Regular Garbage Collection Research Articles

Demographic Profile of Dengue Patient with Comorbidities in 100 Patients in A Tertiary Care Hospital, Bangladesh

Background: In the past decades, incidence of dengue has grown rapidly. There are four types of viruses (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4) belonging to the Flaviviridae family. These mosquitoes breed in areas with standing water, including puddles, water tanks, containers and old tires. Lack of reliable sanitation and regular garbage collection also contribute to the spread of the mosquitoes. Each year, thousands of dengue infections are reported and there are several outbreaks of dengue in several countries including Bangladesh and this imply the global importance of this infection. Objective: To assess the demographic profile of dengue patient with comorbidities in 100 patients in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A prospective study was done at Department of Medicine, Uttara Adhunik Medical College and Hospital, Uttara, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2023 to June 2023. Written consent was taken before including the subject to the study. The study included 100 patients who consented to be a part of the study. The patients were subjected to detailed history and clinical examination. Data were collected from hospital records. All the relevant data regarding history and examination findings of the patients, the laboratory reports were collected. Statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 22, was used for data entry and statistical analysis. Results: Total 100 dengue patients were enrolled in this study. Mean age of all patient was 34.62±16.22 years (12-75 year) with male predominance (54%). Maximum patients were from urban residence (84%), non-smoker (73%), had active lifestyle (63%) and normal body mass index (69%). Overall, 65% patients had no comorbidity and 89% had no concurrent acute illness. Conclusion: Although the results of this study cannot be generalized to other cities of Bangladesh, our findings will allow public health agencies in Bangladesh to concentrate their efforts to battle against dengue.

Solid waste management practice and challenges in Sapele, Delta State, Nigeria

Sustainable healthy living conditions depends on effective waste management. The aim of this study is to evaluate solid waste management practices and challenges in Sapele, Delta State, Nigeria. Three communities were administered three hundred questionnaires which were pre- tested and refined. The results shows that 56.7% of respondents are male while only about 43.3% are female and 70% of household heads are married. Organic waste/food waste had the highest percentage of 96.7% followed by plastic (90%). Empty can drinks recorded the highest percentage with (100%) across the study area. A Majority (73.3%) of the respondents strongly agreed and agreed that inadequate service coverage by waste managers could lead to waste management problems while 13.3% were undecided. 73.3% of the respondents strongly agreed and agreed that lack of trained personnel by waste managers could lead to waste management problems. A Majority (80%) and (83.3%) of the respondents strongly agreed and agreed that lack of vehicles and vehicle /equipment breakdown of waste managers could lead to waste management problems. 72% and 66.7% of the respondents strongly agreed and agreed that the lack of enforcement measures by government agencies and poor cooperation by government agencies on waste managers could lead to waste management problems. 86.7% of respondents considers that environmental degradation from solid waste affects their families while 96.7% of respondent agreed that waste litter the road, land and public area. Sapele locals require health education as well as regular garbage collection facilities at authorized final dump locations. These will encourage rigorous adherence to proper and appropriate waste management procedures among them.

Waste Segregation in Yazd: Awareness, Attitude and Performance of Yazd Households and Related Ecological Factors

Introduction: Generation of waste, on the one hand, and recycling it, on the other hand, are the most important challenges of waste management. Regarding this approach, waste segregation of the source by households is the most suitable and affordable component in the waste management. This study was conducted in Yazd city with the aim of determining the household's awareness, attitude, and performance of households toward waste segregation and related ecological factors.
 Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out in 2019 on 386 households in Yazd city. They were selected by simple random sampling. Data were collected thorough a researcher-made questionnaire. Non-parametric, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were also used to investigate the relationship between ecological factors and awareness, attitude and performance. All analyses were done in spss-24 software considering a significance level of 5%
 Results: 53.6% of the households segregated their recyclable waste. Among the ecological factors included in this research, factors such as family member's cooperation, sufficient space allocated for waste storage, paying attention to environment's protection, informing on the exact collection time for garbage, regular garbage collection by municipality, waiting time regarding garbage collection, and execution time of garbage collection, and providing regular education by municipal authorities had a significant relationship with people's participation in waste segregation.
 Conclusion: The level of awareness, attitude and performance of Yazd citizens regarding the waste segregation at the source is medium, and the ecological factors are effective in this regard. More education is recommended to attract the participation of citizens and entrust important and sensitive parts of waste management to private companies and institutions.

