Regular Pitch Research Articles

Modelling Sea-Surface Wave Motion and Ship Response Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics and Finite Element Analysis

The response of a ship or other vessel to surface sea waves, including extreme waves, may compromise crew and vessel safety and long-term operational capability. Herein, a novel high-fidelity numerical time-dependent simulation approach is presented using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) for modelling sea waves coupled with Finite Element Analysis for modelling vessel structural response under wave loading conditions. The results are compared with physical scale model wave tank test results. Good agreement was obtained for heave and pitch motions and vertical bending moments for various forward (head) speeds in regular head waves, heave and pitch motions, and vertical bending moments. High computational demands can be met by the increasing availability of computation power. Ongoing research is outlined. The implications for the design of vessels such as ships and for through-life assessment are discussed.

Auditory distraction, time perception, and the role of age: ERP evidence from a large cohort study

Cognitive aging is typically associated with a higher susceptibility to distraction by concurrent, but task-irrelevant stimuli. Here, we studied the cognitive sub-processes involved in a sample of 484 healthy adults aged 20–70 years from the Dortmund Vital Study (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT05155397). Participants judged the duration of tone stimuli of a random sequence of long and short tones, having either a regular (standard) pitch or rare (deviant) pitch. Deviance-related ERPs were explored, reflecting neuro-cognitive correlates of pre-attentive deviance detection (MMN), attention allocation toward (P3a) and processing of (P3b) the deviance, and re-orienting toward the task-relevant stimulus feature (RON). Accuracy was reduced for deviant long tones, possibly due to withdrawing attention from processing the time information, making long stimuli appear shorter. This effect increased with age, and cluster-based permutation tests on the correlation of ERPs and age as well as linear mixed modeling indicated a decrease in MMN, an increase in P3a with long tones, and decreases in P3b and RON. This suggests a greater attentional orienting to the deviant stimulus feature and a reduced re-orienting to the task-relevant feature with increasing age.

Larger presence of ectomycorrhizae detected from pygmy pine ecotype in the fire-frequent pine barrens ecosystem

ABSTRACT Pine barrens ecosystem has acidic, sandy, and nutrient-poor soil and is prone to drought and fire. In the New Jersey Pine Barrens, the predominant pitch pine (Pinus rigida) consists of two ecotypes: the regular pitch pines with heights of 4.6–12 m, and the pygmy pines of low stature (1.2–1.8 m) in the New Jersey Pine Plains. Previous ecological studies suggested that the dwarf pines in the Pine Plains that are embedded within the Pine Barrens were an evolutionary adaptation to frequent fire. Pines are obligate ectomycorrhizal (EcM) mutualists, and their root mycobiota may contribute to stress protection and plant health. However, information on the mycobiota associated with plants in the pine barrens ecosystem is lacking. To have a holistic understanding of the evolution and adaptation in this stressed environment, we used both culture-independent metabarcoding and culture-based method to characterize the mycobiota from soil and root of the two ecotypes and to identify core mycobiota. We found that Agaricomycetes, Leotiomycetes, and Mucoromycotina are predominant fungi in the New Jersey Pine Barrens ecosystem, which is rich in root mutualistic fungi. We observed that the pygmy pine roots had significantly higher density of EcM tips than the regular pine roots. This was corroborated by our metabarcoding analysis, which showed that the pygmy pine trees had higher ratio of ectomycorrhiza-forming fungi than the regular-statured pines. We hypothesize that symbiotrophic EcM fungi associated with pygmy pines are capable of mitigating high fire stress in the Pine Plains.

