Regular Rice Research Articles

Supplementation with soluble or insoluble rice-bran fibers increases short-chain fatty acid producing bacteria in the gut microbiota in vitro.

Studies have shown that a diet high in fiber and prebiotics has a positive impact on human health due largely to the fermentation of these compounds by the gut microbiota. One underutilized source of fiber may be rice bran, a waste product of rice processing that is used most frequently as an additive to livestock feed but may be a good source of fibers and other phenolic compounds as a human diet supplement. Previous studies focused on specific compounds extracted from rice bran showed that soluble fibers extracted from rice bran can improve glucose response and reduce weight gain in mouse models. However, less is known about changes in the human gut microbiota in response to regular rice bran consumption. In this study, we used a Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecology (SHIME®) to cultivate the human gut microbiota of 3 different donors in conditions containing either soluble or insoluble fiber fractions from rice bran. Using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and targeted metabolomics via Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, we explored how gut microbial communities developed provided different supplemental fiber sources. We found that insoluble and soluble fiber fractions increased short-chain fatty acid production, indicating that both fractions were fermented. However, there were differences in response between donors, for example the gut microbiota from donor 1 increased acetic acid production with both fiber types compared with control; whereas for donors 2 and 3, butanoic acid production increased with ISF and SF supplementation. Both soluble and insoluble rice bran fractions increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lachnospiraceae taxa. Overall, analysis of the effect of soluble and insoluble rice bran fractions on the human in vitro gut microbiota and the metabolites produced revealed individually variant responses to these prebiotics.

Antioxidant Activity, Glycemic Response, and Functional Properties of Rice Cooked with Red Palm Oil.

High rice consumption levels accompanied by a lifestyle lacking in physical activity leads to obesity and diabetes due to the rice consumed generally has high digestibility and high glycemic index. Red palm oil (RPO) is a vegetable oil suggested to have the potential to reduce starch digestibility and increase the bioactive compounds of rice. This research aimed to find out the best cooking method to produce rice with a sensory quality similar to regular rice and to study the effect of the best cooking method on the glycemic response and physicochemical properties of rice. The results showed that RPO addition increased the antioxidant activities and total carotenoid levels of rice. The addition of RPO after cooking has better antioxidant activity and total carotenoid than before cooking. Adding 2% RPO before or after cooking produced rice with similar or better sensory quality than regular rice. Rice cooked with 2% RPO added before cooking had a lower glycemic response than regular rice, which was suggested to be caused by the increasing formation of the amylose lipid complex and the triglycerides that protected the starch from amylase enzyme. The formation of the amylose lipid complex and triglyceride layers protecting rice starch was confirmed by the new peaks of the FTIR spectra, the appearance of oil-coated starch morphology, and the changes in the proportion of C and O atoms. In conclusion, the addition of 2% RPO before the cooking process can be considered as a cooking method to produce rice for diabetic patients.

Utilizing Rice Hull Ash and Biomass as Ameliorants Enhanced Soybean Yield and Nutrient Uptake in Tidal Swamps Under Saturated Soil Culture

Saturated soil culture (SSC) is a promising technology for cultivating soybeans in acidic soil in tidal swamps. The objectives of this study were to measure nutrient uptake in the soybean plant using a saturated soil culture technique and to assess the impact of ameliorant addition in the form of rice biomass and rice hull on soybean yield. Two factors, rice biomass, and rice hull ash, were used in a split plot factorial design to set up the experiment. Four levels in the main factor included without biomass immersion, one immersion of short (3 cm above the root) rice stubble, one immersion of regular (panicle harvested only) rice straw, and two immersions of regular rice straw cut in the soil. The four levels in the subfactor were 0 t ha-1, 0.25 t ha-1, 0.50 t ha-1, and 0.75 t ha-1 of rice hull ash doses. Ameliorant in the form of biomass and rice husk increases soil quality in tidal swamps by enhancing pH, soil nutrients (N, P, K, S), CEC, cations, and base saturation, also reducing toxic compounds and improving soil texture. Application of ameliorant also increases soybean nutrient uptake and eventually increases the productivity of soybeans in tidal swamp acid soil. The best treatment of the first and second factors was one immersion of biomass with a regular cut of rice straw and 0.5 t ha-1 ash rice hull ash addition to the tidal swamp soil, respectively.