Domestic Waste Disposal Practices and Perception towards Solid Waste Management in Selected Areas of Bangalore, India

Aims: To assess the waste disposal practices and perception towards solid waste management in selected areas of Bangalore.
 Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study.
 Place and Duration of Study: Bangalore between November 2019- November 2020.
 Methodology: Multi stage sampling technique was used. Using random sampling, respondents from 100 households were selected from each of the 3 study areas. Face to face interview and focus group discussions in all 3 areas were conducted. Semi structured questionnaires were used to collect data.
 Results: The study revealed that only 35% of the respondents segregated their waste even though 64% of them had heard about it. 74.7% of them said waste van was available to collect their waste whereas few of them also resorted to open dumping and burning as method of waste disposal. 94% of the respondents said food waste was the commonly produced waste followed by plastics and papers. 14.3% respondents said garbage collection facility was not available in their area. About 72.6% of them were satisfied with the current solid waste management system. Availability of regular garbage collection facility was found to be significant with waste disposal practice.
 Conclusion: The variables such as age, education, size of household, source of income and monthly income were found to be significant with waste segregation practices. The waste segregation practices were found to be highly significant with knowledge on waste segregation, education on solid waste management, and exposure to information.

Preparing for HL-LHC: Increasing the LHCb software publication rate to CVMFS by an order of magnitude

In the HEP community, software plays a central role in the operation of experiments’ facilities and for reconstruction jobs, with CVMFS being the service enabling the distribution of software at scale. In view of High Luminosity LHC, CVMFS developers investigated how to improve the publication workflow to support the most demanding use cases. This paper reports about recent CVMFS developments and infrastructural updates that enable faster publication into existing repositories. A new CVMFS component, the CVMFS Gateway, allows for concurrent transactions and the use of multiple publishers, increasing the overall publication rate on a single repository. Also, the repository data has been migrated to Ceph-based S3 object storage, which brings a relevant performance enhancement over the previously-used Cinder volumes. We demonstrate how recent improvements allow for faster publication of software releases in CVMFS repositories by focusing on the LHCb nightly builds use case, which is currently by far the most demanding one for the CVMFS infrastructure at CERN. The publication of nightly builds is characterized by a high churn rate, needs regular garbage collection, and requires the ability to ingest a huge amount of software files over a limited period of time.

Prevalence of latent tuberculosis and associated factors in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis.

Objective:to identify the prevalence of latent tuberculosis in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis and associated factors.Method:a cross-sectional study conducted with 176 patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis. The tuberculin test was performed with the standardized antigen, distributed by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, and the reading occurred after 72 to 96 hours of the application. An association test (Chi-square, Fisher’s exact), prevalence ratio, and multivariate regression tests were performed.Results:the prevalence of latent tuberculosis diagnosed through Tuberculosis Skin Test was 8.5% (15/176). The “has/has had diabetes” (aOR: 0.117; 95%CI: 0.015-0.92) and “having regular garbage collection (aOR: 0.076; 95%CI: 0.008-0.702) factors were associated with a lower probability of having a Positive skin test.Conclusion:the low prevalence of latent tuberculosis identified and the factors associated with it reinforce the need for screening for latent tuberculosis infection for diabetics combined with an analysis of previous risk factors and comorbidities.

Diagnóstico de impacto ambiental referente ao depósito de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSUS) no contato entre o bairro Cidade de Deus e o Loteamento Alameda das Flores, em Viçosa/AL

RESUMO: O presente trabalho destaca a formação de um depósito de resíduo sólido, conhecido popularmente como lixão, no contato entre o bairro Cidade de Deus e o Loteamento Alameda das Flores, no município de Viçosa – AL. A abordagem parte do pressuposto da necessidade de implantação do Saneamento Básico em sua plenitude para as populações das cidades. O que nem sempre é realizado pelas Prefeituras e/ou Governos Estaduais, ficando as populações desassistidas em sua maioria, considerando que acesso a água tratada, esgotamento sanitário e coleta regular de lixo, muitas vezes se constituem um privilégio destinado a poucos. Balizado em levantamento bibliográfico documental e em pesquisa exploratória de campo, foi possível traçar um breve diagnóstico da situação dos bairros, fundamentado nas leis que regem a temática, propondo por fim um conjunto de medidas mitigadoras visando equacionar o desconforto vivenciado pelos moradores do bairro Cidade de Deus e o Loteamento Alameda das Flores.
 PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Saneamento básico,Descarte de lixo, Diagnóstico ambiental.