Helical micelle of an achiral surfactant from the template interaction with dendrimer

The electrostatic interaction between of poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) G9 dendrimer and an achiral surfactant, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA), leads to the formation of nucleosome-like structure, where the globular dendrimer molecule directs the DBSA cylindrical micelle to wrap around it spirally with a regular pitch length of 3.2 ∼ 4.3 nm. Molecular dynamics simulation demonstrates that the spherical micelles of DBSA in the aqueous solution first condense on the dendrimer surface via the electrostatic attraction. The micelles then merge with their neighbors to form cylinders bending around the dendrimer, which further connect with one another to form a spring-like helix wrapping around the dendrimer. The discovery of the helical supramolecular structure attests the universality of soft cylindrical building block such as DNA and micelle to twist and wrap helically around the oppositely charged particle such as histone protein and dendrimer for attaining the optimal charge matching at the expense of the bending energy of the cylinder.

A Fully Coupled CFD-DMB Approach on the Ship Hydroelasticity of a Containership in Extreme Wave Conditions

In this paper, we present a fully coupled computational fluid dynamic (CFD) and discrete module beam (DMB) method for the numerical prediction of nonlinear hydroelastic responses of a ship advancing in regular and focused wave conditions. A two-way data communication scheme is applied between two solvers, whereby the external fluid pressure exported from the CFD simulation is used to derive the structural responses in the DMB solver, and the structural deformations are fed back into the CFD solver to deform the mesh. We first conduct a series of verification and validation studies by using the present CFD–DMB method to investigate the global ship motion, vertical bending moments (VBMs), and green water phenomenon of the ship in different regular wave conditions. The numerical results agreed favourably with the CFD–FEA model and experimental measurements. Then, the extreme ship motions are studied in focused wave conditions to represent extreme sea conditions that a ship may experience in a real sea state. According to the conclusion drawn from the numerical simulations, it is founded that the focused wave case will lead to the increase of the longitudinal responses of the hull compared to regular wave condition, i.e., the heave, pitch, and total VBMs rise about 25%, 20% and 9%, respectively. In focused wave conditions, intensive ship responses and severe waves cause stronger slamming phenomena. It is found that the instantaneous impact pressure from the focused wave is higher and sharper compared to the regular waves and comes along with the obvious green-water-on-deck phenomena.

​​Selection of a Cutting Mechanism and Optimization of Parameters for Coconut Harvesting Drone

Background: Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) palm is an important cash crop in India and third-largest producer of coconut in the world. In general, the skilled workers climb to harvest the coconuts from the tree without any safety device. The coconut trees are very tall and injuries associated with coconut tree climbing, particularly falling from coconut trees is common in coconut plantations. In order to rectify the problem, an appropriate cutting system needs to be developed. Hence the characterizing physical and mechanical properties viz., peduncle thickness, width, shape, size, moisture content, density and also the cutting blade characteristics, were studied. Methods: The observed characteristics were used for the effective design of the cutting module. The cutting blades were selected for the investigation viz, circular saw blade and saw tooth blade. The parameters selected for the investigation are cutting speed (S) at three levels (15.70, 20.94 and 26.17 ms-1), the inclination angle of the blade (q) five levels (30, 45, 60, 75 and 90°), type of the blades (B) (regular tooth and ripped tooth pitch) and thickness of peduncle (T) three levels (30, 40 and 50 mm). Similarly for chain saw, the velocity of cutting speed (S) at three levels (500, 700 and 900 rpm), the inclination angle of blade (q) at three levels (45, 60 and 90°) and thickness of peduncle (T) three levels (30, 40 and 50 mm) were selected for the experiments. Result: The optimization of the selected levels of variables was done to achieve best performance to select the cutting speed, cutting angle and type of blade. The results showed that circular saw blades with irregular tooth pitch have higher cutting efficiency than circular saw blades with regular tooth pitch. It was found that cutting time increases linearly with decreasing cutting speed. It was observed that chainsaw gives better cut quality with minimum cutting time than saw blades.

Pincushion point-spread function for computer-generated holography.