Effect of high-amylose rice "Hoshinishiki" on postprandial glucose levels measured by continuous glucose monitoring in patients with diabetes.

We examined the effect of consuming Hoshinishiki, a type of high-amylose rice, on postprandial glucose as measured by continuous glucose monitoring in diabetes patients. A single-blinded clinical trial involving 11 hospitalized patients diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes was performed. The patients consumed high-amylose rice for 2 days (days 2 and 4 of the study) and control rice for 2 days (days 1 and 3 of the study). Linear mixed models were used to test the effects on the 24-h mean glucose levels, time in range (TIR), incremental area under the curve of glucose levels at 2 h after meals, the average glucose levels at 1, 2, and 3 h after meals, and the maximum glucose levels within 3 h. The results showed that the consumption of high-amylose rice led to significantly lower 24-h mean glucose levels, levels at 2 and 3 h after a meal, and postprandial glucose peak levels within 3 h, as well as significantly higher TIR. A similar trend was observed when the analysis was restricted to patients with type 2 diabetes. These results suggest that high-amylose rice may be a more beneficial staple food for glycemic control than regular rice.

Is it feasible to establish a connection between cassava and rice in terms of their image?

Cassava can be consumed through various processing methods, including boiling, frying, grilling over wood charcoal, and pounding and processing into a starchy paste known as getup. During its day, this tradition exhibited qualities that were commendable, pragmatic, and held significant worth. Nevertheless, successfully adopting these preparations and cuisines among the millennial age and age Z necessitates ingenuity and inventiveness. This study investigates the potential of cassava rice as a viable alternative to paddy rice while also proposing strategies to enhance the reputation and market perception of cassava rice to match that of paddy rice objects. The researchers employed a systematic literature review methodology, which was subsequently followed by a comprehensive analysis and comparison of the data put forth in earlier investigations. The findings of the study indicate that cassava rice has the potential to serve as a viable alternative to traditional rice on a national scale. Hence, cassava rice can be analogous to regular rice due to its significant carbohydrate content, allowing it to fulfill the same dietary role. The primary objective of this research is to establish a foundation for micro companies to conduct experimental trials in order to substantiate the advantages of cassava rice, both in terms of its nutritional value and its potential for use in various recipes. The research is constrained by its methodology, which relies on longitudinal and laboratory findings as the theoretical foundation.

De novo creation of popcorn-like fragrant foxtail millet.

Popcorn aroma is a valuable flavor quality in cereals, but, despite more than ten thousand years of millet domestication, millet lacks traits that confer this desirable aroma. Here, we developed a popcorn-scented millet, providing an important resource for future breeding.

Untargeted UHPLC–Q-Exactive-MS-based metabolomics reveals associations between pre- and post-cooked metabolites and the taste quality of geographical indication rice and regular rice

Geographical indication (GI) rice refers to the rice of specific geographical origin, which tends to have a good taste quality and a high commodity price. Rice is favored for its soft texture and chewiness after cooking. However, GI rice is also plagued by rice fraud. Understanding the reasons for the excellent taste quality of GI rice and identifying its geographical origin can help maintain the stability of the rice market and promote the development of the rice industry. In this study, we determined the taste quality of rice. Untargeted metabolomics based on UHPLC–Q-Exactive-MS was used to identify metabolites in GI and regular rice before and after cooking. Our findings suggested that GI rice showed lower protein and amylose content, resulting in higher starch gelatinization properties and taste quality. This study identified 520 metabolites, among which 142 and 175 were significantly different between GI and regular rice, before and after cooking, respectively. The increased variety of metabolites after cooking was significantly negatively correlated with the taste quality of rice. GI rice was lower in amino acids and lipid metabolite content before and after cooking, which may be the reason for the excellent taste quality. Through linear discriminant analysis, we found that the differential metabolites of rice after cooking were more accurate in discriminating rice from different geographic origins, up to 100%. This work gained new insights into the metabolites of GI rice, which explains its excellent taste quality. The rice metabolites after cooking could be used for more accurate geographical identification of rice.

