wages for overtime work. The amendments that require consideration of compensation and incentive payments, and not only the basic part of wages when paying overtime, are considered.

Trends in the Development of Legal Regulation of Tax Payment in the Context of Digitalization of the Economy

Trends in the Development of Legal Regulation of Tax Payment in the Context of Digitalization of the Economy

Effects of water protection measures in agriculture on the environmental impacts of the Swiss food sector

European agro-environmental policy aims to reduce agricultural emissions of nutrients and pesticides into water, yet these goals remain unmet. Voluntary direct payments schemes aim to steer farmers towards emission-reducing practices. We assessed the environmental impacts of stricter direct payment regulations: Farmers who want to receive direct payments a) have to produce pesticide-free and b) have to reduce their livestock numbers to their own farm's feed production capacity. We compared the environmental impacts of the Swiss agricultural sector in three direct payment scenarios with the status quo. We addressed the trade-offs between domestic production and imports, and between target and other environmental impacts.While freshwater ecotoxicity within Switzerland would decrease considerably due to reduced pesticide use, aquatic eutrophication caused by domestic agriculture would remain similar to the status quo. However, increased import amounts would more than offset the domestic environmental improvements. Eutrophication, particularly caused by imported meat, would increase strongly, as would deforestation and water scarcity. Our paper shows that the improvement of water quality in Switzerland has to be bought with partly considerable trade-offs in the countries of origin of imported products, showing the need for complementary measures such as reducing food waste or changing consumption patterns.

Dynamics of legal regulation of exemptions in the payment and calculation of land fees in the conditions of martial law on the basis of judicial practice

The relevance of the research topic is stipulated by the new challenges faced by our country in connection with the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine and the need to adapt the legal regulation of land payment in terms of its calculation and payment during the period of martial law. The purpose of the article is to trace the dynamics of legal regulation of land payment during martial law, and to review the current case law of both national courts regarding the resolution of disputes on the cancellation of a tax assessment notice and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights in terms of determining the conceptual foundations for the construction of legal provisions. The study of the issue of payment and accrual of land payment is of both applied and theoretical nature, since violation of the means and rules of rule-making technique leads to tax disputes. The analysis of legal constructions of the Tax Code of Ukraine and other regulatory legal acts made it possible to identify problems in the regulation of land payment, which consist in violation of the rule of law principle provided for by the Constitution of Ukraine. The Constitutional Court of Ukraine has defined the principles of legal certainty and legal predictability as components of the rule of law. The inconsistency of the provisions of the Tax Code of Ukraine and bylaws has led to a dual interpretation of their rights and obligations by taxpayers and controlling authorities. The author analyzes the positions of the controlling authorities in terms of amendments to the regulation of the calculation and payment of tax liabilities for taxation of land plots located in the temporarily occupied territories or in the territories where military operations are (were) conducted.

Formation of the Legal Basis for Social Security of Disabled People
 of the Great Patriotic War in the BSSR (1940−1950s)

The article is devoted to the formation of the main provisions of the legislative framework for social security of disabled people of the Great Patriotic War in the first post-war years in the BSSR. The directions in which the Union and Republican governments adopted the most important laws and regulations that determined the further development of social support for war invalids are considered. The results obtained allow us to conclude that the adoption of the Law «On the demobilization
 of senior members of the active army» on June 23, 1945 served as the basis for the further construction of the social security system for disabled people of the Great Patriotic War and determined the most important areas of activity of social security
 bodies to provide assistance to them. Particular attention was paid to the legal regulation of payments to disabled people of the Great Patriotic War, pensions and other types of material support. One of the significant documents in this area, the “Law on State Pensions,” became a new stage in the pension business and
 contributed to the streamlining of their accruals and payments.