Point-spread functions (PSFs) are non-stationary signals whose spatial frequency increases with the radius. These signals are only meaningful over a small spatial region when being propagated over short distances and sampled with regular sampling pitch. Otherwise, aliasing at steep incidence angles leads to the computation of spurious frequencies. This is generally addressed by evaluating the PSF in a bounded disk-shaped region, which has the added benefit that it reduces the required number of coefficient updates. This significantly accelerates numerical diffraction calculations in, e.g., wavefront recording planes for high-resolution holograms. However, the use of a disk-shaped PSF is too conservative since it only utilizes about 78.5% of the total bandwidth of the hologram. We therefore derive a novel, to the best of our knowledge, optimally shaped PSF fully utilizing the bandwidth formed by two bounding hyperbola. A number of numerical experiments with the newly proposed pincushion PSF were performed, reporting over three-fold reductions of the signal error and significant improvements to the visual quality of computer-generated holograms at high viewing angles.

Chatter Suppression during Milling of Ti-6Al-4V Based on Variable Pitch Tool and Process Damping Effect

Regenerative chatter is a major limitation in the milling of Ti-6Al-4V, resulting in undesirable surface and reducing cutting efficiency. It is well-acknowledged that variable pitch cutter and the process damping effect are effective methods to suppress chatter, and that these two methods are compatible. In this paper, a novel anti-vibration milling tool with combined variable pitch (pitch angles of 85°-95°-85°-95°) and wear edges (60 μm on the flank face), which helps to increase the process damping effect, is presented. The milling model of variable pitch tool considering process damping effect is developed and the dynamic milling stability is analyzed by using the semi-discretization method. To modify time delay, an analytical formula for optimal tuning variable pitch angles is presented. The effectiveness of the proposed anti-vibration tool is verified by stability diagrams and milling experiments. Industrial experimental results show that compared with the common regular pitch tool and onefold variable pitch tool, when the proposed anti-vibration tool is used, the stable axial depth of cut increases by 97.4% and 26.2%, respectively.

Deep learning enabled ultra-fast-pitch acquisition in clinical X-ray computed tomography.

In X-raycomputed tomography (CT), many important clinical applications may benefit from a fast acquisition speed. The helical scan is the most widely used acquisition mode in clinical CT, where a fast helical pitch can improve the acquisition speed. However, on a typical single-source helical CT (SSCT) system, the helical pitch p typically cannot exceed 1.5; otherwise, reconstruction artifacts will result from data insufficiency. The purpose of this work is to develop a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) to correct for artifacts caused by an ultra-fast pitch, which can enable faster acquisition speed than what is currently achievable. A customized CNN (denoted as ultra-fast-pitch network (UFP-net)) was developed to restore the underlying anatomical structure from the artifact-corrupted post-reconstruction data acquired from SSCT with ultra-fast pitch (i.e., p ≥ 2). UFP-net employed residual learning to capture the features of image artifacts. UFP-net further deployed in-house-customized functional blocks with spatial-domain local operators and frequency-domain non-local operators, to explore multi-scale feature representation. Images of contrast-enhanced patient exams (n=83) with routine pitch setting (i.e., p<1) were retrospectively collected, which were used as training and testing datasets. This patient cohort involved CT exams over different scan ranges of anatomy (chest, abdomen, and pelvis) and CT systems (Siemens Definition, Definition Flash, Definition AS+, Siemens Healthcare, Inc.), and the corresponding base CT scanning protocols used consistent settings of major scan parameters (e.g., collimation and pitch). Forward projection of the original images was calculated to synthesize helical CT scans with one regular pitch setting (p=1) and two ultra-fast-pitch setting (p=2 and 3). All patient images were reconstructed using the standard filtered-back-projection (FBP) algorithm. A customized multi-stage training scheme was developed to incrementally optimize the parameters of UFP-net, using ultra-fast-pitch images as network inputs and regular pitch images as labels. Visual inspection was conducted to evaluate image quality. Structural similarity index (SSIM) and relative root-mean-square error (rRMSE) were used as quantitative quality metrics. The UFP-net dramatically improved image quality over standard FBP at both ultra-fast-pitch settings. At p=2, UFP-net yielded higher mean SSIM (>0.98) with lower mean rRMSE (<2.9%), compared to FBP (mean SSIM<0.93; mean rRMSE>9.1%). Quantitative metrics at p=3: UFP-net-mean SSIM [0.86, 0.94] and mean rRMSE [5.0%, 8.2%]; FBP-mean SSIM [0.36, 0.61] and mean rRMSE [36.0%, 58.6%]. The proposed UFP-net has the potential to enable ultra-fast data acquisition in clinical CT without sacrificing image quality. This method has demonstrated reasonable generalizability over different body parts when the corresponding CT exams involved consistent base scan parameters.

