Legal Regulation Of Relations Research Articles

Trends in the development of jurisdictional immunity of a foreign state under continental law

The article examines the current trends in legal regulation of relations on granting jurisdictional immunity to a foreign state in the countries of the continental legal family. The author analyzes the regulations in this area and shows the role of judicial practice in this process. A comparative characterization of the application of the concept of limited immunity in Western countries is given.
 The term «immunity of a State as a subject of international law» means that each State is not subject to the jurisdiction of another State and is not subject to any authority (legislative, executive or judicial) of a foreign State. Sovereignty and the fact that all states are equal are the basis of state immunity. Ancient Rome used well-known phrases to define the equality of states: «par in parem pop habet imperium», which means «equal over equal has no power», and «par in parem non habet iurisdictionem», which means «equal over equal has no jurisdiction».
 According to the idea of limited immunity, a foreign state may have jurisdictional immunity when it executes acts of juris imperii. In the same cases, the state can be sued as a private person, and it cannot rely on immunity from foreign jurisdiction, as well as immunity from seizure of property as a means of securing a claim and recovering property. According to the proponents of this idea, the main criterion for determining the sovereignty of state actions is the participation of the state in transactions that are usually carried out by individuals and corporations, and not the ultimate goal of these actions. In this case, the practice of national courts should take into account both the interests of states (uninterrupted performance of their public duties) and the interests of private plaintiffs.

Some Aspects of Understanding the Contract

The contract as a complex, multifaceted category is used not only in jurisprudence, but also in other doctrines, teachings, and in the direct practical activities of various subjects. At the same time, if viewed from a legal point of view, the contract (as a certain agreement that meets specific criteria) permeates almost all spheres of public relations under the influence of law. The contract occupies a significant place in the regulation of relations under the influence of private law norms. The concept of a contract is repeatedly disclosed by the legislator in various normative legal acts. However, even within the framework of one branch of law (for example, civil law), the mention of a contract may be disclosed in various senses. Doctrinal points of view also reveal a wide range of multiple approaches to understanding the treaty. This circumstance indicates the absence of a single clear understanding of the contract neither in the law nor in the doctrine, which causes some problems in the framework of law enforcement activities. The goals and objectives of the study are to identify legislatively defined and doctrinal positions regarding the concept of a contract (legal and individual). The study was conducted using a comparative legal method, which made it possible to study the position of the legislator regarding the concept of contract in such branches of law as civil, labor, family, etc. In addition, formal logical and systematic methods were used in the work. The result of the study is a brief comparative legal analysis of the provisions of legislation containing norms on the regulation of legal relations between the parties through a contract. The legislator has not clearly expressed his position on the legal nature of individual contracts (in particular, employment and marriage contracts), which gives rise to their ambiguous interpretation, causing difficulties in law enforcement.

Bridging the artificial intelligence inventorship gap

Objective: to study the gaps in the legal regulation of relations in the sphere of inventions made by artificial intelligence.Methods: dialectical approach to cognition of social phenomena, allowing to analyze them in historical development and functioning in the context of the totality of objective and subjective factors, which predetermined the following research methods: formal-logical and sociological.Results: in Thaler v. Vidal, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ruled that an artificial intelligence (AI) machine cannot be an inventor under patent law. This decision leaves open the question of whether a natural person can be the legal inventor of AI-generated inventions. This is a pressing question because it decides whether AI-generated inventions are patentable, as no patent rights can exist without an inventor. Scholars have proposed two doctrines that might resolve this question: the doctrine of simultaneous conception and reduction to practice and the doctrine of first to recognize and appreciate. This article analyzes the two doctrines and argues that neither doctrine readily applies to AI-generated inventions, thereby leaving an “inventorship gap”.Scientific novelty: the article is the first to pose and solve the problem of legal regulation of inventions made with the help of artificial intelligence and to state the need for the U.S. Congress to amend the copyright law in terms of recognizing a physical person who uses artificial intelligence to generate inventions as the author of such inventions. It bridges the gap in legal regulation of relations in the sphere of inventions and patenting and facilitates the goals of the patent system.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering the issues related to the legal regulation of relations in the sphere of inventions made by artificial intelligence.