Age Aware Pre-emptive Garbage Collection for SSD RAID

Flash-based storage systems offer high performance, robustness, and reliability for embedded applications; however the physical nature of flash memory means that there are limitations to its usage in high reliability applications. In previous work, we have developed RAID architectures and associated controller hardware that increase the reliability and lifespan of these storage systems. However, flash memory needs regular garbage collection and this presents two issues in a high reliability context. The first issue concerns response times as when a garbage collector is active, the flash memory cannot be used by the application layer. This non-determinism in terms of response is problematic in high reliability systems that require real-time guarantees. The second issue concerns lifespan of flash chips. If the garbage collector is allowed free rein over erase operations while garbage collecting, this affects management of the lifespan of each SSD in the array.In this paper we present an enhanced, dynamic, real-time garbage collection method for SSD RAID that does not ignore the strict age distribution management, while offering deterministic response times for access. Real-time efficiency is further improved by dynamically coordinating garbage collection across each device in the array. Our simulation results indicate that the dynamic garbage collection technique maintains the age distribution at a level that does not affect reliability of individual devices. This is evidences using various synthetic and realistic traces dominated by random I/O loads.

PERFIL DE PACIENTES COM LINFEDEMA ATENDIDOS NO SERVIÇO DE REFERÊNCIA NACIONAL EM FILARIOSES DA FUNDAÇÃO OSWALDO CRUZ, PERNAMBUCO, BRASIL

A filariose linfática é uma parasitose endêmica em 73 países e afeta, aproximadamente, 120 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. Este trabalho buscou traçar o perfil de pacientes com linfedema que residem em áreas endêmicas de filariose, com ou sem diagnóstico comprovado de doença prévia. Trata-se de um estudo transversal que envolveu pacientes com linfedema, cadastrados no SRNF-CPqAM-FIOCRUZ-PE, residentes nas principais cidades da região metropolitana de Recife, capital do estado de Pernambuco, aos quais foi aplicado um questionário para avaliação do perfil sociodemográfico e epidemiológico. Foram selecionados 35 pacientes, sendo 80% do sexo feminino, a maioria com idade entre 40 e 59 anos (48,6%). Do total examinado, 40% apresentaram linfedema bilateral de membros inferiores e presença de dor moderada no membro afetado. Além disso, dos indivíduos atendidos, apenas 20% receberam diagnóstico de filariose e 68% relataram morar em ruas pavimentadas com disponibilidade de coleta regular de lixo e acesso à água potável. Os resultados deste estudo propiciaram um conhecimento mais abrangente do perfil dos pacientes com linfedema atendidos pelo serviço de referência e poderão auxiliar no aprimoramento das políticas públicas de saúde.

Vulnerabilities in snakebites in Sao Paulo, Brazil.

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE To describe elements of vulnerability of victims of snakebite.METHODS This qualitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study had, as theoretical framework, the concept of vulnerability in individual, social, and programmatic dimensions. We interviewed 21 patients admitted into a hospital specialized in the care of accidents caused by venomous animals. The interviews were analyzed according to a discourse analysis technique.RESULTS Patients were mainly young men, living in remote countryside areas, where health services frequently have limited resources. We found social and individual conditions of vulnerability, such as precarious schooling, low professional qualification, housing without access to piped water, no sewage treated, and no regular garbage collection, and lack of knowledge on this health problem. Regarding the programmatic dimension, we found limited accessibility to the health services that could affect the prognosis and the frequency of sequelae and deaths.CONCLUSIONS Considering such vulnerabilities evoke the need to improve the program for control the Accidents by Venomous Animals and the training of health workers, we highlight the potential use of the concept of vulnerability, which may amplify the understanding and the recommendations for the practice and education related to snakebites.

Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response following Hurricane Ike—Texas, 25-30 September 2008

On 13 September 2008, Hurricane Ike made landfall near Galveston, Texas, resulting in an estimated 74 deaths statewide and extensive damage in many counties. The Texas Department of State Health Services, US Public Health Service, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention conducted assessments beginning 12 days following hurricane landfall to identify the public health needs of three affected communities. The results of the assessment are presented, and an example of a type of public health epidemiological response to a disaster due to a natural hazard is provided. A one-page questionnaire that focused on household public health characteristics was developed. Using a two-stage cluster sampling methodology, 30 census blocks were selected randomly in three communities (Galveston, Liberty, and Manvel, Texas). Seven households were selected randomly from each block to interview. The assessments were conducted on 25, 26, and 30 September 2008. At the time of the interview, 45% percent of the households in Galveston had no electricity, and 26% had no regular garbage collection. Forty-six percent reported feeling that their residence was unsafe to inhabit due to mold, roof, and/or structural damage, and lack of electricity. Sixteen percent of households reported at least one member of the household had an injury since the hurricane. In Liberty, only 7% of the household members interviewed had no access to food, 4% had no working toilet, 2% had no running water, and 2% had no electricity. In Manvel, only 5% of the households did not have access to food, 3% had no running water, 2% had no regular garbage collection, and 3% had no electricity. Post-Ike household-level surveys conducted identified the immediate needs and associated risks of the affected communities. Despite the response efforts, a high proportion of households in Galveston still were reportedly lacking electricity and regular garbage pickup 17 days post-storm. The proportion of households with self-reported injury in Galveston suggested the need to enhance public education on how to prevent injuries during hurricane cleanup. Galveston public health officials used the assessment to educate local emergency and elected officials of the health hazards related to lack of basic utilities and medical care in the community. This resulted in the provision of an extensive public health outreach education program throughout the island. The Liberty and Manvel assessment findings suggest that most households in both communities were receiving the basic utilities and that the residents felt "safe". The assessments reassured local health officials that there were no substantial acute public health needs and provided objective information that services were being restored.