Observation on sloshing flow and hydrodynamic pressures on cylindrical liquefied natural gas tank with swash bulkhead

In this study, a series of sloshing model tests were conducted for type-C tanks, particularly to observe the effects of the inner bulkhead and rings. In regular pitch motion, the internal flow by swash bulkhead and rings located inside the tank was observed. The frequency range near the resonance frequency was checked at filling heights of 70%, and sloshing-induced impact pressures were investigated. Through this study, the global flows inside the tank and local flows during impact occurrence at the hemispherical end of the tank were systematically observed, and the impact pressure pattern for each frequency ratio was compared. Due to the swash bulkhead located in the center of the tank, the flow does not move at once and the velocity of the flow is reduced by the inner rings. The flows passing through the swash bulkhead proceed with a time difference, overlapping with the first wave, generating various types of sloshing impact. The results of computational fluid dynamics calculation and the experiment were also compared for limited conditions.

Comparative study of mathematical models for mooring systems coupled with CFD

ABSTRACT A numerical method that coupled a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes solver with a quasi-static and a dynamic mooring model was employed and compared. Decay tests of the freely floating and the moored buoy in calm water determined the system's linear and quadratic damping characteristics. In regular waves, predicted heave and pitch amplitudes and high-frequency surge amplitudes based on the quasi-static mooring model were similar to those based on the dynamic mooring model and similar to comparable measurements. However, the low-frequency surge and pitch motions based on the quasi-static model deviated significantly from the corresponding motions based on the dynamic model and from measurements. In irregular waves, buoy motion amplitudes, especially in surge, based on the quasi-static model were overpredicted. The accurate evaluation of the moored buoy in irregular waves, especially when the moored buoy underwent large translations, was possible only by accounting also for the dynamic loads acting on the mooring lines.

Structure optimization of plough blades in a ploughshare mixer using the DEM simulations

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to optimize the structure of plough blades in a ploughshare mixer using the discrete element method (DEM) simulations.Design/methodology/approachUsing the validated DEM model, three numerical tests are conducted to determine how the mixing performance evolves as structural parameters of blades change. Results from the analysis provide basis for structure optimization of blades. The structural parameters include sweep angle of blade γ, regular axial pitch p and regular circumferential angular offset α. The parameters to evaluate mixing performance include mass flow rate and Lacey index.FindingsThe DEM results show that the mixing performance at γ of 35° is better than 15°, 25° and 45°. The mixer which has a p of less than or equal to 1.11 · b is more efficient than the mixer which has a p greater than 1.11 · b, where b is tail width of blade. The circumferential symmetric distribution of blades (α = 180°) is more beneficial to improve the mixing performance in comparison with the circumferential asymmetric distribution (α < 180°). Based on the results, an optimized mixer with a γ of 35°, a p of 0.61 · b and an α of 180° is proposed, which has a better mixing performance compared to all mixers listed.Originality/valueThe structural parameters of blades, including γ, p and α, are found to be critical for good mixing. From the view angle of structure optimization of plough blades, a new ploughshare mixer with a γ of 35°, a p of 0.61 · b and an α of 180° is investigated and recommended for improving mixing efficiency.