SUBJECT COMPOSITION OF PARTICIPANTS IN LEGAL RELATIONS ARISING WHEN USING INNOVATIVE (UNMANNED) VEHICLES IN BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

The subject of research is the composition of the participants in the legal relationship on the use of an unmanned vehicle. The article breaks off with a general overview of attempts to settle these legal relations, which are fundamentally new both for the Russian legal system and the economy as a whole. At the same time, central attention is paid to their subject composition. The study states that the legal regulation of relations on the use of unmanned vehicles is haphazard. A single regulatory legal act has not yet been adopted, and by-laws have an extremely heterogeneous subject of legal regulation, including civil, administrative and other aspects. This leads to significant problems of legal technique, the result of which in the future will be difficulties in law enforcement practice. An analysis of the civil component of the use of unmanned vehicles shows that the potential of the current civil legislation to regulate relevant relations is far from exhausted. The range of subjects for the use of an unmanned vehicle coincides with the subjects of classical relations for the transportation or rental of vehicles. In this regard, changes to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, its additions by new subjects of legal relations or new contractual structures are undesirable at the current stage.

Rights of Investors as Participants in Relationships Related to the Creation and Use of Results of Intellectual Activity

Relevance. The article considers the problems caused by the limited possibilities of legal registration of relations between investors and persons creating the results of intellectual activity or organizing the creation of RIA. It is noted that the obligatory rights based on contracts concluded by investors do not allow to fully take into account their interests and provide guarantees of their observance when disposing of exclusive rights to the intellectual property created with the attraction of investment funds. The conclusions are substantiated that taking into account the growing needs in attracting investment funds for the implementation of projects related to the creation and use of RIAs, it is necessary to provide investors with the opportunity to participate in the ownership of exclusive rights to RIAs created with their support, which will allow investors to control the subsequent disposal of exclusive rights to such RIAs, directly participate in the licensing processes and receive remuneration for their use.The purpose is to develop theoretical provisions that form the basis for the development of legal regulation ensuring the observance of investors' rights as participants in relations related to the creation and use of RIA.Objectives: to identify the peculiarities of registration of investors' rights when they participate in relations related to the creation and use of RIA with the attraction of investment funds; to develop proposals aimed at improving the legal regulation of relations between investors, persons organizing the creation and use of RIA, authors and right holders for various cases of organization of investment activity in the field under consideration.Methodology. The dialectical-materialistic method, methods of analysis and synthesis, formal-legal method were used in writing the work.The results of the research are of theoretical and applied nature and are aimed at improving the quality of legal regulation of legal relations related to the creation and use of RIA.The conclusions made on the basis of the results of the conducted research have a discussion character and are aimed at improving the legal regulation of investment activities related to the creation of RIA. The article is a continuation of the author's scientific research.

Current problems of the Administrative-tort law of Ukraine

The article examines certain shortcomings of the current Code of Ukraine on administrative offenses in comparison with the provisions of the new administrative code. The examples show individual shortcomings of the new regulatory regulation. The author of the article also notes that in recent years, Ukraine has implemented the largest regulatory and legal measures to modernize administrative and tort legislation._The unstoppable increase in the number of registered administrative offenses makes us think again about the lagging of the law-making process from the real needs of society. The article singles out some aspects of improving the legislation on administrative offenses and the administrative- delict process, specifying the concept and legal meaning of the norm on administrative responsibility, rethinking some scientific dogmas, leading scientists to the need to clarify the concepts that constitute the essence of legal regulation of relations in the field of administrative responsibility: administrative- delict relations, administrative-delict law, norm of administrative-delict law for further regulation of legal relations in the sphere of administrative liability. On the basis of rethinking the views established in science about administrative responsibility as one of the institutes of administrative law, the author substantiates the conclusion that the norms regulating the issue of this type of legal responsibility form an independent branch of Ukrainian law - administrative tort law. Administrative-delict law carries out material-legal regulation of administrative liability. The opinion of academics is also noted, who note that the Code of Criminal Procedure in its current state is outdated in many respects and requires a radical adjustment on a new conceptual and doctrinal basis. The set of its constituent norms has its own subject, method of legal regulation, separate organization of regulatory material on administrative offenses.
 Modern administrative and tort law is characterized by integration with criminal law, which allows more effective use of their powers in the prevention of offenses.