Implementation of Income Tax Payment for Sale and Purchase of Land Rights (Study in West Lombok District)

This research aims to find out and understand the implementation of electronic payment of income tax for buying and selling land rights in West Lombok Regency. The research method used is normative and empirical, then analyzed descriptively qualitatively, using a sociological, statutory, and conceptual approach. The regulation of payment of income tax on the sale and purchase of land rights is that the Government has the authority which originates from legislation in terms of tax collection and is then delegated to the Ministry. Finance through the Directorate General of Taxes (DJP) which is one of the echelons I units under the auspices of the Ministry of Finance and is implemented by KPP Pratama throughout the Republic of Indonesia. Based on research, income tax payments for the electronic buying and selling of land rights in West Lombok Regency have been implemented by the regulations of the Director General of Taxes PER-05/Pj/2017 concerning Electronic Tax Payments as appropriate. Obstacles in implementing electronic tax payments in West Lombok Regency include legal constraints such as requirements for carrying out tax validation and the level of compliance in tax payments. From a non-legal perspective, such as internal and external obstacles in the form of the community's inability to use information technology and other technical matters. The implementation of the e-billing system can be effective if its implementation-intensive socialization and training are carried out first for taxpayers to make it easier in its application.

Marketing Mix to Increase Sales of Wedding Package Resort Buyout at Alila Villas Uluwatu

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to determine strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of an effort to increase sales of wedding package resort buyout, to find out marketing mix strategy that should be used by Sales & Marketing Department to increase sales of wedding package resort buyout. Research methods: Data collection methods that used were participation observation, interview, documentation, and questionnaire. The analysis technique that used are qualitative descriptive analysis, quantitative descriptive analysis, Internal Factor Analysis Summary (IFAS) matrix, External Factor Analysis Summary (EFAS) matrix, Internal-External (IE) matrix, and SWOT analysis. Results and discussion: The result of the research show that there are internal and external factors that influence the increase in upselling which carried out by Sales & Marketing Department at Alila Villas Uluwatu. Based on SWOT analysis score of IFAS was 2.88 and score EFAS was 2.86 that made the position of Alila Villas Uluwatu in current condition in cell 5, named the strategy of concentration through horizontal integration or stability (no change in profit). It means that this company is in a moderate attractive industry, the strategy that used has the goal relatively more defensive, namely to avoid losing sales and losing profits. Based on the SWOT analysis, alternative strategies that can be used to increase the sales of wedding package resort buyout is obtained by finding new markets, adding wedding inclusion on the wedding package, improving the payment regulation, making new building for attendees and equipment store, and making competitor list that shows if hotel is competed to the competitors. Implication: The advice given to the management of Alila Villas Uluwatu is to add new markets that are potential guests who hold wedding resort buyout such as India and Singapore, add more inclusions to the wedding package in order to make the guests interested, and improve the payment regulations to make the wedding operational runs better. Keywords: Marketing mix, IFAS matrix, EFAS matrix.

Darbo užmokesčio dinamikos viešojoje švietimo įstaigoje analizė

The article investigates the essence, structure of wages, the system of taxation of income received from employment relations. Wage changes for 2015–2024 have been carried out. In a public educational institution, the analysis reveals trends in the salary of academic employees. In 2015 January 1st in Lithuania, instead of the national currency litas, the euro was introduced as the common European currency, a decade full of changes, based on regulated changes. Although the regulation of labor payment in the Republic of Lithuania is assessed ambiguously due to the abundance of laws and other normative acts and their frequent changes, a regulated, moderate, albeit unclear, increase in wages has been identified. Determining the value of an academic employee's work is variable and sensitive, in the absence of a more detailed and reasoned justification of official coefficients. The results of the analysis allow us to make the assumption that when forecasting and strategizing the support of employees' motivation for scientific activities, it is appropriate to adjust job coefficients while maintaining equal gaps between positions. Keywords: academic employee, wage, wage structure, duty ratios, taxation, taxes and tax contributions.