Impact of Irregular Tooth Pitch of Circular Saw Blades on Power for Wood Cross-Cutting

The article deals with the influence of irregular tooth pitch on energy consumption of cross-cutting wood. In this article, the effect was assessed of feeding velocity and parameters of saw blade on the cutting power Pc of spruce (Picea Abies), pine (Pinus Sylvestris) and beech (Fagus Silvatica) wood during sawing with a guided circular saw. For the research, two types of circular saw blades were used, one of them having irregular tooth pitch. The circular saw blades had sintered carbide inserts with a diameter of D = 350 mm and the same number of teeth. The feed velocities were vf = 4, 8,12 m∙min-1 and revolutions n = 3000 min-1. The results showed that the circular saw blades with irregular tooth pitch have higher energy consumption than the circular saw blades with regular tooth pitch. The highest cutting power Pc was shown in the case of beech. It was also shown that energy consumption is increasing linearly with increasing feed velocity.

Enhanced boiling heat transfer on micro-structured surfaces via ultrasonic actuation

Abstract Emerging issues in boiling heat transfer include enhancing heat transfer uniformity/stability, and critical heat flux (CHF). Microcavity structures improve heat transfer uniformity/stability by departing bubbles with arranged formation due to pinning effects and regular pitch. Ultrasonic actuation induces an acoustic field on departed bubbles, and this enhances contact line instability between the bubble and microcavity structures, resulting in an increased dissipation rate of smaller bubbles. In this study, we demonstrate that synergetic effects from microcavity structures and ultrasonic actuation can enhance CHF and thermal stability while also improving temporal/spatial temperature uniformity. Applying microcavity structures with ultrasonic actuation, we observe smaller and faster bubbles' departure with the proposed formation. These bubble departure characteristics on the microcavity surface with ultrasonic actuation enhance CHF and thermal stability by delaying bubble coalescence and ensuring liquid paths between smaller and faster-departed bubbles. Thus, when ultrasonic actuation is applied to the microcavity structure, CHF increased by 20%, and temporal/spatial temperature variations near CHF were reduced to less than 1/2 and 1/3, respectively, compared to no actuation case. This research will help to understand the interaction of ultrasonic wave and bubbles, and to show the way to overcome CHF limitations of passive methods using microsized structures.

Variability and creativity in small-sided conditioned games among elite soccer players

ObjectiveSmall-sided conditioned games (SSCG) in soccer are games with a small number of players, often played on smaller than regular pitches and with adapted rules. It has been argued that SSCG foster soccer players’ physical, technical and tactical performances and creativity. This study tested the latter conjecture by analysing video-footage of individual actions of elite soccer players in 5 v 5, 6 v 6, 7 v 7 SSCG played during regular training sessions and 11-aside training matches. Based on the ecological dynamics approach, we hypothesized that smaller formats would result in players making more individual actions. We additionally anticipated that the smaller formats players would induce a larger repertoire of actions, that is, an increased variability of actions, and that such increase in variability would be associated with more creative actions. Along the same lines, we reasoned that midfielders would make more creative actions than defenders and attackers. MethodWe categorized 3555 soccer actions on the ball and without the ball of 24 elite soccer players. ResultsPlayers produced more actions in smaller SSCG formats compared to the larger SSCG format and the 11-aside match. They also produced more different actions in SSCG than the 11-aside match. Furthermore, ten creative actions (i.e., actions that were adequate and only made by one or two players) were discerned. The creative actions emerged most often in the smaller SSCG, and were absent in the 11-aside matches. Finally, strikers, defenders and midfielders did not show reliable differences in terms of number, variability and creativity of action. ConclusionSSCG in soccer do indeed stimulate variability and creativity of individual actions. It is important to confirm whether these immediate effects of SSCG generalize across longer time scales.