Glycaemic Indices of the Traditional Sago-Based Snack and Staple Food in Sarawak, Malaysia

Sago (Metroxylon sagu) starch was the staple carbohydrate source in Sarawak, Malaysia. Saguk and Linut are two well-known traditional Sago foods. Like many traditional Sago foods, their glycaemic index (GI) has yet to be established. This study aimed to determine the GI for Saguk and Linut. Isoglucidic servings containing 50g available carbohydrate for both foods and glucose drink as reference, were consumed by 12 healthy subjects. Blood was drawn at predefined intervals for 2 hours to measure postprandial glycaemia and subsequently to determine the GIs. Linut and Saguk demonstrated “moderate to high GI” and “moderate to low GI” values of 69.8 ± 5.5 and 46.9 ± 5.1. In addition, glycaemic load (GL) at various serving sizes was also evaluated. Serving sizes illustrated as one quarter, half and three quarters of a regular rice bowl, yielded “low to high” GLs values from 10.0 to 27.4 for Linut, while “low to moderate” GLs values from 5.9 to 17.6 for Saguk. Albeit its high GI, the GL for Linut at a serving size of up to half the volume of a regular rice bowl was moderate, thus suggesting a healthier serving Linut indulgence. This visualization is thought to be useful as portion control for Linut. This low GI characteristic of Sago is believed to be attributed to its resistant starch (RS) content. The marked GI difference between Saguk and Linut was the result of "wet" and "dry" heat treatments, which has profoundly affected the starch structure resulting in loss of RS, thus increasing starch digestibility. It is therefore noteworthy to exercise caution and refrain from any generalisation that meals composed predominantly from high RS sources such as Sago starch would elicit low glycaemic response. This can lead to erroneous deduction if factors such as food processing and glycaemic burden per serving are not judiciously considered.

Economic Analysis of Black Rice Production in Manipur

The study was conducted on Manipur Organic Mission Agency (MOMA) assisted farmers in four valley districts of Manipur viz. Imphal East, Imphal West, Bishnupur and undivided Thoubal to determine the cost-benefit ratio of black rice production. The cost of cultivation was found to be 119315.98 in Imphal East, 138285.53 in Imphal West, 117816.90 in Bishnupur and 119895.60 in Thoubal districts per ha with a gross return of 164814.00, 225600.00, 164010.00 and 171600.00 respectively. The benefit-cost ratio was found to be more than one, revealing that the cultivation of black rice can be lucrative. Though the farmers were cultivating black rice on a marginal piece of land compared to regular rice, the results obtained a benefit ratio ranging from 1.81 to 3.82, suggesting that they can also go for large-scale cultivation of black rice with the commercial objective.

A simplified spore-drop technique for rapid isolation of rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae from the infected rice leaf

Single spore isolation from a diseased sample is an essential step in obtaining a pure culture of a fungal pathogen. Rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is an inferior saprophytic competitor, and therefore, many fast-growing fungal or bacterial contaminants are predominant during its isolation. For isolation of M. oryzae, several methods are being followed; however, they are complex and often lead to contamination. In the present study, we have standardized an efficient method for rapid isolation of M. oryzae from the blast disease infected rice-leaf using single spore isolation by spore-drop technique. Following the spore-drop technique, pure culture for an isolate of M. oryzae was obtained quickly with the least contamination (4%), whereas the conventional spore-dilution and leaf-press method recorded 26.12 and 45.50% contamination, respectively. The spore-drop approach has yielded the single spore isolates in the shortest time (10 days) and can be used for regular rice blast pathogen isolation. This method can also be used for other sporulating pathogens successfully.

Rapid Detection of Fraudulent Rice Using Low-Cost Digital Sensing Devices and Machine Learning.