Some ways of countering fraud committed using digital payments according to the legislation of Russia and China

The relevance of the study is due to the increase in crimes on funds operating in non-cash form. In the future, the development of the digital economy will be associated with an increase in such risks. In this regard, the authors have made a comparison of the Russian and Chinese experience of their minimization. In both countries, there is a steady increase in the number of thefts committed using illegal access to digital payment systems. At the same time, criminal law norms designed to counteract fraudulent actions have certain drawbacks. The judicial interpretation of these norms is also ambiguous. In conditions of limited functioning of international payment systems, theft of non-cash funds can be committed in new ways. In the future, non-cash payments will increase in volume, so it is necessary to improve the security of their conduct. The authors used a comparative legal method, as well as analysis and synthesis, which made it possible to give the study a complete character. The article summarizes the Russian and Chinese experience in countering the theft of funds deposited in non-cash form. Since the share of non-cash payments in Russia and China is significant, not only economic entities, but also citizens are involved in their turnover. The latter, not having financial literacy, can become victims of fraudsters. The state policy regarding the regulation of non-cash payments is built in the direction of establishing control over the functioning of electronic platforms. However, this does not seem to be sufficient, since it does not reduce financial risks. The criminal legal field remains virtually the only lever to counteract this type of theft. At the same time, the structure of the criminal law prohibition does not reflect the nature and degree of public danger of fraudulent actions and does not clearly distinguish them from secret theft.

The Role of Actors in Retribution Policy at the Kea-Kea Nature Tourism Park

This research aims to analyze the role of actors involved in the implementation of the Regent Regulation Number 7 of 2019. This research uses an inductive qualitative analysis. Inductive analysis is an approach that begins with field facts, analyzes them based on relevant theories and arguments, and ultimately yields a conclusion. The results show that in managing retribution at the Kea-Kea Nature Tourism Park, the Department of Tourism of Kolaka Regency has played a critical role as the Policy Creator, Coordinator, and Facilitator. However, there are obstacles to policy implementation, especially in setting and collecting retribution rates and providing adequate facilities. On the other hand, Tourism Awareness Group, as the Implementer, needs help complying with the provisions for depositing the collected retribution, mainly due to using some retribution funds for facility maintenance. Furthermore, traders, acting as Accelerators, must fully comply with retribution payment regulations. Therefore, it is recommended that the Department of Tourism of Kolaka Regency enhance its effectiveness by strengthening policy socialization and implementation oversight, particularly in setting and collecting retribution rates and providing adequate facilities. For the Natural Resources Conservation Center, improving cooperation with the Department of Tourism in supervising and enforcing retribution rules is crucial. Tourism Awareness Group is expected to understand and comply with the provisions for depositing collected retribution, including the appropriate use of retribution funds. State-owned enterprises are advised to strategically allocate Corporate Social Responsibility funds to support maintaining and enhancing Kea-Kea Nature Tourism Park facilities. Finally, traders are expected to enhance compliance with retribution payment regulations. These recommendations aim to collaborate better with related actors in retribution management, ultimately improving management quality and visitor experience at the Kea-Kea Nature Tourism Park.

Central bank digital currencies as an element of the payment-centric model of global financial regulation

The article examines the current state of implementation of one of the largest regulatory projects in to examine the role of international cross-border payment regulation in the context of global financial architecture and to see how a modernized national payment infrastructure could be optimally embedded in the global payment infrastructure. To achieve this purpose, this article systematizes the standard setting documents and analyzes doctrinal sources. Special attention is paid to BIS Innovation Hub projects. The study analyses area E of the G20 Roadmap, which covers the development of new means of payment, including CBDCs and stablecoins. In particular, the paper provides an overview of analytics and specific projects pertaining to the introduction of central bank digital currencies (CBDC). The article also analyzes how the issuance of CBDCs relates to the international framework being created for regulating crypto assets. The authors conclude that global financial regulation is becoming more payment-centric since the issue of regulating cross-border payments lies at the intersection of several important policies and international legal regimes. In particular, this involves international policies pertaining to the regulation of financial services, macroprudential regulation, regulation of the global monetary system, regulation of crypto assets, countering illicit financial flows in the global economy, and ESG regulation. The article systematizes the features and risks of the payment-centric model for global financial regulation. It concludes that international cooperation and coordination are necessary if cross-border projects related to payments are to be successfully implemented.