Experimental and numerical analysis of cylindrical turbulators in a double pipe heat exchanger under turbulent flow conditions

ABSTRACTIn the present work, the use of cylindrical turbulators in a double pipe heat exchanger has been investigated. Cylindrical fin type of turbulators has been placed circumferentially separated by 90° on the outer side of an inner pipe at a regular pitch. Experimental studies were undertaken for different air flow rates in a turbulent regime whose Reynolds number range between 2500 and 10000. Heat transfer characteristics like Nu and friction factor have been experimentally determined. Parametric studies were conducted by changing the pitch and also the orientation of the turbulators. Nu and friction factor were found to increase as the pitch is reduced. A model with alternatively changed orientation outperformed others by exhibiting highest Nu and reduced friction factor.

Effects of the pitch configuration design on players’ physical performance and movement behaviour during soccer small-sided games

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to identify the effects of different pitch configurations on youth players positional and physical performances. Forty players participated in a Gk + 5vs5 + Gk small-sided game under four conditions: regular condition (regular), pitch with the direction of competitive matches; sided condition (sided), goals were changed to width; different pitch orientation (≠orientation), performed in side-to-side line compared to competitive matches; dynamic pitch (dynamic), boundaries were randomly changed every minute by: regular pitch; decrease 6 m width; diamond shape. The following variables were considered: players’ effective playing space, distance between teammates’ dyads time spent synchronized, average speed and a ratio between the distance covered at different intensities and distance covered while recovering. Overall, players exhibited better performances in pitches that are more representative of the environmental information seen during competitive matches (regular and ≠orientation). However, coaches may also use different boundary conditions to promote the players’ ability to adapt to different context information.

Fabrication and characterization of 3D-printed elastic auricular scaffolds: A pilot study.

Aesthetic reconstruction of the external ear is challenging due to the complex anatomical shape of the auricle. Recently, artificial scaffolds such as Medpor (Stryker, Kalamasoo, MI, USA) have become widely used in ear reconstruction. However, the Medpor scaffold is stiffer than the natural ear, which may lead to discomfort, and moreover has uniform design for every patient. In this study, we investigated whether three-dimensional (3D)-printed artificial polyurethane (PU) scaffolds are suitable for auricular reconstruction. PU scaffolds were fabricated using 3D printing according to a design derived from a digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) image of the human auricle. The microstructure of the scaffolds was observed using scanning electron microscopy, and the porosity was examined. Cell proliferation on the scaffolds was assessed in vitro using tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells to evaluate the biocompatibility of the scaffolds. The scaffolds were implanted in C57BL/6 mice, and histological analysis was performed. The structural study revealed that the 3D-printed porous PU scaffolds have rectangular microstructure with regular pitch and line, as well as high porosity (56.46% ± 10.22%) with a pore diameter of 200 µm. The mechanical properties of the 3D-printed PU scaffolds were similar to those of the human auricle cartilage. Cell proliferation on the PU scaffolds was greater than that on Medpor scaffolds. Histological evaluation demonstrated that the porous parts of the PU scaffolds became filled with collagen and vascular tissue. Elastic, porous PU scaffolds can be obtained using 3D printing, have biomechanical properties similar to those of the natural ear, and are suitable for use in auricular reconstruction. NA Laryngoscope, 129:351-357, 2019.

Blown bubble assembly of ultralong 1D bismuth sulfide nanostructures with ordered alignment and shape control