Rice fraud is one of the common threats to the rice industry. Conventional methods to detect rice adulteration are costly, time-consuming, and tedious. This study proposes the quantitative prediction of rice adulteration levels measured through the packaging using a handheld near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer and electronic nose (e-nose) sensors measuring directly on samples and paired with machine learning (ML) algorithms. For these purposes, the samples were prepared by mixing rice at different ratios from 0% to 100% with a 10% increment based on the rice's weight, consisting of (i) rice from different origins, (ii) premium with regular rice, (iii) aromatic with non-aromatic, and (iv) organic with non-organic rice. Multivariate data analysis was used to explore the sample distribution and its relationship with the e-nose sensors for parameter engineering before ML modeling. Artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms were used to predict the adulteration levels of the rice samples using the e-nose sensors and NIR absorbances readings as inputs. Results showed that both sensing devices could detect rice adulteration at different mixing ratios with high correlation coefficients through direct (e-nose; R = 0.94-0.98) and non-invasive measurement through the packaging (NIR; R = 0.95-0.98). The proposed method uses low-cost, rapid, and portable sensing devices coupled with ML that have shown to be reliable and accurate to increase the efficiency of rice fraud detection through the rice production chain.

Assessment of Marker-trait Associations for Amylose Content, Gelatinization Temperature and Yield in Sri Lankan Rice Varieties

Rice provides a balanced diet, and regular rice consumption helps maintain a healthy life and prevents many common illnesses. Amylose content and gelatinization temperature are considered major physicochemical factors which significantly affect the nutrition and cooking quality of rice. The Waxy (Wx) gene controls the synthesis of amylose in the endosperm and the ALK gene controls the gelatinization temperature of rice. Both genes are present on chromosome 6. Improving the rice traits is crucially essential to the cultivators and the consumers to overcome the increasing demand for high-quality and nutritionally rich rice. Many studies have been successfully conducted to improve the agronomical traits of rice. However, the concern for improving nutrition and cooking quality-related traits of rice is less common among the breeders. Therefore, considering the current trends, introducing consumer-friendly novel varieties that can fulfill the nutritional requirements is essential to face the increasing domestic demand for high-quality rice. In the present study, we used frequently grown 54 local rice varieties and carried out a marker-based genetic analysis for three traits: amylose content, gelatinization temperature, and yield. Then statistical analysis was carried out using quantitative data of different agronomical and physicochemical traits to identify the correlation and potential to improve such essential traits. The level of amylose content is significantly associated with the gelatinization temperature indicating that AC and GT have a positive correlation. The DNA markers SSIIa and Seq1-2 markers showed monomorphic patterns indicating the narrow genetic basis of the rice varieties tested. This study revealed that existing high-yielding rice varieties could be successfully employed to increase the amylose content while decreasing the level of gelatinization temperature through breeding strategies to make nutritionally rich consumer-friendly novel varieties.

The compound-independent calibration of five selenium species in rice using ion-pairing reversed phase chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry

An enzyme-assisted extraction and an ion pairing reversed phase chromatography (IP-RPC) coupled to inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS) method were established for the simultaneous analysis of five selenium species in rice: selenious acid (SeIV), selenic acid (SeVI), selenocystine (SeCys2), methylselenocysteine (SeMeCys) and selenomethionine (SeMet). Optimal extraction efficiencies were obtained by using 15 mg protease XIV, water bath temperature of 45°C, pH of 6.5 and incubation of six hours. The total extracted Se species account for 92.5-109.3 % of the total Se in rice. The instrumental limits of detection for five selenium species ranged from 0.04 to 0.12 ng Se g−1. Spike recovery experiments performed on rice samples were in the range of 96.1-102.9 % for all analytes except for SeCys2 (66.1-77.1 %). A consistency of Se elemental response was observed among Se species analyzed in this study as the ratio of linear equation slope ranged from 1.020 to 1.036 (SeIV as reference) in rice matrix. The developed compound-independent calibration method was applied to detect Se species in eleven rice samples from China. Both selenium-enriched rice and regular rice were predominated with SeMet, accounting for ∼89.4 % of total selenium.