CURRENT TRENDS OF THE JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT OF A FOREIGN STATE UNDER THE LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The article examines the current trends in legal regulation of relations on granting jurisdictional immunity to a foreign state in the legal systems on the example of the United States of America. The author identifies the main principles of development of this institution, their reflection in the rules of law, and emphasizes the existence of problems associated with the application of state immunity in private law relations. The author substantiates the expediency of analyzing the most optimal legal positions reflected in US law and tested in international practice. The role of judicial practice in this process is shown. The article analyzes the origins of limited immunity in the United States and emphasizes the need to improve legislation and unify the rules of private international law in this area.

Procedural aspects of inquiry as forms of pre-trial investigation

The article summarizes approaches to the interpretation of procedural aspects of inquiry as a form of simplified pre-trial investigation of criminal misdemeanors based on the analysis of the scientific views of scientists, as well as the legislation of Ukraine.The general legal grounds for pre-trial investigation of criminal misdemeanors by investigative units of Ukraine are characterized. It was established that the need to introduce inquiry as a simplified form of pre-trial investigation is caused by the significant workload of investigative bodies of pre-trial investigation with criminal proceedings for minor crimes. It was noted that the level of security of the rights and freedoms of the participants in criminal proceedings depends on the proper organization of the investigation bodies.Based on the analysis of scientific sources, it was determined that the simplification of criminal proceedings can lead to the violation of the rights of a person who has committed a criminal offense and the abuse of their powers by law enforcement agencies, which requires a deep doctrinal and systemic analysis of the introduction of the institution of inquiry in the current Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine and a rethinking of its compliance with the principle of the rule of law and principles of justice.The author of the article pointed out the problematic issues of applying the norms of the current legislation during the inquiry process, which arise when a person is notified of suspicion of committing a criminal offense, the detention of a person, determination of the terms of inquiry and their extension. Such regulation of legal relations during pre-trial investigation, in which the investigation of criminal offenses is carried out, complicates the understanding and application of these norms, because it leads to a misunderstanding of the general period of inquiry in the absence of a suspect, which, in turn, will lead to a misunderstanding in the application of this norm in practice. On the basis of the outlined problematic aspects, proposals were made to improve the procedural order of conducting a pre-trial investigation in the form of an inquiry.

Legislative and Regulatory Support of Higher Education Institutions in Ukraine

The purpose of the article is to highlight the legislative and regulatory support for the activities of higher education institutions in Ukraine and to outline the prospects for its improvement. Research methodology. The article uses general and special research methods aimed to highlight the legislative and regulatory support for the activities of higher education institutions, situational and action analysis of legal regulation, analytical monitoring of legislative and regulatory acts and publications on the topic of research. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the generalisation of theoretical knowledge regarding the regulation of legal relations in the field of educational services, updating of regulatory and legal documents and outlining of the main tasks for improving the legislative and regulatory framework for ensuring the quality of higher education. Conclusions. As a result of the analysis of the legislative and regulatory framework of Ukraine, which regulates the activities of higher education institutions, it is shown that important directions of its further development are reforming, modernisation, introduction of new standards and creation of healthy competitiveness in the international arena. The author outlines the trends in the development of higher education sector, the main challenges and the main shortcomings in the system of legal regulation, in particular, the financial problem — reduction of the state budget and the special fund; financing of the educational sector on the basis of the excess principle leads to problems of reduction of higher education institutions, falling prestige of the scientific and teaching profession, and departure of leading scientists abroad. It is determined that promising areas for improving higher education are the introduction of innovations and implementation of the Strategy for the Development of Higher Education of Ukraine for 2021-2031 in the field of higher education institutions. This is, first of all, the real academic autonomy of higher education institutions, which, among other things, gives higher education institutions the opportunity to develop educational and research programmes themselves. Key words: legislative and regulatory framework, higher education, higher education institutions, quality of education, Constitution of Ukraine, Law of Ukraine "On Higher Education", Law of Ukraine "On Education".