Recently, semiconducting chalcogenide nanostructures have attracted intense attention due to their excellent properties and broad applications, especially metal chalcogenides in the form of A2(V)B3(VI). Here we synthesized one-dimensional (1D) bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) nanostructures with a length of more than 100 μm via a one-step hydrothermal method, and found that the reaction temperature and the alkali concentration play vital roles in the morphology of the 1D nanostructures. Since the as-synthesized Bi2S3 nanostructures were disordered in powder form, it is necessary to align them with ordered orientation and uniform distribution before further application. A blown bubble method was specifically applied to align these ultralong 1D nanostructures, and the assembly mechanism was also deeply analyzed, including the drift of nanostructures in the bubble film thickness direction, the relationship between (nanowire) NW spacing and array density, and the angle deviation of aligned arrays assembled from different bubble solutions. Interestingly, the initial straight Bi2S3 NWs could also be converted into buckled nanosprings (NSs) with regular pitches during the assembly process, and different NS formation stages were observed. A possible deformation mechanism or load bearing model of the wavy NS was proposed and verified, and the Young’s modulus of an individual NW was figured out for the first time. After annealing under a N2 atmosphere, the aligned Bi2S3 NWs embedded in the bubble film were exposed, and the clean arrays were fabricated into functional optoelectronic devices such as photodetectors with a high performance.

(Invited) Stimuli Responsive Liquid Crystal Elastomers/Gels

Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are rubbery polymer networks containing the mesogenic groups in their main and/or side chains, and liquid crystal gels (LCGs) are the LCEs swollen by LC solvents. A unique feature of LCEs and LCGs is the strong correlation of the macroscopic shape (deformation) and the LC alignment. This feature enables us to actuate the LCEs and LCGs by various types of external field which change the orientation order of LCs such as temperature change, electric field, solvent uptake etc. Another important feature of LCEs and LCGs is that one can control the mode of induced deformation by programming the type of the alignment of the “director” (the vector representing the sectoral average molecular orientation of LC) in the stage of cross-linking. In addition, LCEs and LCGs exhibit interesting mechanical properties as a result of the coupling of imposed strain with the director realignment. Thus LCEs and LCGs show a rich variety of intriguing stimulus response behavior due to the combination of LCs and elastomers/gels, and they are a promising material for soft actuators and sensors. The cholesteric LCEs and LCGs (Ch-LCEs and Ch-LCGs) possessing helical director configuration with regular pitch behave as “photonic elastomers”, because the cholesteric LCs exhibit unique optical property, i.e., selective reflection for the incident circularly polarized light: They selectively reflects the incident light with circular polarization whose handedness is the same as that of helical director configuration, and whose wavelength corresponds to the helical pitch (Bragg reflection). We demonstrate that the reflection band of Ch-LCEs can be varied by imposed compressive strain [1] as well as temperature change [2] with maintaining the selectivity. Ch-LCGs exhibit pronounced electro-opto-mechanical effect, i.e, finite deformation together with significant change in reflection spectra.[3] Further, the Ch-LCE film with the helical axis normal to the thickness show periodical surface undulation which corresponds to the helical director configuration in response to temperature variation.[4] The nematic LCEs with twist or hybrid director alignment exhibit twist or bending deformation in response to temperature change.[5,6] When these LCEs are allowed to swell in solvents, the temperature change drives the twist or bending deformation coupled to volume change. The total variation and the T-sensitivity of twist pitch or curvature of these LCGs significantly depend on whether the solvent has nematicity or does not.[7] [1] Varanytsia, A., Nagai, H., Urayama, K., Pallfy-Muhoray, P., Sci. Rep., 5, 17739 (2015). [2] Nagai, H., Urayama, K., Phys. Rev. E, 92, 022501 (2015). [3] Fuchigami, Y., Takigawa, T., Urayama, K., ACS Macro Lett., 3, 813 (2014). [4] Nagai, H., Liang, X., Nishikawa, Y., Nakajima, K., Urayama, K., Macromolecules, 49, 9561 (2016). [5] Sawa, Y., Fangfu, Y., Urayama, K., Takigawa, T., Gimenez-Pinto, V., Selinger, R., Selinger, J., PNAS, 108, 6364 (2011). [6] Sawa, Y., Urayama, K., Takigawa, T., DeSimone, A., Teresi, L., Macromolecules, 43, 4362 (2010). [7] Doi, H., Urayama, K., Soft Matter, 13, 4341 (2017).