Economic Efficiency of Regular Rice Farming and Mina Padi Production Factors

Economic efficiency analysis is used to determine the level of efficiency from economic perspective. Economic efficiency analysis is carried out by determining the equivalence value between Marginal Product Value and Marginal Sacrifice Cost. The objectives of this research are analyzing the impact of the use of inputs on the resulting output, comparing the amount of production, analyzing economic efficiency, and calculating income. The location of this research was determined purposively. The method used in the sampling process was probability sampling with cluster random sampling technique. The number of samples was 60 respondents, consisting of 30 members from two different types of farming. The data analysis used was influence test, independent difference test, one sample t-test, multiple linear regression, economic efficiency analysis, and farm income. The results show that there is a simultaneous influence on the use of inputs on farm output. There is a partial effect of the use of land and seed inputs on output; however, fertilizers, the amount of labor, and variables have no effect. There is no difference in the yield obtained between regular rice farming and mina padi combined farming (A form of combined farming that utilizes stagnant water from the planted rice fields as a pond for fish cultivation that maximizes the yield of rice fields). Economic efficiency cannot be achieved in rice farming, as well as the use of production factors in mina padi. Rice farming produces a lower average income than mina padi.

Antioxidant and phytochemical content of commercial brown rice (Ecobrown) and white rice (Jasmine, Jati Super Special and Manggo Thai) for potential cosmetic rice powder raw materials

Cosmetic rice powder or “bedak sejuk'' has long being used as part of traditional skincare routine. The powdered rice extract is applied on the face, usually at night and will be rinsed off the next morning to obtain smooth and clear skin complexion. Usually, the regular rice available in one’s kitchen is used to make the cosmetic rice powder but different grades of rice (based on the price) will give different effects to the skin. This study aims to investigate and compare the bioactivities and phytochemical composition of different grades of rice available in the market. The rice sample used in this study was Ecobrown rice, Jasmine White rice, Jati Super Special Tempatan rice and Manggo Thai rice. All rice samples were extracted using distilled water by maceration process. The bioactivities; antioxidant capacity was measured using DPPH assay. Phytochemical content was determined as total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC). High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was also used to determine phenolic content expressed as gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The result showed that brown rice had significantly higher antioxidants with IC50 values of 6.4 mg/mL in DPPH assay. The observed activities were corresponding with total phenolic content, where EcoBrown rice has a significantly higher amount of phenolic content (p?0.05) compared to other samples. Meanwhile, almost similar TFC was observed in all rice samples with Jati Super Special. The analysis of phenolic content was correlated with HPLC analysis, where brown rice was shown to have the highest amount of gallic acid content. In conclusion, brown rice can be considered as a better choice to produce “bedak sejuk”.

개항기 정기미시장(定期米市場)의 도입과 미곡 거래 방식의 다변화

개항기 정기미시장(定期米市場)의 도입과 미곡 거래 방식의 다변화

Impact of Mineral Ions and Their Concentrations on Pasting and Gelation of Potato, Rice, and Maize Starches and Blends Thereof

AbstractBlends of starches can undergo additive or non‐additive pasting and gelation. As the impact of this remains undocumented, the effect of (partial) cation removal from waxy rice starch (WRS), regular rice starch (RRS), waxy maize starch (WMS), regular maize starch (RMS), and blends thereof with regular potato starch (RPS) on their pasting and gelation is studied. This is done by prior extraction with water or a solution of singly protonated EDTA. The (partial) removal of cations lowers the gelatinization temperatures of individual starches, causes pasting to start at lower temperatures and the level of viscosity breakdown to increase. This indicates lower granular stability when removing cations. Blends of RPS with untreated WMS/RMS and WRS/RRS show more additive pasting than blends of RPS with the same starches from which cations have been partly removed. Additionally, the presence of cations in cereal starches reduces swelling and viscosity development of RPS. The high peak viscosities, breakdown, and setback values suggest that more granular breakdown results in higher availability of molecules for increased network formation in blends of RPS with treated starches than in those with untreated starches. The obtained results are of interest for food applications where different starches are combined.