Intellectual property on computer programs created as a result of execution of an employment agreement (contract).

The article examines the legal regulation of the use of computer programs by combining economic and civil legislation. The author notes that the contractual aspect is decided by the norms of commercial law, while the legal status of the author and the legal regime of the computer program are determined by civil legislation. Special attention is paid to the resolution of copyright issues for computer programs created in connection with the performance of an employment contract. The author believes that such issues should be settled with the help of a civil law contract. In areas where the duties of employees involve the creation of computer programs in the process of performing a labor function, it is recommended to use local legal acts, such as regulations, standard contracts, etc. It goes on to say that an employer may have certain powers in relation to copyright, in particular, to require the preservation of the integrity of the work and to prevent its distortion or alteration. In addition, the employer has the right to demand that the author’s name be indicated on all copies of the work and that his name be mentioned when the work is used. Summarizing, the article calls for the establishment of a clear regulation of relations regarding the use of computer programs, in particular, by combining economic and civil legislation. The author emphasizes the importance of concluding civil law contracts in cases where computer programs are created within the framework of labor relations.Such contracts, together with local regulations, will help resolve copyright issues and establish the employer’s authority to use the works.In addition, the article emphasizes the need to ensure a balance between the interests of the authors of computer programs and the rights of employers. On the one hand, authors should be ensured recognition of their creative contribution, protection of copyright and recognition of their right to determine the further use of their works. On the other hand, employers have the right to reasonably use works created by employees as part of their work duties, for the purpose of business development and ensuring the efficient operation of the company. Legal regulation of relations on the contractual use of computer programs should contribute to the creation of a clear legal framework that ensures the protection of the interests of all parties and promotes the development of an innovative environment in the field of software.

Judicial reform in Ukraine: the certainty of a categorical apparatus

The article highlights normative-legal and theoretical-methodological approaches to understanding the legal categories and concepts of judicial reform in Ukraine.
 It is established that the judicial reform, first of all, needs appropriate scientific support, in particular with regard to the clear definition of its subject and the development of a conceptual and categorical apparatus, given the lack of a clear regulatory and legal definition of a number of important terms, primarily such as «judicial system», «judicial authority», «justice system», «judiciary», which are repeatedly used in the development of relevant reformation provisions.
 The purpose of the article is to establish the concept of the relationship of legal categories relevant to the judicial reform through the prism of legal analysis of normative-legal and theoretical-methodological approaches to their understanding and their further development.
 It is also established that the current legislation of Ukraine does not contain a normative legal definition of such definitions as «judiciary», «judicial authority», «judicial system», «justice», «justice system», even though it actively uses them, carrying out legal regulation of relations in the field of the judiciary and the status of judges. In scientific legal literature, these terms are sometimes used without specifying their definition, given the close connection between them and meaningful interdependence, forming a synonymous line from them. Simultaneously, to comply with the subject of reformation provisions to such criteria as logic, rationality and non-contradiction, the need to distinguish between these terms has been proven, having identified the appropriate criteria for such a distinction.
 According to the results of the legal analysis of legislative and doctrinal approaches to solving this problem, the expediency of recognizing the category «justice system» as a comprehensive legal category, which will include the judicial system and the systems of other legal institutions related to the judicial authority (Public prosecutor’s office, Bar, enforcement of decisions), which functionally ensure its implementation, is substantiated. It is proposed to rename Chapter VIII of the Constitution of Ukraine to the «Justice System», given that the administration of justice requires the proper organization of judicial power, its implementation by courts and ensure by specially authorized bodies and institutions, which in their totality and interrelationships constitute the justice system, which includes institutional, functional elements and organizational aspects.