Interest-driven and legal supervision innovation of the capital pool model in Chinese banking financial products

This paper studies the formation, interest-driven rationality and potential risks of the capital pool model in China's banking financial management business, as well as the correlation, coincidence and complexity of fund pool prohibition and the rigid payment strategy. Focusing on “The New Regulations on Asset Management” issued by the Chinese government in April 2018, this paper discusses the regulatory effects and existing problems of fund pool prohibition and rigid payment regulations. From the perspective of theoretical and empirical analysis, this paper studies the impact of the relationship between financial product yield and regulatory interest rate relationship on shadow banking. The paper also studies the capital pool model that is closely related to the shadow banking, rigid payment and unstandardized debts, so as to puts forward relevant policy suggestions on improving the external regulation and optimizing the internal control mechanism of shadow banking. This paper puts forward that pursuit of financial security value should not be independent from the development of the overall interests of asset management market. The reasonable and healthy development of the asset management industry should be guided by the principle of controlling the risks at an appropriate level. The regulations in relation to capital pool and rigid payment needs more flexibility and elasticity to help reduce or eliminate the negative impact on the efficiency of resource allocation in the asset management industry. Shadow banking plays an important role in the financing of small and medium-sized enterprises, which is the result of mutual competition and game between different banks in terms of yield rate. Moderate shadow banking scale plays a positive role in the macro economy. This argument has theoretical value and practical significance to ensure that the regulatory system is resilient to the financial system in the most effective way possible.

The impact of decentralization on the speed of provision of administrative services in wartime conditions

The article focuses on the disclosure of the content of administrative services under the impact of decentralisation and the activities of relevant bodies aimed at ensuring human and civil rights and freedoms, interests of legal entities in wartime, and identifying factors affecting the speed of their provision. It has been noted that, in order to improve the quality and speed of administrative service provision in the context of war under the influence of decentralisation, the issue of decentralisation of powers to provide administrative services at the level of local self-government bodies is becoming particularly relevant, in particular through the instruments of delegation, transfer of powers and budget revenues from state bodies to local self-government bodies.
 It has been noted that the legal institution of administrative services is a system of relatively separate and interrelated legal provisions which regulate relations arising in the course of exercising subjective rights of an individual or a legal entity (at their request) in the course of public authority activities of an administrative body. Administrative services as part of public are provided by executive authorities and local self-government bodies. Their provision is related to the exercise of power.
 On the basis of the analysis of scholars’ scientific positions, the terms “public service”, “administrative and legal instrument”, “administrative service” have been studied. The factors affecting the speed of providing quality basic administrative services under the influence of decentralisation in the context of war have been identified, and the general prospects for the development of the administrative service delivery system have been determined, in particular: regulation of payment for administrative services, deregulation and administrative simplification to reduce the number of administrative services and simplify the procedures for providing specific services. The importance of information exchange between electronic registers, the possibility of using electronic services throughout the country, and optimising the distribution of powers between different levels of public administration has been emphasised.

Improvement of legal regulation of dividend payments in the Republic of Uzbekistan

This article examines the theoretical and practical issues of legal regulation of the payment of dividends in joint-stock companies, various models, and features of the dividend policy, as well as the main directions for improving the legal regulation of decision-making and the payment of dividends by types of shares. In addition, the article analyses the topical problems of legal regulation of the procedure for paying dividends in joint-stock companies and ways to improve them based on national and best practices in foreign countries.

Legal regulation of payment of membership fees in public associations.