Identification of Key Genes for the Ultrahigh Yield of Rice Using Dynamic Cross-tissue Network Analysis

Significantly increasing crop yield is a major and worldwide challenge for food supply and security. It is well-known that rice cultivated at Taoyuan in Yunnan of China can produce the highest yield worldwide. Yet, the gene regulatory mechanism underpinning this ultrahigh yield has been a mystery. Here, we systematically collected the transcriptome data for seven key tissues at different developmental stages using rice cultivated both at Taoyuan as the case group and at another regular rice planting place Jinghong as the control group. We identified the top 24 candidate high-yield genes with their network modules from these well-designed datasets by developing a novel computational systems biology method, i.e., dynamic cross-tissue (DCT) network analysis. We used one of the candidate genes, OsSPL4, whose function was previously unknown, for gene editing experimental validation of the high yield, and confirmed that OsSPL4 significantly affects panicle branching and increases the rice yield. This study, which included extensive field phenotyping, cross-tissue systems biology analyses, and functional validation, uncovered the key genes and gene regulatory networks underpinning the ultrahigh yield of rice. The DCT method could be applied to other plant or animal systems if different phenotypes under various environments with the common genome sequences of the examined sample. DCT can be downloaded from https://github.com/ztpub/DCT.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of rice NLR genes responsive to the infections of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Magnaporthe oryzae

Nucleotide-binding site, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes play a critical role in rice disease resistance. However, the transcriptional activities of rice NLR genes during pathogen invasions are still unclear. To uncover their activities, we identified 430 regular rice NLR genes with both NBS and LRR domains, consisting of 192 CNL and 238 XNL (without a CC motif) members. We performed individual and integrative analyses based on 69 samples from rice microarray after the infections of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and Magnaporthe oryzae (Mor). Among the rice NLR genes, 397 were found to be expressed at low/medium level, while 10 NLR genes were observed to show high expression levels. A total of 400 NLR genes were discovered to be differentially expressed in at least one sample. Furthermore, 46 rice NLR genes were identified to be differentially expressed in response to the two pathogens and 38 of them could be validated using RNA-seq data. Six cis-regulatory elements (MYC, STRE, MYB, ABRE, G-box, and AS-1) were observed to occur frequently in the promoter regions of rice NLR genes. Ten NLR genes were selected for qPCR detection, and seven of the NLR genes verified the validity of the microarray and RNA-seq data. Our results are helpful in revealing expressions and regulations of NLR genes in rice resistance to Xoo and Mor.

Development of Low Glycemic Index Rice and Its Effectiveness in the Regulation of Postprandial Glucose Response in Type 2 Diabetes

Background/Objective: To determine the glycemic index (GI) of RNR15048 rice variety and study its effectiveness in reducing postprandial blood glucose levels and the regulation of lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes. Subjects/Methods: The GI of RNR15048 rice was measured in 54 healthy subjects in the age group of 30-50 years. The dietary intervention study was conducted in 80 subjects with diabetes in the age group of 40-60 years where 40 test subjects replaced their regular rice with RNR 15048 rice variety for 3 months. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters, HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, insulin were determined before and after the study. Results: The glycemic index (GI) of RNR 15048 rice variety was observed to be low with GI of 51.72 ± 3.39. The dietary intervention study in type 2 diabetic subjects revealed significant decrease in fasting blood glucose (158.4 ± 9.30 vs 140.2 ± 8.87 mg/dL) and HbA1c levels (7.1 ± 0.34 vs 6.1 ± 0.33 %) with an increase in HDL levels (33.7 ± 1.29 vs 37.1 ± 1.83 mg/dL) while parameters such as body weight, blood pressure and insulin levels did not show any significant changes. Conclusion: Low GI rice is effective in the reduction of postprandial glucose response in type 2 diabetes and increase in plasma HDL levels and therefore useful in the management of type 2 diabetes and in the long term management of cardiovascular diseases.