Method of Digitally Presented Texts Extraction from the Image of a Document and their Examination

In this work, the problems of extracting textual information from a document image are solved. It is important to note that the work includes complex use of special knowledge in three areas: technical and forensic examination of documents; phototechnical expertise and computer-technical expertise. The article considers and demonstrates in detail the information for detecting changes in textual information (ink, toner and writing instrument pastes) from digital images. The commission of crimes in the economic sphere, as a rule, is associated with the falsification (forgery) of documents, and the increase in the document flow in the regulation of legal relations, which has been noticeable in recent years, has led to a significant increase in the number of forged documents. This is confirmed by statistical data on forensic handwriting and technical forensic examinations. Since the document is the basis of all human activity, and it contains data drawn up in a certain order and having legal significance. The problem has got many interesting solutions thanks to practical applications such as text recognition, translation, forensics and etc. Despite the fact that this problem has been dealt with for a long time, it is still missing, i.e. there is no well-developed methodology for image recognition of documents. The image of text information depends on the type of scene, type of digital camera, amount and direction of illumination, type of substrate and etc. It is important to note here that when obtaining information (from the document under study) in modern conditions, it is possible to fix the document using any device (camera, smartphone, scanner and etc.) and in any conditions (day/night, street, radiation source) that are unknown in advance. Proceeding from this, and this is a problem in modern conditions, in the study of electronic digital information of text documents. In this work, a study to solve this problem was carried out.

Municipal and Industrial Urban Waste: Legal Aspects of Safe Management

Competent management of the production and consumption of waste is the foundation for ensuring a favorable environment in cities and comfortable living conditions for the population. Laws and regulations play a key role in this process since they determine measures aimed at creating conditions for safe waste management, an effective management system in the field of environmental protection from waste pollution. In the cities of many developing countries, including Russia, despite the efforts being made, there is an increase in the volume of municipal solid waste. Solving the problems of waste management has been set as a national task. The article analyzes the current condition of solid waste management systems in developed and developing countries and identifies the features and prospects of waste management, including the one in Russia. It is established that the existing set of organizational, sanitary, and legal measures, and legal regulation of relations and law enforcement practices in the field of solid municipal waste management in many developing countries is still in the forming stage. The positive experiences of countries in implementing sustainable systems of safe waste management and the positions of judicial bodies on controversial issues of waste management in cities can be used as the basis for an environmental policy of safe waste management at all levels of public authority, as well as improving legislation in the field of waste management.

The digital transformation of the European economy: the state and place of Ukraine

The article examines the state and problems of digital transformation in the EU and Ukraine. Based on the analysis of the WIPO World Intellectual Property Report 2022, the growing role of intellectual property in the digital economy is shown. The driving force behind growth is the development of digital technologies. In 35 years, the number of ICT-related innovations has tripled. The number of digital innovations has quadrupled, this sector accounts for 12 % of patent applications, and the annual growth rate of patent activity is 13 %. Based on the analysis of the 2022 Digital Economy and Society Index report, a general positive trend of convergence has been revealed: the EU is increasing the level of digitalization, member states are catching up by developing at a faster pace. At the same time, only 54 % of Europeans (aged 16 to 74) have basic digital skills, and 55 % of EU businesses are struggling to fill ICT vacancies. Business use of AI and big data is only 8% and 14 %. These key technologies have significant potential for innovation and efficiency gains. The EU provides significant resources to support digital transformation. 127 billion euros are allocated for reforms related to digital technologies. Ukraine has identified digital transformation as a priority policy, which is marked by successes in the introduction of digital technologies recognized among the European expert community. undertook to implement the latest EU legislation in the field ofdigitalization, synchronized with EU member states. Recommendations regarding legal regulation of relations in the field of digital transformation are offered.