The scientific article is devoted to the study of the legal regime and features of payment of membership fees in non-entrepreneurial societies. The specifics of the legal regulation of the payment of membership fees, concepts and types of membership fees according to the legislation of Ukraine have been analyzed. The author of the scientific work also analyzed the doctrinal approaches developed in this field of scientific research.
 The article analyzes the provisions on the payment of membership fees, as well as the agreement on the payment of membership fees. The specifics of paying membership fees based on the contract were determined, and the legal consequences of non-payment were analyzed.
 The author of the article proves that the payment of membership fees is mandatory, in connection with which non-fulfillment of the corresponding obligation entails such legal consequences as the exclusion of a member from the membership of a non-entrepreneurial society. A person who joins a non-entrepreneurial society voluntarily assumes the obligations stipulated by the statute or regulations, including the payment of membership fees, in return receives certain benefits depending on the type of statutory activity of the public association. Membership fees are used by a non-entrepreneurial society to implement the purpose and objectives of the activity, for which the relevant persons joined such a society.
 Current civil legislation in the field of non-entrepreneurial legal entities uses a dispositive approach to the procedure for paying membership fees, in connection with which their payment can be determined in the charters of public associations and on the basis of an agreement on the payment of membership fees. The legal nature of the agreement on the payment of membership fees is manifested in the fact that it is a bilateral accession agreement.
 Particular attention will be paid to the peculiarities of paying membership fees depending on the type of non-entrepreneurial society.
 The main types of membership fees are introductory, periodic, targeted and charitable. Membership fees can be money, securities, creative ideas. In case of non-payment of membership fees, such a method of liability as exclusion from the public association may be used.
 The possibility of local regulatory determination of the size and terms of payment of membership fees allows to establish an individual procedure for payment of membership fees, various benefits, and to exempt certain categories of persons from their payment.
 For the purpose of legal consistency in the terminology, it is advisable to use the concept of "membership contributions" as generic, and in the special sense to use the term "regular contributions";
 As a general rule, payment of membership fees is voluntary, however, in some cases, membership fees may be collected in a compulsory manner. The article supports the approach to the compulsory collection of membership fees as a requirement to fulfill an obligation.

Wpłaty nawiązek i kar pieniężnych do Narodowego Funduszu Ochrony Zabytków

The National Fund for the Protection of Monuments is a state special purpose fund specified in Article 83b of the Act of 23 July 2003 on the protection and care of monuments. The provisions establishing the National Fund for the Protection of Monuments entered into force on 1 January 2018. The administrator of the NFOZ is the minister competent for culture and protection of national heritage. The current solutions regarding payments to the Fund are still of a temporary nature, as some of the changes entered into force in 2018, and the rest will come into force only in 2024. The aim of the article is to consider the most important aspects of the legal regulation of damages payments and fines to the Fund, including the creation and principles of operation of the Fund. These issues are also closely related to the process of replacing criminal provisions with a system of administrative fines, hence the analysis of this process on the basis of the Act on the Protection and Care of Monuments has also become an important element of the conducted considerations.

Non-tax and tax payments for negative impact on the environment: on the question of models and their stimulating role when integrated into the Russian economy

The article is devoted to the issues of legal regulation of payments levied in order to implement the principle of payment for nature management (the so-called “environmental payments”), as well as the analysis of the effectiveness of various models of embedding non-tax and tax fees in the economy of the Russian Federation and foreign countries. The relevance of the study is due to the invariance of approaches used in world practice to the development of state management policy in the field of reducing the negative impact on the environment in general with the use of ecological and economic incentives aimed at ensuring rational use of natural resources in the activities of economic entities, in particular. The purpose of the study is to study the impact of environmental payments on the effectiveness of environmental protection activities and to consider the prospects for the development of their stimulating role in order to ensure rational use of natural resources, as well as to reduce the anthropogenic load on environmental components. The achievement of this goal is ensured through a comparative analysis of the best foreign practices in terms of legal regulation of the implementation of the principles of “polluter pays”, “payment for environmental management”, as well as through the formation of directions for improving Russian legal regulation in this area using a comprehensive economic model combining fiscal, compensatory and incentive functions aimed at improving environmental and economic efficiency environmental policy. Based on the review of trends in the legal regulation of the “polluter pays” principle, the authors conduct a general theoretical characterization of payments for negative environmental impact and propose directions for improving the development of the institute of rational nature management. The article substantiates the conclusion that when choosing an economic model for the implementation of the principle of payment for environmental management and compensation for environmental damage, attention should be focused on stimulating responsible environmental management. This will make it possible to increase the efficiency of managing the environmental and economic activities of economic entities, including through their motivation to transform production processes using low-carbon, energy-efficient and other “green” technologies. In the course of the research, the authors used legal methods of normative legal formalization, comparative jurisprudence, legal modeling, as well as general scientific methods - system analysis, deduction, analogy, synthesis, etc.