Aedes aegypti Immature Forms Distribution According to Type of Breeding Site

More than 2.5 billion people, in more than 100 countries, are estimated to live in risk areas for the transmission of dengue. We investigated the production of Aedes aegypti immature forms in different types of containers. Larvae and pupae presence were inspected in 747 containers in 300 dwellings in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The statistical significance of the differences of immature forms was calculated for different groups of recipients and classified according to the type of use, volume, and material. Containers used to store water and those classified as garbage enclosed 90.2% of the larvae and 88.9% of the pupae. We concluded that a wider covering of more regular water supply, as well as regular garbage collection, are decisive factors for an effective control of dengue vector.

What Do Toilets Have to Do With It? Health, the Environment, and the Working Poor in Rural South Texas Colonias

This paper develops and tests an environmental health ecological framework between the quality of infrastructure, utilities and resident’s practices to health problems reported in three Nueces County, Texas colonias. Populated by predominantly low-income, minority families, these peri-urban settlements are characterized by substandard housing, lacking traditional sewage systems, potable drinking water and pluvial drainage. It was hypothesized that those without indoor toilets, pluvial drainage and regular garbage collection would be more likely to report health problems. The study found that keeping trash for over a week was statistically related to gastrointestinal illness and eye infections. Having indoor toilets in conjunction with substandard septic tanks was statistically related to gastrointestinal illness, respiratory problems and skin infections. The lack of pluvial drainage was statistically significantly, while not related to a particular disease. The argument is made that flooding problems may have contributed to the sanitation problems. Specifically, drainage problems affect the septic tanks and cause backflow to the indoor toilets. Although a small sample, the findings show that people who live in colonias are at risk for disease because structural measures to improve sanitation are not available.

A utilização de serviços odontológicos entre crianças e fatores associados em Sobral, Ceará, Brasil

The aim of this study was to analyze the use of dental services by children in Sobral, Ceará State, Brazil, relating such use to socioeconomic factors and patterns of service consumption. An analytical cross-sectional study was performed, interviewing parents or guardians of 3,425 children. The relationship between independent variables and use of dental services was analyzed using tests of association (chi-squared), odds ratios (OR) and respective confidence intervals, and multiple logistic regression. 50.9% of children had used dental services at least once in their lives. Of these, 65.3% had used such services in the previous year and 85.4% in public dental services. The importance of the Brazilian Unified National Health System is highlighted by the response in terms of access to dental services, considering that the vast majority of treatment was provided by this public system. The factors that most affected use of dental services were socioeconomic status, health plan coverage, owning a toothbrush, regular garbage collection, maternal knowledge, sewage treatment, and malnutrition.

Acondicionamento e coleta de resíduos sólidos domiciliares e impactos na saúde de crianças residentes em assentamentos periurbanos de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil

This paper presents a study on the bagging and collection of household solid waste and the health implications for children. The research was conducted in nine human settlements on the outskirts of Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil. Intestinal nematode infection, predominantly involving Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworms, was used as an epidemiological indicator in 1,893 children from 5 to 14 years of age. The study also included diarrhea incidence and nutritional status as shown by anthropometric indicators in 1,204 children less than 5 years of age. There was a higher prevalence of the three nematodes in children living in households without proper bagging/isolation and collection of household solid waste as compared to those in areas with regular garbage collection and adequate isolation of solid waste. The differences were statistically significant when other socioeconomic, cultural, demographic, and environmental risks factors were considered in the analysis. Similar results were also observed for epidemiological indicators, diarrhea incidence, and nutritional status.

Seasonal abundance of dengue vectors in relation to rainfall and prevalence of breeding containers in Fiji, 1981.

was carried out as regularly as possible in several cities of Viti Levu, the main land of Fiji in 1981. Larval indices of both the two vector species were apparently precipitation dependent, and it was due to abundant available breeding containers. Seasonal fluctuation of those indices was more drastic in Ae. pseudoscutellaris than in Ae. aegypti. More breeding containers were found in rural area than in urban area. Performance of regular garbage collection service in urban area could reduce breeding containers for the species effectively. The variety and the density of potential containers were different in rural and urban areas. These differences were also found among industrial, commercial and residen­tial blocks in a city, and were considered to affect species composition of the vectors.