Busines legal regulation of the contractual use of intellectual property objects

The article examines the peculiarities of legal regulation of contractual relations on the use of intellectual property objects in the field of business. It has been proven that the importance of the civil law regulation of these relations in the norms of the Economic Code of Ukraine is slightly underestimated. The legal regulation of relations on the contractual use of intellectual property objects by economic norms and norms of civil legislation complex. The issue of concluding a contract is ensured by the norms of economic legislation, and the legal status of the creator (or other person who owns property rights to intellectual property) and the legal regime of the object of intellectual property is regulated by the norms of civil legislation.
 Differences in the provisions of economic legislation and the norms of special laws regarding the form of contracts on the transfer of rights to use an intellectual property object were revealed. In special legislation, the written form is defined as a condition for the validity of the contract; the consequences of violation of this condition are defined in the norms of the Civil Code of Ukraine - non-compliance with the written form leads to the invalidity of these contracts.
 A number of factors affecting the content of business contracts on granting the right to use intellectual property objects have been determined. These factors are enshrined in the norms of economic and civil legislation, in particular in special laws that determine the legal regime of individual objects of intellectual property. The value of exemplary and standard contracts for the legal regulation of the use of intellectual property objects on the basis of the contract has been revealed.
 Based on the analysis of the requirements of economic and civil legislation, a list of essential conditions of the economic agreement on the transfer of intellectual property objects for use has been determined. It has been proven that the essential conditions of such an agreement are the conditions on the subject, on the terms, on the methods of using the object of intellectual property, on the territory to which the right to use the object of intellectual property is extended, as well as any conditions in respect of which the requirements at least. one of the parties to the contract must reach an agreement.

Fundamentals of countering threats to the information and communication environment

In the article, the author investigates the basics of countering the threats to the information and communication environment. Currently, the information and communication environment continues to form, which determines the presence of certain threats classified by the author into regulated through socio-cultural mechanisms (information inequality, cyber disorders) or legal mechanisms (the use of destructive information, information warfare, information crime, information terrorism). The development of legal means of countering these threats is becoming a necessary direction of the law-making activity of the Russian Federation today. It is shown that the legal regulation of relations on the Internet is carried out on the basis of the norms of the information legislation of Russia. Part of the legal relations is regulated by the norms of international law, which is related to the global nature of this computer network. The vital activity of a person, society, and the state is likely to be significantly more vulnerable. Today, it is necessary to develop legal means not to counteract, but to counter threats to the information and communication environment. Such legal means should be able to protect the interests of a person, society, and the state as effectively as possible.

Legal Regulation of Relations in the Sphere of Crowdfunding in the Republic of Belarus

Objective : to study the theoretical and legal bases of crowdfunding and to elaborate scientifically grounded proposals for improving the Republic of Belarus legislation in this sphere. Methods : the methodological basis of the research is a system of principles, methods and techniques of studying the general regularities of emergence, formation and development of social-legal phenomena. In the research, general and specific methods of scientific cognition were used: analysis, synthesis, comparative-legal, logical, systemic, formal-legal, dialectic and other methods. Results : the history of emergence and formation of crowdfunding was analyzed. The social-economic and technical-technological factors were revealed, which facilitate the popularization of crowdfunding among the Internet users. The origins of the “crowdfunding” notion were discussed, as well as its filling with a definite meaning. The types of crowdfunding were listed, depending on the goal of investment on the part of investors. The main subject composition of legal relations in crowdfunding was established, which consists of the following persons: funding seeker; funder; operator of online-funding service. The overall algorithm of legal relations between the main subjects of crowdfunding was described. The positive and negative aspects of crowdfunding were characterized. An overall analysis of foreign legislation in the crowdfunding legal regulation was performed. Based on the analysis, the general trends of legislation development were presented. The program and normative legal acts on developing crowdfunding in the Republic of Belarus were reviewed. The probable contract models of the parties’ legal relations registering were named. The technical and legal requirements to the functional of an online-funding service were determined. The minimal necessary set of measures was proposed, which may prevent risks and threats associated with procurement and extension of funds through onlinefunding services. Based on the operator functions, specific requirements to the rules of online-funding service were determined. Scientific novelty : the author comprehensively studied the notion, legal nature and features of legal regulation of crowdfunding. The factors were revealed, which influence the formation of the legal norms regulating the procurement and extension of funds through online-funding services. The author elaborated proposals for improving the Republic of Belarus legislation in the sphere of social relations under study. Practical significance : the research results are significant for developing the studies in the sphere of civil, economic, and informational law. The obtained results may be used in teaching a course in civil, economic, and informational law, as well as be applied by law subjects when elaborating and introducing the respective drafts of laws and be an object of further scientific research on the issue.

Legal Regulation of Relations in Parallel Imports. The Experience of Eurasian Region States

Parallel imports as a tool for the international trade development and better availability of goods in different countries and in some sense an instrument of international competition, give rise to a number of legal issues, the solution of which depends on the stability of trade relations, availability of goods in the markets of different states, compliance with the intellectual rights of copyright holders. The authors analyze legal approaches to parallel import and the problem of exhaustion of rights in the states of the Eurasian region using Russia, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and the EAEU as case studies. It is noted that there is no normative consolidation of the concept of «parallel import» at the level of international level. There are no international legal grounds allowing the right holder to prevent introduction of the international principle of exhaustion of rights in full in a particular State. The standards of significant difference in the implementation of the international principle of exhaustion of rights seem permissible for regulatory consolidation only in cases where significantly different goods are distributed by the rightholder in at least two States and have ever been imported by the rightholder or with his consent for distribution to the State introducing parallel imports. Even in this case, introduction of the standards of significant difference remains at the discretion of the State introducing the international principle of exhaustion of rights.The regional principle of exhaustion of exclusive rights within the EAEU, can serve as an important mechanism for completing the markets of goods and services in the EAEU member states, filling in the missing goods on the market of the EAEU member states, increasing competition and optimizing prices for goods in the region At the same time, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of using the international principle of exhaustion of exclusive rights, clearly establishing the list of goods (trademarks) subject to its operation.

Kedudukan Hukum Aset Bekas Milik Asing/ Tionghoa Menurut Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor: 62/PMK.06/2020 di Kementerian Keuangan Cq. Direktorat Jenderal Kekayaan Negara Cq. Kantor Wilayah Direktorat Jenderal Kekayaan Negara Sumatera Utara

This study examines the legal position of Foreign/Chinese-Owned Assets (ABMA/T). That there are 40 (forty) ABMA/T in Medan City. 15 (fifteen) have completed their legal status and 25 (twenty five) have not. Based on this, the formulation of the problems, among others, the settlement of ABMA/T whose legal status has not been determined, legal certainty for those who occupy/control the physical ABMA/T, and settlement of the obstacles faced by ABMA/T. The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory and conceptual approach. The data collection instruments used were interviews and literature studies/document studies, with descriptive data analysis qualitative analysis. The results of this study indicate that for the unresolved ABMA/T in the city of Medan, administrative and field research was carried out as well as discussion by the team. For ABMA/T occupied by a third party, a persuasive approach is carried out, it is explained how the settlement procedure is, if it is certified but not through the procedures that have been applied, a blocking registration is carried out. Settlement of ABMA/T constraints is carried out by completing administrative files by the team gradually and continuously, coordinating all parties, optimizing the performance of elements outside the Ministry of Finance, and harmonizing related legal regulations.

Virtual Law: Legal Regulation of Relations in Virtual Universes and Computer Games

The article provides an overview of the work of the panel session “Virtual Law: Legal Regulation of Relations in Virtual Universes and Computer Games”, held on May 10, 2023 in St. Petersburg as part of the International Youth Legal Forum. The event's speakers spoke on a wide range of issues related to the development of legal regulation of multiplayer computer games and the concept of the “metaverse,” outlining different approaches to the analyzed topics and the risks and opportunities arising in this area.